Biosynthesis of novel metallic silvers on kraft papers using cephalotaxus harringtonia fruit extract as a sustainable stabilizing agent (KP@AgNP)

1 Introduction

Due to their unique properties, AgNPs have many potential applications in sustainable coloration, functionalization, and food packaging. Greenly synthesized AgNPs exhibit antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. They also add thermal stability, improved mechanical performance, and colorful appearances to the deposited products (Abou El-Nour et al., 2010; Ibrahim, 2015; Kedi et al., 2018). Versatile methods like chemical and biological approaches generate green nanoparticles from metallic salts. However, traditional chemical-based synthesis methods were not always safer because some toxic reducing agents were used to synthesize metallic AgNPs (Khatami et al., 2019); hence, naturally derived plant materials have been receiving increasing attention. Plants are a natural treasure of materials with important phytochemical components, and the green synthesis of metallic silver from plant materials is also termed phytofabrication. Plant derivatives are abundant in nature, but the beneficial effects of most derivatives have yet to be investigated. Among these beneficial effects, nanoformulations provide improved functionalities in the forms of mechanical properties, thermal stabilities, and UV resistance. Therefore, plant-based stabilizing/capping agents are used for green AgNPs synthesis—which are less labor intensive in preparing nanocolloids and associated products and, consequently, save time, cost, and energy consumption—are becoming a superior alternative solution to chemical-based reducing agents (Cittrarasu et al., 2021). Until 2009, nearly 500 tonnes of AgNPs were produced throughout the globe (estimated), whereas an increase in upto 900 tonnes is expected by 2025 (approximately) (Islam et al., 2021).

Nowadays, experiments on various plant extracts like leaves, stems, heartwoods, flowers, roots, and seeds are being conducted to reduce and stabilize metallic salts. Some of these extracts have included Thespesia lampas pant (Ashok et al., 2018), Lythrum salicaria extract (Mohammadalinejhad et al., 2019), chitosan/date seed extract (Ramadan et al., 2020), Ocimum sanctum leaf (Kulkarni and Kulkarni, 2013), Gymnema sylvestre (Heera et al., 2015). However, to our knowledge, using Cephalotaxus harringtonia fruits to stabilize and reduce silver precursors to produce green AgNPs has not yet been reported. The current research study explores the possibility of green synthesis of metallic silvers using Cephalotaxus harringtonia seed aqueous extracts. The reason for selecting Cephalotaxus harringtonia fruit is its tremendous medical applications, including anticancer, internal bleeding, cough, hookworm disease treatment, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and so on (Da-Cheng et al., 2021). Additionally, various components like flavonoids, phenolics, lignans, sesquiterpenoids, and diterpenoids are present in Cephalotaxus species (Da-Cheng et al., 2021; Li et al., 2021), which also facilitate the synthesizing of metallic silver. Moreover, Cephalotaxus species have also gained attention for pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism. Therefore, the current study selected the extract of the Cephalotaxus species to functionalize kraft paper materials for potential food packaging applications.

Concerns about sustainable packaging materials production in terms of biodegradable films and coatings has increased in the food packaging industry. Food packaging coatings are extremely important because they provide a protective physical barrier during transportation and storage, thereby minimizing food waste and negative environmental consequences (Nechita et al., 2020). However, bioplastic materials have begun replacing paper-based materials because paper materials do not guarantee the same level of protection against bacterial or fungal contamination. Bacterial and fungal-resistant packaging materials are essential for food products. AgNPs coatings on paper surfaces could improve these materials and motivate food manufacturers to continue using paper-based packaging materials, which would reduce the environmental burdens caused by plastic-based petroleum-generated products. Moreover, foods will also be safeguarded from external bacterial attacks. The cellulosic materials could be coated with greenly synthesized metallic silvers with improved mechanical properties, which will keep the foods safer from bacteria and fungi.

