CD3G or CD3D Knockdown in Mature, but Not Immature, T Lymphocytes Similarly Cripples the Human TCRαβ Complex

The human αβ T-cell receptor (TCR) is composed of a variable heterodimer (TCRαβ) and three invariant dimers (CD3γε, CD3δε, and ζζ/CD2472). The role of each invariant chain in the stepwise interactions among TCR chains along the assembly is still not fully understood. Despite the high sequence homology between CD3γ and CD3δ, the clinical consequences of the corresponding immunodeficiencies (ID) in humans are very different (mild and severe, respectively), and mouse models do not recapitulate findings in human ID. To try to understand such disparities, we stably knocked down (KD) CD3D or CD3G expression in the human Jurkat T-cell line and analyzed comparatively their impact on TCRαβ assembly, transport, and surface expression. The results indicated that TCR ensembles were less stable and CD3ε levels were lower when CD3γ, rather than CD3δ, was scarce. However, both defective TCR ensembles were strongly retained in the ER, lacked ζζ/CD2472, and barely reached the T-cell surface (<11% of normal controls) in any of the CD3 KD cells. This is in sharp contrast to human CD3γ ID, whose mature T cells express higher levels of surface TCR (>30% vs. normal controls). CD3 KD of human T-cell progenitors followed by mouse fetal thymus organ cultures showed high plasticity in emerging immature polyclonal T lymphocytes that allowed for the expression of significant TCR levels which may then signal for survival in CD3γ, but not in CD3δ deficiency, and explain the immunological and clinical disparities of such ID cases.

The human αβ T-cell receptor (TCR) is composed of a variable heterodimer (TCRαβ) and three invariant dimers (CD3γε, CD3δε, and ζζ/CD247 2 ). The role of each invariant chain in the stepwise interactions among TCR chains along the assembly is still not fully understood. Despite the high sequence homology between CD3γ and CD3δ, the clinical consequences of the corresponding immunodeficiencies (ID) in humans are very different (mild and severe, respectively), and mouse models do not recapitulate findings in human ID. To try to understand such disparities, we stably knocked down (KD) CD3D or CD3G expression in the human Jurkat T-cell line and analyzed comparatively their impact on TCRαβ assembly, transport, and surface expression. The results indicated that TCR ensembles were less stable and CD3ε levels were lower when CD3γ, rather than CD3δ, was scarce. However, both defective TCR ensembles were strongly retained in the ER, lacked ζζ/CD247 2 , and barely reached the T-cell surface (<11% of normal controls) in any of the CD3 KD cells. This is in sharp contrast to human CD3γ ID, whose mature T cells express higher levels of surface TCR (>30% vs. normal controls). CD3 KD of human T-cell progenitors followed by mouse fetal thymus organ cultures showed high plasticity in emerging immature polyclonal T lymphocytes that allowed for the expression of significant TCR levels which may then signal for survival in CD3γ, but not in CD3δ deficiency, and explain the immunological and clinical disparities of such ID cases.

INTRODUCTION
T lymphocytes detect the presence of antigens through a cell surface complex termed the T-cell receptor (TCR). This receptor is composed of a variable heterodimer (either TCRαβ or TCRγδ) responsible for ligand recognition and three invariant dimers (CD3γε, CD3δε, and ζζ/CD247 2 ) that participate in the assembly and surface expression of the TCR complex and in the delivery of intracellular signals (Call et al., 2004). Binding of the peptide-MHC complex by the TCR results in CD3 conformational changes (Schamel et al., 2019) and the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues within the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAM) of the cytoplasmic tails of the CD3 and ζζ/CD247 2 chains (Love and Hayes, 2010), which eventually lead to the activation of several signaling cascades that result in T-cell activation and the induction of a cellular immune response (Brownlie and Zamoyska, 2013).
TCR assembly is an ordered process that begins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). CD3 heterodimers are formed through interactions between their extracellular Ig domains and associate with TCR chains through intramembrane contacts to form the hexameric TCR (αβγεδε), which is exported to the Golgi apparatus where it interacts with the ζζ/CD247 2 homodimer (Dietrich et al., 1999;Wucherpfennig et al., 2010). The result is an octameric complex that is sorted to the plasma membrane. Correct folding and assembly is required for transport to the cell surface, and misfolded or single subunits and partial receptor complexes are retained in the ER and eventually retro-translocated to the cytosol for ER-associated degradation. Hexameric TCR ensembles that reach the Golgi apparatus but fail to assemble with ζζ/CD247 2 homodimers are sorted to the lysosomal pathway for degradation (Bonifacino et al., 1990;Wileman et al., 1990Wileman et al., , 1993Letourneur and Klausner, 1992;Lee, 1998;Delgado and Alarcon, 2005).
CD3γ and CD3δ proteins are highly homologous, and in some vertebrates, they are a single CD3γ/δ chain (Göbel and Dangy, 2000). In humans, it has been shown that the intracellular and transmembrane, but not the extracellular, domain of CD3δ can substitute those of CD3γ for assembly and expression (Wegener et al., 1995). The functions of the individual CD3 chains for assembly and expression and the stepwise interactions among the TCR subunits are still not fully understood and differ between humans and mice.
Several studies have attempted to address these questions studying knockout (KO) mice [for CD3γ (Haks et al., 1998) or CD3δ (Dave et al., 1997)], immunodeficient patients (Perez-Aciego et al., 1991), mutant Jurkat T-cell lines (Geisler, 1992), or heterologous systems (Kappes and Tonegawa, 1991;Call et al., 2002;Szymczak et al., 2004), but they yielded contradictory results regarding the requirement of CD3γ and CD3δ proteins for surface TCR expression and signaling. Indeed, KO mice, mutant Jurkat T-cell lines, and reconstituted B-cell microsomes showed that TCR assembly, surface expression, and signaling required CD3γ and CD3δ proteins, whereas immunodeficient patients and reconstituted HeLa or 293T cells did not. Here, we knocked down (KD) CD3γ and CD3δ in mature and immature αβ T cells to analyze their role in TCR assembly and expression.

