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Effects of ocean warming on larvae development of Patella tenuis crenata in the Canary Islands

Martí Vilanova Gallardo1*, Adriana Rodríguez1 and Alberto Brito Hernández1
  • 1 Department of Animal Biology, Edaphology and Geology, Section Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of La Laguna, Spain

Ocean warming is causing Sea Surface Temperature (SST) to rise, which is projected to reach +2 to +4.50C by the end of 21st century (IPCC 2014). Temperature is considered the most important factor controlling the distribution, physiology, morphology and behavior of marine invertebrates (Doney et al 2009). Early life history stages may be particularly sensitive to ocean warming. Effects of ocean warming on larvae development has been documented in a wide range of invertebrate species (Byrne et al 2013; Lester et al 2007). However, few studies have tested the effects of temperature on gastropods larvae. Impairment of survival, development and growth are early life history stages that may have particularly severe consequences for species where persistence or recovery from disturbance hinges on larval recruitment. One such sub-species is the Patella tenuis crenata (Class Gastropoda, Family Patellidae), which is endemic to Canary Islands. P. tenuis crenata has experienced severe population declines in recent decades as a consequence of intensive anthropogenic pressure (Batista, 2001; Cabrera, 2001). However, the effects of ocean warming have not been investigated as a significant threat to P. tenuis crenata. Here, we investigate the effects of temperature on survival and larvae development of P. tenius crenata. Larvae were reared for the entire larval duration of 2 days and investigated responses to warming in terms of larval survival and development. Larval development of this subspecies was performed for the first time. In February 2019, mature specimens of the P. tenuis crenata were collected by divers from natural habitat (Punta Larga, Tenerife). The specimens were transported to the laboratory under controlled conditions immediately after collection. Animals were induced to spawn by air bubbling technique (Ferranti et al., 2018) and/or by injection with 1ml of KCl (0,1M) through the mantle. Three males and seven females spawned successfully. Gametes were mixed before being put in contact with gametes of the opposite sex. Sperm was collected dry and kept at 40C until usage and eggs were collected in seawater previously filtered and autoclaved. To carry out fertilization essays, eggs and sperm were added together in pots with 100 ml of filtered seawater for one hour. Afterwards, the solution was filtered (60µm) and treated at different temperatures. Three replicates were performed for all the experiments, consisting in 100 ml of filtered and autoclaved seawater with a density of 14 fertilized eggs / ml. To asses survival and early development, pots were incubated at different temperatures and different lengths of time after insemination. The short sampling times were 3, 6, 9, 19, 24, 28, 32 and 42 hours. For all combinations of temperature and time, 3 replicates were performed. The density and stage of development was observed. We estimated the number of eggs in different stages of cell division: 2 cells, 4 cells, morula, trochophore, veliger and pediveliger. To carry out this evaluation we observed 3 aliquots of 1 ml for each replicate pot, under microscope. In order to assess the effects of seawater temperature on larval survival on species studied data were analyzed by means of a two-way permutational ANOVA, where temperature (2 levels) and time (8 levels) were used as fixed factor. To evaluate the effects of temperature and time on larval development, in each larvae stage (2 cells, 4 cells, morula, trochophore, veliger, pediveliger), two-way permutational multivariate analysis of variance was performed. A two-way design was carried out with temperature (2 levels) and time (7 levels). Euclidean distances were used for all analysis of variance, and respective significant terms were examined posteriori pairwise comparisons by permutations (Anderson 2001). If there were not enough possible permutations for a reasonable test, corrected p-values were obtained with Monte Carlo random draws from the asymptotic permutation distribution. All statistical analyses were carried out using PRIMER 6 &PERMANOVA+ v. 1.0.1 software. When analysing survival, measured as number of larvae, significant interaction of treatment*time was observed (F= 2.369; p=0.049), posteriori pairwise test revealed that these differences appeared among temperature treatments after 42h, when larvae density in the control treatment was 0,88 larvae/ml, while in the high temperature treatment was 0 larvae/ml (Figure 1) However, significant differences on larval development were observed among temperature treatments (F= 3.886; p=0.027) where in the control treatment we observed all larvae stages. Despite significative differences in time were not observed, there existed trend to a higher larval development in the high temperature treatment during the first time period (Figures 1-2). Similar results were obtained by other studies focused on the larval development of marine invertebrate species (Byrne et al., 2013). Although Patella tenuis crenata spawning in winter months when sea water temperatures of 19-200C are registered in Tenerife Island, in an ocean warming scenario projected by the end of the present century, our results raises questions about the future survival larval of this species .

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References

Batista C. (2001). El marisqueo en la prehistoria de Gran Canaria. Vector plus, 18: 67-76. Byrne M, Przeslawski R (2013) Multistressor impacts of warming and acidification of the ocean on marine invertebrates’ life histories. Integr Comp Biol, 53, 4: 582-596. Cabrera JC (2001) Poblamiento e impacto aborigen. 241-245pp. En: Fernández-Palacios, J. M. y Martín, J. Dir. Naturaleza de las Islas Canarias. Doney SC, Fabry VJ, Feely RA, Kleypas JA (2009) Ocean acidification: the other CO2 problem. Ann Rev Mar Sci, 1: 169–92. Espinosa F, Rivera-Ingraham G, García JC (2010) Early stages of development in the endangered limpet Patella ferruginea Gmelin,1791. Ferranti MP, Monteggia D, Asnaghi V, Chiantore M (2018). Artificial reproduction protocol, from spawning to metamorphosis, through noninvasive methods in Patella caerulea Linnaeus, 1758. IPCC. 2014. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: global and Sectorial Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Field, C.B., Barros, V.R., Dokken, K.J., Mastrandrea, M.D., Bilir, T.E., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K.L., Estrad, Y.O., Genova, R.C., Girma, B., Kissel, E,S., Levy, A.N., MacCrcken, S., Mastrandrea, P.R. y White, L.L. (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Lester SE, Tobin ED, Behrens MD 2007. Disease dynamics and the potential role of thermal stress in the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Can J Fish Aquat Sci, 64:314–23.

Keywords: global change, Global Warming, Patella, Conservation -, Marine Biology

Conference: XX Iberian Symposium on Marine Biology Studies (SIEBM XX) , Braga, Portugal, 9 Sep - 12 Sep, 2019.

Presentation Type: Poster Presentation

Topic: Global Change, Invasive Species and Conservation

Citation: Vilanova Gallardo M, Rodríguez A and Brito Hernández A (2019). Effects of ocean warming on larvae development of Patella tenuis crenata in the Canary Islands. Front. Mar. Sci. Conference Abstract: XX Iberian Symposium on Marine Biology Studies (SIEBM XX) . doi: 10.3389/conf.fmars.2019.08.00175

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Received: 17 May 2019; Published Online: 27 Sep 2019.

* Correspondence: Mr. Martí Vilanova Gallardo, Department of Animal Biology, Edaphology and Geology, Section Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of La Laguna, San Cristobal de La Laguna, Spain, martiviga@gmail.com