Plant-based synthesis protocols are eco-friendly and sustainable. They are also safer, quicker, biocompatible, non-hazardous, and reliable compared to the traditional chemical-based synthesis of metallic silver. Additionally, cellulosic kraft paper materials are also biocompatible and sustainable. To the best of our knowledge, no research to functionalize kraft papers using Cephalotaxus harringtonia fruit extract as the stabilizing agent has been conducted yet. Coated kraft papers can be used as prominent materials for food packaging industries. Coating paper surfaces with green AgNPs offers the food packaging community a new milestone that could provide improved mechanical properties, UV protection, sustainability, and durable, colorful appearances.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

Bleached cellulosic kraft papers that were 0.15 mm thick and weighed 120 g/m² were collected from the local markets of Guizhou, China and prepared to 50 mm × 50 mm dimensions before undergoing nanosilver treatments. Metallic salt (AgNO₃) was procured from Sigma Aldrich Co., St. Louis, United States. Cephalotaxus harringtonia fruit was collected from the local forested areas of Guizhou, China. The fruit was processed before the aqueous extraction preparations in the laboratory.

2.2 Methods

2.2.1 Aqueous extraction of Cephalotaxus harringtonia plants fruits

The collected Cephalotaxus harringtonia fruit was washed with distilled water to remove debris and dust that adhere to the surfaces when the fruit is grown in nature. The washed fruit was then dried in a laboratory dryer for 60 min at 90°C. Afterwards, the dried fruit was crushed with crushing equipment to create the particles needed to facilitate the extractions. The aqueous solutions of Cephalotaxus harringtonia fruits were prepared from the crushed particles. To produce aqueous solutions of Cephalotaxus harringtonia fruit (20% w/v), we mixed 80 g of the crushed dried fruit into a beaker containing 400 ml of distilled water. The mixture was then heated at 90°C for 60 min. The boiled solution was then filtered using filter paper to remove the boiled fruit particles from the solutions for successful extractions. The beakers containing extractions were then sealed and put into a refrigerator at 4°C for future use. The method also goes in line with other cellulosic materials coating and functionalization using green AgNPs (Aladpoosh et al., 2014).

2.2.2 Green synthesis of metallic silver

To synthesize green metallic silver, we mixed silver precursor and the aqueous extracts in the beakers containing distilled water and kraft paper. Initially, AgNO₃ was poured into the beaker and stirred continuously to mix them well. Later, the papers were soaked with distilled water and put in the beakers containing AgNO₃ solutions. The aqueous solutions were dripped dropwise into the beakers, and the color of the solutions started to change from a milky white to light yellow/brownish, confirming the successful synthesis of metallic silver in the synthesis bath. This color change is in line with other researchers (Zuas et al., 2014; Aryan et al 2021). Finally, the beakers prepared for 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 mM (Table 1) AgNO₃ precursor and the Cephalotaxus harringtonia fruit aqueous extracts were heated at 80°C for 50 min to produce the nanosilver coating over the kraft paper substrates. The samples were named P@Ag1, P@Ag2, and P@Ag3, respectively and the control was labelled P@C. Figure 1 depicts the detailed extraction procedure and AgNPs development over the kraft paper. The paper samples were washed and rinsed thoroughly at ambient temperature (25°C) after NPs coating to remove the unattached nanoseeds from the surfaces. A 15 min drying process at 80°C in the laboratory drier followed. A similar in situ synthesis protocol for synthesizing green AgNPs over cellulosic cotton fabric was reported by other researcher (Maghimaa et al., 2020).

TABLE 1

TABLE 1. Recipe for nanosilver coating over paper substrates.

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 1. (A) A schematic representation of AgNPs depositions over paper and (B) Green AgNPs development over cellulosic kraft paper material.