Cell Lines
Mycoplasma-free Jurkat E6-1 cells, a clone of the Jurkat JM CD4 + T-cell leukemia cell line established from the peripheral blood of a 14-year-old boy with acute T-cell leukemia (Schneider et al., 1977), was used because they express all TCR chains (Abraham and Weiss, 2004). The CH7C17 Jurkat cell line is a mutant of Jurkat E6-1 cell line, negative for TCR and reconstituted by transfection with a TCR specific for hemagglutinin peptide bearing Vα1.4 and Vβ3.1 TCR chains (Hewitt et al., 1992). The Herpesvirus Saimiri (HVS) CD3γ −/− cell line was previously generated from peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of a congenital CD3γ-deficient individual (Pacheco-Castro et al., 1998). Cells were grown in RPMI 1640 medium (HyClone, Logan, UT, United States) supplemented with 10% FCS and 2 mM L-glutamine (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, United States); 400 µg/ml hygromycin B (Life Technologies) was supplemented for CH7C17 cell line, and 50 IU/ml human recombinant human IL-2 (provided by Craig W. Reynolds, Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States) was supplemented every 2 days for the HVS CD3γ −/− cell line. The HBP-ALL cell line was originally generated from a T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia patient. PBL were isolated from healthy donors with informed consent and IRB authorization. During the assay, all cells were maintained in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% FCS and 2 mM L-glutamine.

Fluorescence Microscopy
Cells were seeded in circular cover glasses, preincubated with 0.005% poly-L-lysine (Sigma-Aldrich) for 30 min at 37 • C, and rinsed several times. Cells were then fixed with 4% p-formaldehyde in PBS for 5 min and, after rinsing, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich) in PBS (both steps at room temperature, 20-22 • C). Nonspecific binding sites were blocked by incubation for 1 h in PBS containing 10 µg/ml human IgG and a commercial blocking reagent (Roche, Basel, Switzerland). Incubation with primary TCRβ antibody (JOVI-1) or secondary anti-mouse antibody AF594 (Invitrogen) was done for 1 h or 30 min at 20-22 • C, respectively. Appropriate isotype-matched IgG or normal serum was used in parallel as the control. Stained cells were mounted in Vectashield R -DAPI solution (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, United States) and visualized under a Leica SP-2 AOBS confocal microscope (HCX PL APO × 63 1.4 oil-immersion objective; 1.400,000, numerical aperture) and TCSNTV software (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany). Images were software processed with ImageJ.

Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis, including regression comparisons, was performed using GraphPad software. All quantitative data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical differences between groups were compared using one-sample Student's t-test. P < 0.05 ( * ) was considered to indicate a statistically significant result. * * * P < 0.01.

Isolation of Human Thymocytes and Hybrid Human-Mouse Fetal Thymic Organ Cultures
Experiments were performed in accordance with the procedures approved by the Spanish Research Council Bioethics Committee. Normal human postnatal thymocytes were isolated from thymus fragments removed during corrective cardiac surgery of patients aged 1 month to 4 years, after informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Thymocyte suspensions were subjected to density centrifugation using Ficoll-Hypaque (Lymphoprep, Axis-Shield PoC AS), and Early T-cell progenitors (ETPs) were then isolated by immunomagnetic cell sorting using the Dynal CD34 Progenitor Cell Selection System (Life Technologies). Fetal thymic organ culture (FTOC) assays were performed as described (García-Peydró et al., 2003). Briefly, thymic lobes from 14.5-day-old Swiss mouse embryos were seeded (one lobe/well) in Terasaki plates (Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark), treated with deoxyguanosine (d-Guo, Sigma), and co-cultured with shNT-or shCD3δ-transduced human ETPs (1-2 × 10 4 cells/lobe). After 48 h of culture in hanging drops (day 0 of FTOC), lobes were cultured on gelfoam/filters for up to 5 weeks. T-cell generation was analyzed by flow cytometry on electronically gated GFP + cells recovered from different lobes pooled at indicated time points.

