Brown algae (Phaeophyceae) stressors and illnesses: a review for a sustainable aquaculture under climate change Provisionally Accepted
Eliana Ruiz Martinez
Declan C. Schroeder
Gunnar Thuestad
Ingunn A. Hoell- 1Department of Safety, Chemistry and Biomedical laboratory sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Norway
- 2College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, United States
Brown algae (Phaeophyceae) mostly dominate intertidal and shallow subtidal areas globally, where the larger species form extensive underwater forests. These structurally complex and highly productive habitats enhance local biodiversity and support food webs in coastal areas through secondary production, shaping the local oceanography and ecology. Macroalgal aquaculture is an important and growing sector, where about 40% of all cultivated algae belong to the Phaeophyceae. However, both cultured and natural brown algae, have been under increasing pressure due to climate-driven factors like ocean warming, eutrophication and herbivore outbreaks. We conducted a comprehensive literature review on abiotic (temperature, light intensity and UV radiation, nutrients, water motion, salinity, and substrata and sediment) and biotic (bacteria, virus, fungi, eukaryotic endophytes and endoparasites, epiphytes, and grazers) stressors and illnesses in marine brown macroalgae, as well as brown algae defense mechanisms, and discuss how these parameters may affect the production of a sustainable crop for the aquaculture industry under future climate change scenarios.Eukaryotes developed about 2.7 billion years ago, but multicellular organisms did not evolve from unicellular eukaryotes until at least 1.7 billion years ago (Cooper, 2000). Multicellularity has evolved numerous times within eukaryotes, and brown algae are one of these few groups that has reached complex multicellularity, along with animals, fungi, plants, and amoebozoans (Baldauf, 2003;Bringloe et al., 2020). However, brown algae are very distantly related to the other eukaryotic groups, and their in the United States(
Keywords: macroalgae, stressors, Illnesses, Seaweed, Aquaculture, Industry, Phaeophyceae, Climate Change
Received: 23 Feb 2024;
Accepted: 09 May 2024.
Copyright: © 2024 Ruiz Martinez, Schroeder, Thuestad and Hoell. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Dr. Eliana Ruiz Martinez, Department of Safety, Chemistry and Biomedical laboratory sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Haugesund, Norway