2.2.3 Characterizations adopted for AgNPs coating on kraft papers

The quantitative values of AgNPs concentrations deposited on kraft paper substrates were characterized using an XRF analyzer. The morphological images were captured using an SEM instrument (S 3400 N, Tokyo, Japan) at 8.00 kV. SEM-mediated EDX and elemental mappings images were also investigated further. We used a special software (Quantax Esprit 1.9, Berlin, Germany) to continue with EDX/elemental mapping analysis. The chemical bonding between the paper materials and AgNPs was investigated further using FTIR analysis (4,000–400 cm⁻¹). The instrument used for FTIR analysis was FT/IR-6300 (Jasco, Japan). Moreover, we performed the spectroscopic analysis using a Konica Minolta instrument (CM-2600d, Japan) under D65/standard daylight within wavelengths ranging from 400 to 700 nm. The spectroscopic analysis provided the color values of the control and AgNPs-treated products. The color fastness properties of the papers were assessed according to the ISO 105-B02 standard. The XRD analysis was recorded using an X’pert Pro MDP X-ray diffractometer (PANalytical, Almelo, Netherlands). The applied voltage during the XRD test was 40 kV and the current was 30 mA. The samples were tested within 4°–82° (2θ) range. Moreover, the solar UV-protection factor was determined using a Startek UV protection application software (version 3.0, Startek technology) for both the control and AgNPs deposited fabrics. Thermal stability of the control and AgNPs-treated materials were tested by Themys thermal analyzer (Setaram Instrumentation, France) within 25–825°C.

3 Results and discussions

3.1 Mechanisms behind the green nanosilver synthesis

This study used the sustainable capping agent to synthesize the green metallic silver from AgNO₃ by adopting an in situ synthesis protocol. Generally, the color of the nanocolloid starts to change from a milky to yellowish/yellowish-brown when the aqueous extract solutions are added to the beaker containing AgNO₃ (Parvataneni, 2020) as the Ag⁺ is reduced to metallic silver (Ag⁰) due to photocatalytic actions (Eq. 1) (Eustis et al., 2006). But after a few minutes of mixing, the color turns brownish and assumes a darker brownish tone. Figure 1B displays the detailed formation mechanism of metallic silver.

$\mathit{Cellulosic}\mathit{paper}-{\text{OH}\mathit{+}\mathit{\text{Ag}}}^{\mathit{+}}{\mathit{\text{NO}}}_{\mathit{3}}^{\text{\_}}\to \mathit{Cellulosic}\mathit{paper}{-\mathit{\text{O}}}^{-}{-\mathit{\text{Ag}}}^{{+}^{{\text{e}}^{-}}}\to \mathit{Cellulosic}\mathit{flax}{-\mathit{\text{O}}}^{-}{-\mathit{\text{Ag}}}^{\text{0}}(1)$

3.2 Quantitative analysis of greenly synthesized AgNPs

The quantification of AgNPs on deposited kraft paper is one of the significant factors that confirm and determine the developed particles on the substrates. The higher the silver precursor used in the nanocolloid system, the higher the deposited nanoparticles. Therefore, an XRF test was conducted to analyze the nanosilver content on the solid samples; as expected, the control sample showed no metallic particles. The PPM values were as follows: P@Ag1, 322 ± 10; P@Ag2, 837 ± 14; and P@Ag3, 912 ± 15 (Figure 2). Interestingly, it is possible to regulate and tune AgNPs development in the in situ synthesis system. Moreover, the XRF analysis data were further verified in terms of statistical tools using coefficient of variations. The R² value (0.91) found for XRF tests against different loadings of silver precursor demonstrates that AgNO₃ has a strong relationship in enhancing the developed AgNPs over the paper surfaces.

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 2. Nanosilver content measured by XRF test.

3.3 Morphological characterization of synthesized AgNPs on paper

Figure 3 depicts the SEM micrographs showing the existence of nanosilver clusters on the coated papers. However, the control kraft paper samples did not exhibit the presence of nanosilver as the nanocoated test specimens did. The presence of AgNP clusters is displayed using yellow-colored benzene rings in the respective SEM images. We found that the phytochemicals mediated and developed AgNPs display spherical microstructural shapes. Other researchers have made similar observations in plant-mediated biosynthesis protocol (Ibrahim, 2015). However, sample 2 and sample 3 exhibited more nanoparticles than sample 1. It seems the nanosilvers display heavier clusters with the increase in nanosilver contents.

