AUTHOR=Le Hello Simon , Bekhit Amany A., Granier Sophie , Barua Himel , Beutlich Janine , Zając Magdalena M., Münch Sebastian , Sintchenko Vitali , Bouchrif Brahim , Fashae Kayode , Pinsard Jean-Louis , Sontag Lucile , Fabre Laetitia , Garnier Martine , Guibert Veronique , Howard Peter , Hendriksen Rene , Christensen Jens P., Biswas Paritosh K., Cloeckaert Axel , Rabsch Wolfgang , Wasyl Dariusz , Doublet Benoit , Weill François-Xavier TITLE=The global establishment of a highly-fluoroquinolone resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky ST198 strain JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology VOLUME=4 YEAR=2013 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00395 DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2013.00395 ISSN=1664-302X ABSTRACT=

While the spread of Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky resistant to ciprofloxacin across Africa and the Middle-East has been described recently, the presence of this strain in humans, food, various animal species (livestock, pets, and wildlife) and in environment is suspected in other countries of different continents. Here, we report results of an in-depth molecular epidemiological study on a global human and non-human collection of S. Kentucky (n = 70). We performed XbaI-pulsed field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing, assessed mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions, detected β-lactam resistance mechanisms, and screened the presence of the Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1). In this study, we highlight the rapid and extensive worldwide dissemination of the ciprofloxacin-resistant S. Kentucky ST198-X1-SGI1 strain since the mid-2000s in an increasingly large number of contaminated sources, including the environment. This strain has accumulated an increasing number of chromosomal and plasmid resistance determinants and has been identified in the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and Europe since 2010. The second substitution at position 87 in GyrA (replacing the amino acid Asp) appeared helpful for epidemiological studies to track the origin of contamination. This global study provides evidence leading to the conclusion that high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin in S. Kentucky is a simple microbiological trait that facilitates the identification of the epidemic clone of interest, ST198-X1-SGI1. Taking this into account is essential in order to detect and monitor it easily and to take rapid measures in livestock to ensure control of this infection.