The definition of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of plants gravisensitive
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Institute of Botany (NAN Ukraine), Ukraine
Future long-term expeditions require a huge amount of metabolic resources - water, food, oxygen, requiring special conditions and equipment, and they are too heavy for existing missiles. In addition, such life support systems cannot exist without a high level of circulation. A comparison of the results of protein study and gene’s transcription in plants showed a positive, some limited interaction between the regulation of protein synthesis and gene expression in general plant reactions under space flight conditions (Kordyum, Chapman, 2017). The leading areas of modern biology space are cell biology under conditions of altered gravity and definition the cellular and molecular mechanisms plants gravisensitive. The mechanisms of gravitropism and graviresistance are complementary, the first being mostly sensitive to the direction of the gravity vector, and the second to its magnitude (Kordyum, 2014). At a global molecular level, the consequence of gravity alteration is that the genome should be finely tuned to counteract a type of stress that plants have never encountered before throughout evolution. An increase in the transcription level of certain cell cycle’s genes delays the transition of cells from the G1- phase to S- phase in the first cell cycle that leads to a proliferative pool decrease. But an increase in the proliferative activity occurs at the subsequent stages of growth, that may testify the work of adaptation mechanisms and the renewal of normal cell functioning. These adaptation mechanisms are likely involved multigene families. Multigene families and redundant genes present an advantage in that they can experience changes without the risk of being deleterious and, for this reason, they should play a key role in the response to gravitational stress.
The coordinated regulation of the interaction of plant cells is carried out by the synthesis of special hormones (cytokinin and auxin) which cause the signaling cascade in the cells (Herranz, 2014; Tank, 2014). In the event that the signal leads to changes in the level of gene’s expression, the transcription factor (TF) is often the end point of the cascade. TF - is one of the groups of proteins that provides for the reading and interpretation of genetic information. They bind DNA and promote the initiation of a program to increase or decrease transcription of the gene. So, they are need for the normal functioning of the body at all levels. One of the most numerous types of TF plants is MYB-proteins (MYB-myeloblastosis). This family of TF contains proteins that controling such processes as root development, patterning of the leaf, formation of trichomes, cell cycle, circadian rhythms, transmission of a photochromic signal, etc. The MYB protein DNA-binding domain contains one to three repeats and approximately 50 amino acids. This type of TF interacts specifically with genes containing (C / T) AAS (G / T) G-nucleotide sequences.
We analyzed the expression of TF MYB3R3 in Arabidopsis thaliana root cells in a stationary meristem of four-day seedlings and in the rudiments of the lateral roots (Fig. 1). In conditions of clinorotation observed a loss of TF expression in comparison with control, which may be due to a decrease in the activity of the cell cycle and growth of the root. At the same time, in the rudiments of the lateral roots, when there is a peak of proliferative activity in the places of the formation of lateral roots, the expression of TF is also at a high level in both control and clinorotation. The difference in the size of the lateral roots of control and experiment is due to a later onset of growth of the lateral roots in the clinorotation conditions, which is confirmed by the earlier known data on the reduction of growth parameters in the conditions of the changed gravity (Artemenko, 2015). The obtained data on the influence of clinorotation on the process and duration of the cell cycle phases, as well as subsequent changes in the growth and development of plants in these conditions, and are key in the development of onboard greenhouses and bioregenerative life support systems. Investigating the control of cell cycle events and the interaction between the molecular and cellular mechanisms of these processes is important for understanding undesirable changes in plant growth and development, since the quality and quantity of products that cosmonauts will use depend on it.
References
Kordyum E.L., Chapman D.K. Plants and microgravity: patterns of microgravity effects at the cellular and molecular levels // Tsitol Genet. - 2017. – 51(2). - Р. 47-58.
Kordyum E.L. Plant cell gravisensitivity and adaptation to microgravity // J. Plant Biology. – 2014. – 16 (1). – Р. 79-90.
Herranz R., Medina F.J. Cell proliferation and plant development under novel altered gravity environments // Plant Biol (Stuttg). – 2014. –16 (1). – Р. 23-30
Tank J.G., Pandya R. V., Thaker V.S. Phytohormones in regulation of the cell division and endoreduplication process in the plant cell cycle // RSC Advances. – 2014. – 4 (24). – Р. 12605- 12613
Artemenko O. Features of regulation of the cell cycle of plants in conditions of changed gravitation // Space science and technology. – 2015. – 21(5). – P. 108-113.
Keywords:
Cell Cycle,
transcription facotr,
plant,
microgravity,
MYB
Conference:
39th ISGP Meeting & ESA Life Sciences Meeting, Noordwijk, Netherlands, 18 Jun - 22 Jun, 2018.
Presentation Type:
Extended abstract
Topic:
Plants
Citation:
Artemenko
O
(2019). The definition of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of plants gravisensitive.
Front. Physiol.
Conference Abstract:
39th ISGP Meeting & ESA Life Sciences Meeting.
doi: 10.3389/conf.fphys.2018.26.00016
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Received:
02 Dec 2018;
Published Online:
16 Jan 2019.
*
Correspondence:
Dr. Olga Artemenko, Institute of Botany (NAN Ukraine), Kiev, Ukraine, oartemenko66@gmail.com