FIGURE 3

FIGURE 3. Photographs of control and nanosilver deposited kraft paper samples: (A₁) P@C, (B₁) P@Ag1, (C₁) P@Ag2, and (D₁) P@Ag3. SEM images of control and nanosilver deposited kraft paper samples: (A₂) P@C, (B₂) P@Ag1, (C₂) P@Ag2, and (D₂) P@Ag3.

Similar effects were also found in EDX and elemental mapping investigations. Because cellulosic paper is enriched with carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, the presence of carbon and oxygen is easily observed with the dominance in EDX spectra for all the peaks. EDX analysis cannot detect inert gases like H; hence H was not observed by EDX analysis. However, the nanosilver-loaded samples showed an extra peak at 2.96 keV, Figure 4B2,C2,D2. The weight% of the nanoparticle-treated samples were 5.6, 9.92, and 10.32, respectively for 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 mM silver precursor treated samples. The similar results of EDX analysis and mapping for nanosilver-treated samples also agree with other studies (V. Singh et al., 2015; P. Singh et al., 2016; Soshnikova et al., 2018). Additionally, EDX analysis is also in line with the XRF analysis. However, some impurities in negligible weight% were also noticed (Figure 4). Additionally, elemental mapping analysis further confirmed the detection of AgNPs (Figure 5). The uniform and homogeneous distributions of AgNPs are also apparent in the overlapped and SEM images of elemental mapping. Overall, the SEM, EDX, and elemental mapping studies further demonstrate the successful synthesis and attachments of metallic silver on the paper surfaces.

FIGURE 4

FIGURE 4. EDX analysis of control and nanosilver deposited kraft paper samples: (A) P@C, (B) P@Ag1, (C) P@Ag2, and (D) P@Ag3.

FIGURE 5

FIGURE 5. Elemental mapping images of control and nanosilver deposited kraft paper samples: (A) P@C, (B) P@Ag1, (C) P@Ag2, and (D) P@Ag3.

3.4 XRD analysis of the kraft paper materials

The effects of AgNP treated kraft papers were further examined by XRD analysis in terms of crystallinity of the materials (both control kraft paper and 0.5–2.5 mm AgNO₃ treated kraft papers). Although cellulosic materials show a semi-crystalline nature, AgNPs show a crystalline nature (Ibrahim, 2015). The peaks located near 2θ = 16.7, 22.8, 34.6 (control kraft paper) are associated with the characteristics of 101, 200, and 040 reflections due to cellulose Ⅰ (Liu et al., 2012; Hajji et al., 2016). However, the peak intensities decreased after the AgNPs were incorporated into the papers. The peaks at 2θ = 38.6, 44.3, and 64.5° are related to (111), (200), (220), reflecting the presence of AgNPs in the paper materials (Figure 6). The control paper did not display any similar peaks. Some additional slight peaks were also observed at 28.83, 32.9, and 54.92° (according to Bragg peaks) indicating the presence of plant-based extracts used for AgNPs synthesis. The extracts functioned as the reducing and stabilizing agent (Roopan et al., 2013). Therefore, XRD analysis also further confirms the successful deposition and binding of AgNPs with the paper materials.

FIGURE 6

FIGURE 6. (A) XRD analysis of control and AgNP-treated kraft papers.

