Grand challenge: on the way to scarless visceral surgery
Ferdinand Köckerling- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Vivantes Hospital Berlin, Academic Teaching Hospital of Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
The ability to conduct operative procedures in the abdominal cavity with minimal or no scarring has been a dream long cherished by mankind. Therefore, it is not surprising that minimally invasive surgery spread across the world with remarkable speed after its introduction some 25 years ago. The patient has smaller incisions, faster recovery time, spends less time in hospital, and the costs are also reduced. Surgeons rapidly learned the techniques, something demanded by patients (1).
Using the standard laparoscopic technique, the procedure is performed in the abdomen with three to four trocars measuring 5–12 mm in diameter. Meta-analyses have in the meantime demonstrated that in the majority of visceral surgery procedures, the standard laparoscopic technique has advantages for the patient compared with the open technique.
Standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy has advantages over the open operation regarding duration of hospital stay and convalescence (2).
Standard laparoscopic appendectomy provides considerable benefits over appendectomy, including a shorter length of hospital stay, less postoperative pain, earlier postoperative recovery, and a lower complication rate (3, 4).
Standard laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery assures faster convalescence and return to productive activity compared with open surgery, with a reduced risk of complications and similar treatment outcome (5, 6). Standard laparoscopic bariatric surgery is a safer method of treatment than open surgery (7). Endoscopic repair of inguinal hernias has significant advantages in terms of pain-associated parameters in comparison to open techniques (8, 9). In a meta-analysis, elective standard laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy for diverticular disease showed lower overall morbidity, earlier return to bowel function, and shorter hospital stays than open surgery (10).
Accordingly, the standard laparoscopic technique currently represents the gold standard in visceral surgery for several benign diseases.
Although the risks are higher when using minimally invasive surgery for malignancies of intra-abdominal organs, this technique is also being used in tumor surgery (11). Obviously, the laparoscopic approach can only be implemented in cases of early, small sized, cancers confined to the target organ (11). In the hands of experienced surgeons and with appropriate patient selection, use of the standard laparoscopic technique to treat colorectal cancer and gastric cancer can achieve long-term oncological results comparable with those of the open technique, with lower postoperative complication rates (12–14).
Despite the improvements in outcomes with laparoscopy, the technique has limitations (15), such as two-dimensional imaging, restricted range of motion of the instruments, and poor ergonomic positioning of the surgeon (16). The robotic surgery system was introduced as a solution to minimize the shortcomings of laparoscopy (17). Robotic systems have 3D imaging, tremor filter, and articulated instruments (18). With this advanced equipment, robotic surgery is superior to conventional laparoscopic surgery (19). Even for demanding visceral surgery procedures, the perioperative complication rate for robotic surgery is not higher than for open or standard laparoscopic surgical procedures. In cancer cases, the oncological accuracy of robotic resection for gastric, pancreatic, and rectal resection is seen to be adequate (16, 20, 21). To evaluate the future role of the robotic technique for visceral surgery, high-quality prospective randomized trials are urgently needed.
Whereas robotic surgery is aimed at improving and optimizing the technical feasibility of standard laparoscopic operations, mini-laparoscopy, single-port technique, and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) endeavor to further reduce access trauma to the abdominal wall, or shift this to the natural orifices in hollow organs (stomach, vagina, bladder, intestines).
Using the mini-laparoscopic technique, 5–12 mm trocars are partially replaced with 2 mm trocars, thus reducing the overall length of the incisions. A meta-analysis and systematic review of mini-laparoscopic versus standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy showed improved cosmesis and quicker return to activity (22).
For the mono-port or single-incision technique, three to four trocars measuring 5–12 mm in diameter are replaced with a larger trocar with a diameter of 2–3 cm. The latter is generally placed in the region of the “natural scar,” i.e., the navel. This trocar has three to four working channels for the instruments and optics. Meta-analyses of prospective randomized studies of single-incision versus standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy showed a higher conversion rate, longer operating time, and greater blood loss for the single-port technique. However, the cosmetic results were better too (23, 24).
To date, the clinical access routes used in NOTES have been the stomach, vagina, and rectum. Up to August 2012, reports on 1,200 NOTES procedures have been published in the literature (25). Transvaginal cholecystectomy is the commonest NOTES procedure reported, and its clinical feasibility and safety were established through prospective case series and randomized trials (25). The transvaginal access route was also used for extraction of numerous organs, including appendix, kidney, bladder, and colon (26). NOTES represents the latest promising technology that allows new access into cavities of the human body, especially the abdominal cavity. It has generated excitement among physicians for a potentially scar-free surgery (26). Most of the approaches seem to be feasible but to achieve better results and wider application to human beings, new endoscopic instruments need to be designed to facilitate each approach.
New-concept instruments need to be developed for NOTES, among which robotics provide a promising way forward. The feasibility of using operative and imaging micro-robots for task assistance has been validated in a pilot study. As more advanced robotic systems are being proposed and developed, so it can be expected that NOTES procedures will become more mature and more widely accepted in the future (27).
Accordingly, further technical developments will determine what role NOTES, and hence the scarless approach, will play in visceral surgery. Of paramount importance will be how well flexible endoscopy can be adapted to meet the demands of NOTES and its integration into robotic systems. However, the rapid pace of technical advancements witnessed in minimally invasive surgery over the past 25 years has demonstrated that such technical innovations will become reality, thus ushering in the era of scarless visceral surgery.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Keywords: minimally invasive surgery, natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery, robotic surgery, mini-laparoscopy, mono-port
Citation: Köckerling F (2014) Grand challenge: on the way to scarless visceral surgery. Front. Surg. 1:11. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2014.00011
Received: 30 January 2014; Accepted: 04 April 2014;
Published online: 17 April 2014.
Edited and reviewed by: Salvador Morales-Conde, University of Seville, Spain
Hubert Scheuerlein, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Germany
Copyright: © 2014 Köckerling. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: ferdinand.koeckerling@vivantes.de