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In vitro anti-toxoplasmal activities of ethanolic extracts from Andrographis paniculata and Tinospora crispa against Toxoplasma gondii parasite

Sharif A. Abdullahi1, 2, Roslaini Abd Majid1*, Ngah Z. Unyah1, Norshariza Nordin3, Rusliza Basir4, Mohammed N. Wana1, 5, Ashraf A. Alapid1, 6, Hassan Yahaya1, 7 and Tijjani Mustatapha1, 8
  • 1 Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
  • 2 Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria
  • 3 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health sciences, University of Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
  • 4 Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
  • 5 Department of Biological Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Nigeria
  • 6 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Gharyan, Libya
  • 7 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria
  • 8 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yobe State University, Nigeria

Background Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite and one of the infective causes of high morbidity and mortality rates among immunocompromised patients. Drug agents used against toxoplasmosis are associated with treatment failures, attributed to host drug intolerance with severe side effects and possible development of resistance. The need for new treatment modality is prominent especially that there is no available human vaccine against this infection. In this study, we evaluated the effects of A. paniculata and T. crispa extracts on T. gondii in Vero cells. Methods Ethanolic extracts were obtained through maceration and underwent phytochemical screening. MTT assay was conducted for both cytotoxicity and anti-parasitic activities of both plants. Vero cells were infected and treated with extracts after 4h post infection. We used microscopy to assess parasite cell invasion and intracellular replication in relation to negative control after 24h and 48h. We used clindamycin as a positive control. Result The MTT assay revealed that both plants and clindamycin are safe to host cells with IC50 of 142.4, 179±1.5 and 116±2.3 µg/ml for A. paniculata, T. crispa, and clindamycin respectively. Extracts also showed good anti-parasitic activities against T. gondii withIC50 (A. paniculata = 4.36µg/ml, T. crispa = 6.31µg/ml in comparison with clindamycin (8.33±1.04µg/mL). After 24 and 48h of treatment 4h post-infection, the ethanolic extracts were able to cause >60% and > 50% reduction in infection index and intracellular proliferation as compared to clindamycin with >30% in relation to negative control (P<0.001). After 48h, ethanolic extracts caused >70% and >85% reduction of infection index and intracellular proliferation as compared to clindamycin, >25% in relation to negative control (P<0.001). Conclusion Our study showed that the ethanolic extracts of both plants contained promising drug candidates effective against T. gondii and safe to the host cells and can possibly be used in future to develop potent anti-toxoplasma compound.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) from the Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia [grant number FRGS/1/2015/SKK12/UPM/03/01]

References

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Keywords: Toxoplasma gondii, A. paniculata, T. crispa, Anti-parasitic, Cytotoxicity, cell invasion, Intracellular proliferation, Vero Cells

Conference: International Conference on Drug Discovery and Translational Medicine 2018 (ICDDTM '18) “Seizing Opportunities and Addressing Challenges of Precision Medicine”, Putrajaya, Malaysia, 3 Dec - 5 Feb, 2019.

Presentation Type: Poster Presentation

Topic: Miscellaneous

Citation: Abdullahi SA, Abd Majid R, Unyah NZ, Nordin N, Basir R, Wana MN, Alapid AA, Yahaya H and Mustatapha T (2019). In vitro anti-toxoplasmal activities of ethanolic extracts from Andrographis paniculata and Tinospora crispa against Toxoplasma gondii parasite. Front. Pharmacol. Conference Abstract: International Conference on Drug Discovery and Translational Medicine 2018 (ICDDTM '18) “Seizing Opportunities and Addressing Challenges of Precision Medicine”. doi: 10.3389/conf.fphar.2018.63.00046

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Received: 30 Sep 2018; Published Online: 17 Jan 2019.

* Correspondence: Dr. Roslaini Abd Majid, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor Daruh Ehsan, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia, roslaini@upm.edu.my