3.5 Colorimetric studies of the products

The color of manufactured products is a key factors in consumer inclinations and product demand. The CIE Lab system is also widely used for assessing both traditional and nanosilver-treated color properties in terms of L*, a*, and b* values. Table 2 shows the color coordinates of the AgNP-treated products. The AgNP deposited kraft papers display versatile, magnificent colors ranging from light yellow to dark brown, whereas the control kraft paper exhibits nearly white tones. The color darkness/lightness and color strength (K/S) values demonstrate an increasing trend with the increase in nanosilver precursor in the nanocolloid system. The LSPR (localized surface plasmon resonance) optical properties of the metallic silver is the cause of the brilliant coloration effects on the sample surfaces (Aziz et al., 2019; Amirjani et al., 2020). The control paper sample had the highest L* values with 87.45, whereas 0.5 mm AgNO₃ treated samples had a value of 37.3, 1.0 mm AgNO₃ treated samples had a value of 34.05, and 2.5 mm AgNO₃ treated samples had a value of 31.77. The higher r L* value, the lighter the sample in terms of color. Lower L* values indicate darker samples. It seems the increased loading of nanoparticles makes the sample darker. Although the samples initially showed slightly reddish/yellow colors, they turned reddish/brownish with the increase in nanosilver loading. A similar trend is also noticed in K/S values. The 0.5 mm AgNO₃ treated sample displayed a strength of 3.89, which is 35% less than the 2.5 mm silver precursor treated samples (5.98) and 18% less than 1.5 mm silver precursor sample, which had a strength of only 4.93. Additionally, all the a* and b* values present positive integers in varying ranges, demonstrating the appearance of multiple colors. The colorimetric data also agree with the visual assessment of the samples (Figure 3). The characteristics discussed concur with other research studies (González et al., 2014; Y. Zhou et al., 2018).

TABLE 2

TABLE 2. Colorimetric data for control and AgNP-treated kraft papers.

The current study also examined the fastness properties of the samples to understand product color stability after AgNPs deposition. We found that although less nanosilver coating provides lower color strengths, color stability becomes higher compared to higher nanoparticle-loaded samples (Table 2). Therefore, 0.5 mm AgNPs loaded samples displayed light fastness properties of 6 (demonstrating “Very Good” to “Excellent”), and 2.5 mm AgNPs loaded samples provided light fastness properties of 5, which is only “Good”. However, the 1.5 mm AgNPs loaded sample presented light fastness properties within 5-6, which are “Good” and “Very Good” ratings. It seems the fastness properties of the nanoparticle-treated colored samples can also be tuned by controlling the silver precursor concentrations in the nanocolloids.

3.6 Statistical analysis of the colorimetric data

Color properties were investigated further via R² values. These investigations found that the increased nanosilver loading also plays a significant role in the enhanced colorimetric properties. As seen in Table 2, the R² values are equal to or greater than 0.99, demonstrating a strong correlation between the loaded nanoparticles in the kraft paper samples and all the colorimetric characteristics (K/S, L*, a*, and b*). The one-way ANOVA test with the adopted Newman-Keuls test further confirms these results (Tables 3–7). Except for two colorimetric data (a* and b*), all the values display p-values less than 0.05, especially for the XRF test, K/S, and L* values. Three cases revealed p-values higher than 0.05 both for a* and b* characteristics, which are in bold fonts. However, statistical data analysis summarizes that increased concentrations of AgNO₃ can increase the nanosilver development over the kraft paper materials. Additionally, the developed nanoparticles have a significant influence on their colorimetric properties. Other researchers have also reported some statistical models for nanosilver-treated products (Ahmadi et al., 2018; Veeraraghavan et al., 2021). However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have reported on the colorimetric modelling in terms of the Newman-Keuls test covered in the present study. Therefore, comparative analysis could be performed especially for statistical analysis.

TABLE 3

TABLE 3. Newman-Keul test for XRF test values in terms of AgNO3 loading for P@Ag1, P@Ag2, and P@Ag3 samples.

TABLE 4

TABLE 4. Newman-Keul test for K/S values in terms of nanosilver loading for P@Ag1, P@Ag2, and P@Ag3 samples.

TABLE 5

TABLE 5. Newman-Keul test for L* values in terms of nanosilver loading for P@Ag1, P@Ag2, and P@Ag3 samples.

TABLE 6

TABLE 6. Newman-Keul test for a* values in terms of nanosilver loading for P@Ag1, P@Ag2, and P@Ag3 samples.

TABLE 7

TABLE 7. Newman-Keul test for b* values in terms of nanosilver loading for P@Ag1, P@Ag2, and P@Ag3 samples.

