AUTHOR=Shou Yikai, Liang Feng, Xu Shunliang, Li Xuekun TITLE=The Application of Brain Organoids: From Neuronal Development to Neurological Diseases JOURNAL=Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology VOLUME=8 YEAR=2020 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2020.579659 DOI=10.3389/fcell.2020.579659 ISSN=2296-634X ABSTRACT=Brain organoids are derived from induced pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells under three-dimensional culture condition. The generation of an organoid requires the self-assembly of stem cells, progenitor cells, and multiple types of differentiated cells. Organoids display structures that resemble defined brain regions and simulate specific changes of neurological disorders; thus, organoids have become an excellent model for investigating brain development and neurological diseases. In the present review, we have summarized recent advances of the methods of culturing brain organoids and the applications of brain organoids in investigating neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases.