An ICA with reference approach in identification of genetic variation and associated brain networks

• ¹The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA
• ²Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
• ³Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
• ⁴Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
• ⁵Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
• ⁶Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA

To address the statistical challenges associated with genome-wide association studies, we present an independent component analysis (ICA) with reference approach to target a specific genetic variation and associated brain networks. First, a small set of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are empirically chosen to reflect a feature of interest and these SNPs are used as a reference when applying ICA to a full genomic SNP array. After extracting the genetic component maximally representing the characteristics of the reference, we test its association with brain networks in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. The method was evaluated on both real and simulated datasets. Simulation demonstrates that ICA with reference can extract a specific genetic factor, even when the variance accounted for by such a factor is so small that a regular ICA fails. Our real data application from 48 schizophrenia patients (SZs) and 40 healthy controls (HCs) include 300K SNPs and fMRI images in an auditory oddball task. Using SNPs with allelic frequency difference in two groups as a reference, we extracted a genetic component that maximally differentiates patients from controls (p < 4 × 10⁻¹⁷), and discovered a brain functional network that was significantly associated with this genetic component (p < 1 × 10⁻⁴). The regions in the functional network mainly locate in the thalamus, anterior and posterior cingulate gyri. The contributing SNPs in the genetic factor mainly fall into two clusters centered at chromosome 7q21 and chromosome 5q35. The findings from the schizophrenia application are in concordance with previous knowledge about brain regions and gene function. All together, the results suggest that the ICA with reference can be particularly useful to explore the whole genome to find a specific factor of interest and further study its effect on brain.