3.7 Mechanical properties of the control and coated kraft papers

Together with coloration characteristics, mechanical properties are a significant factor in packaging products. Mechanical properties like tensile index and bursting strength were investigated and are shown in (Table 8) in lengthwise/machine directions. The control papers displayed tensile and bursting indexes of 55.21 ± 1.23 and 2.62 ± 0.08 Nm/g, respectively. However, both properties had increasing trends with the increase in nanosilver loading. P@Ag1 presented tensile and bursting indexes of 57.11 ± 1.23 and 2.78 ± 0.14 Nm/g, P@Ag2 had 58.8 ± 2.05 and 2.97 ± 0.212 Nm/g, and P@Ag3 exhibited 61 ± 1.93 and 3.12 ± 0.05 Nm/g, respectively. It seems AgNPs played a great role not only in enhancing the brilliant appearance of the papers, but in increasing mechanical properties. Other studies found similar results for the tensile and bursting properties of kraft paper substrates (Nokkrut et al., 2019). The results (both tensile and bursting index) further demonstrate the potential for packaging products with improved strength.

TABLE 8

TABLE 8. Tensile and bursting properties of the control and coated kraft papers. Results are shown here in Mean± standard deviations.

3.8 FTIR properties of the control and coated kraft papers

The chemical interactions of the control and AgNPs-treated kraft paper products were further investigated using FTIR characterizations to understand the effects of nanoparticles on cellulosic materials structure. The peaks clearly display the typical characteristics of cellulosic materials as shown in Figure 7. This finding agrees with other research studies (Fan et al., 2012; Rac-Rumijowska et al., 2019). The broad peaks around 3,330 cm⁻¹ are attributed to the presence of the -OH group while 2,920, 1,425, and 1,365 cm⁻¹ are related to the C-H group. The peaks around 1,636 cm⁻¹ provide information concerning the absorbed water. The absorption bands at 1,230 and 1,075 cm⁻¹ confirm the presence of C-OH groups. Furthermore, the peaks at 1,635 cm⁻¹ indicate the presence of stretching vibrations of the CH₂ bond. The small peak at 895 cm⁻¹ is related to the C-O-C bond. However, the similar peaks are still visible after green AgNPs coating. The deposited AgNPs might be distributed in the cellulosic molecules of paper in only metallic form and potentially as a metalorganic element (Rac-Rumijowska et al., 2019). However, the peaks around 1,398 and 1,125 cm⁻¹ in treated samples could be associated with the metal-oxygen and metal-OH bond, which are not seen in control kraft papers (Azari et al., 2015; Rac-Rumijowska et al., 2019).

FIGURE 7

FIGURE 7. FTIR analysis of control and AgNP coated kraft papers.

3.9 UV-protection properties of control and coated kraft papers

Food packaging paper materials are also frequently exposed to sunlight; hence, the UPF, UVA, and UVB properties were assessed further. The UPF characteristics demonstrate the time that kraft paper materials can be exposed to light without any potential damage. Values under 15 are considered lower, 15 to 24 as good, 24 to 39 as very good, and over 40 is considered an excellent shield against UV-rays, confirming that a significant amount of UV light is absorbed. However, UV protection depends on many factors. Without any special treatment, attaining UV shielding characteristics is unfeasible. Therefore, the kraft papers were treated with AgNPs to increase UV protection capabilities. The control paper showed a UPF value of only 20.99, a UVA value of 8.49, and a UVB value of 3.64. On the other hand, the AgNP-treated products revealed a significant improvement. All of the UPF values were more than 40, implying significant UV protection capabilities of the papers (42.39 for 0.5 mm, 48.48 for 1.5 mm, and 54.5 for 2.5 mm silver precursor treated samples). The increase in nanosilver concentrations also displayed an increasing trend in UPF values (Table 9). The results discussed here also agree with different cellulosic substrates treated with AgNPs (Haslinger et al., 2019). Therefore, the overall results confirm the strong UV blocking capabilities of the AgNPs treated papers.

TABLE 9

TABLE 9. UV-protection properties of control and AgNP coated papers.

3.10 Thermal properties of control and coated kraft papers

The thermal performances of the control and AgNPs-treated products were also investigated via the thermogram records (Figure 8A,B). An initial weight loss is observed until 100°C (Lu et al., 2015), which demonstrates the evaporation of adsorbed water in the control and coated kraft papers. A major weight loss occurs within the range of 280–390°C. This loss can be attributed to the degradation of major molecular chains from cellulosic kraft papers (Q. Zhou et al., 2017). The weight loss up to 400°C corresponds to the breakdown of cellulose. However, a slight deviation in thermal stability is noticed for AgNPs-treated test specimens compared to the control kraft paper materials, although nanosilver loading increased the mechanical properties and UV-shielding capabilities. This phenomenon also conforms with other studies for Tinospora cordifolia extract-mediated cotton fibers functionalization with AgNPs (Gollapudi et al., 2020). In DTG analysis, peaks around 300°C demonstrate hemicellulose degradation, and the peaks around 370°C correspond to cellulose from kraft fiber materials. Overall, a successful binding of AgNPs with the kraft paper facilitated the changes in thermal properties.

FIGURE 8

FIGURE 8. Thermal properties analysis of control and AgNP coated kraft papers: (A) TGA analysis and (B) DTG analysis.

3.11 Assessing safety aspects of the AgNP-treated products

Previously, chemical-based synthesis protocols were used to synthesize metallic silvers because the green synthesis protocol was not explored much. Toxicity was a big challenge for chemically modified nanosilver-treated products (Levard et al., 2012). However, the green synthesis protocol provides a new route toward safe, toxin-free metallic silver (Jadoun et al., 2021). The treated kraft papers were washed with distilled water five times, and then the concentrations of remaining AgNPs were measured again using an XRF instrument. The values found were 262 (2), 780 (3), and 992 5) PPM, respectively. These were calculated to understand the release% of Ag⁺ from the AgNPs-treated kraft papers. The calculations found that the 0.5 mm AgNO₃ treated samples released 2% Ag⁺, whereas 1.5 and 2.5 mm AgNO₃ treated samples released 3 and 5% Ag⁺, respectively. A recent study reported that AgNP-treated products could be considered safe materials without any cytotoxic effects on human health in cases in which the release of silver is less than 10 PPM (Suárez et al., 2010); the products the current study reports are also in line with these requirements.

4 Conclusion

The present study demonstrated an eco-friendly, one-step, efficient, facile, and simple method for AgNPs deposition on kraft paper using in situ synthesis protocol. The greenly synthesized AgNPs coatings were successfully performed by varying the concentrations of silver precursor in the presence of Cephalotaxus harringtonia as a stabilizing agent. Interestingly, we noticed that the coated NPs are very stable, and the release of metallic silver from coated kraft paper surfaces is minimal. It seems the coating has lifelong durability on paper surfaces. The XRF analysis revealed a significant presence of metallic silver with 268 ± 7, 805 ± 14, and 1,045 ± 16 PPM. Morphological images of deposited surfaces also exhibited the explicit presence of AgNPs. Moreover, the EDX analysis and elemental mapping of the AgNP-coated products displayed and confirmed the metallic silver presence on the sample surfaces. Moreover, the colorimetric data also showed the development of colorful paper products that can be used for food packaging materials. Mechanical tests demonstrated significant performance regarding the tensile and bursting index. The UPF factor of nanosilver coated papers had values higher than 40, indicating successful shielding against sunlight. The FTIR analysis, XRD test, TGA/DTG analysis, mechanical properties, and statistical analysis further confirmed the successful depositions of greenly synthesized AgNPs on the paper surfaces, which can be used for packaging applications.

Data availability statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Author contributions

Experiment, data curation, methodology, initial draft, conceptualization, and final draft (SW), Experiment, data curation, methodology, initial draft, and conceptualization (XL), Data curation, final draft, supervision, project administration, and funding acquisition (PL).

Funding

This work was funded by the Foundation of Guizhou Educational Committee (No. KY [2021] 008; the first-class discipline construction project in Guizhou Province—Public Health and Preventive Medicine (NO. 2017[85]); the Natural Science Foundations of China(81760572).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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