Generation and Characterization of CD3G or CD3D KD T-Cell Lines
To investigate the importance of CD3γ and CD3δ in TCR assembly and expression, we generated CD3G or CD3D KD T-cell lines using five different shRNA sequences for inhibition of CD3 expression ( Table 1). The Jurkat E6-1 T-cell line was used to screen the different shRNAs. To this end, cells were transduced with lentiviral vectors carrying shRNA specific for CD3γ (shCD3γ), CD3δ (shCD3δ), or a nontarget shRNA (shNT). After at least 7 days in culture, cells were lysed in the presence of the selective agent puromycin and analyzed by WB for the expression of the targeted CD3 chain. Band intensity analysis showed that different sequences led to different degrees of KD (Figure 1). For further analysis, we selected lines shCD3γ-1 and shCD3δ-3, for the most efficient inhibition relative to shNT.
To fully characterize the impact of the KD on the TCR, we analyzed in stable KD T-cell lines the level of expression of all CD3 chains by WB. The results showed a marked selective impairment in the expression of CD3γ or CD3δ proteins in Jurkat cells treated with shCD3γ or shCD3δ, respectively, as compared with shNT (Figures 2A,B). The analysis of CD3ε expression in KD lines showed a slight but significant 30% reduction of CD3ε in the CD3G, but not in the CD3D, KD cell line ( Figure 2C).

TCR Assembly in CD3G or CD3D KD T-Cell Lines
To evaluate the impact of the KD of CD3γ or CD3δ chains on TCR assembly, we analyzed TCR stoichiometry by coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) with anti-TCRβ and WB with CD3 chain-specific antibodies. Compared with shNT cells, when CD3G was KD only 51% of CD3ε and 18% of CD3δ co-IPed with TCRβ (Figures 3A,B, top lanes). However, when CD3D was KD, similar amounts of CD3ε (101%) and higher amounts of CD3γ (152%) were incorporated (Figures 3A,C top lanes). Thus, higher amounts of γε dimers were incorporated to (α)β after CD3D KD than were δε dimers after CD3G KD (summarized in Figure 3D). We conclude that TCR ensembles are more stable when CD3δ, rather than CD3γ, is scarce.

TCR ER/Golgi Transit in CD3G or CD3D KD T-Cell Lines
To determine the subcellular compartment location of the remaining CD3 chains after the KD, we studied TCR ER/Golgi transit by analyzing CD3 chain sensitivity to EndoH after IP and WB with CD3 chain-specific antibodies, because the Golgi, but not the ER, protects CD3 oligosaccharide side chains from EndoH digestion. Both forms of CD3γ and CD3δ, post-ER (EndoH resistant) and ER resident (EndoH sensitive), can be observed in shNT cells (Figure 4). In contrast, CD3D KD essentially blocked CD3γ in the ER (only 3% exited the ER, Figure 4A). Similarly, in CD3G KD cells, only 10% of CD3δ was able to reach the Golgi (Figure 4B). Our results indicate that both CD3γ and CD3δ chains in both KD cell lines were EndoH sensitive and, therefore, ER resident, suggesting that TCR complexes in the absence of CD3γ or CD3δ are retained in the ER.

ζζ/CD247 2 Incorporation to the TCR in CD3G or CD3D KD T-Cell Lines
To study the last step in TCR assembly, namely, ζζ/CD247 2 incorporation, its association to TCRβ and CD3ε was analyzed by IP and WB. The results showed that the clear co-IP of TCRβ and CD247 ( Figure 5A) and of CD247 and CD3ε ( Figure 5B) observed in shNT cells was absent in both CD3G and CD3D KD T-cell lines. We conclude that TCR complexes in both CD3 KD cells do not incorporate ζζ/CD247 2 homodimers.

Surface Expression of the TCR Complex in CD3G or CD3D KD T-Cell Lines
To assess the impact of CD3G or CD3D KD on surface TCR expression, flow cytometry was performed using a broad panel of mAb against the TCR or CD3 chains in the Jurkat E6-1 KD and in a HVS CD3γ −/− cell line. The results indicated that the KD cell lines with reduced intracellular amounts of either CD3γ or CD3δ, expressed decreased surface TCR levels detected with several antibodies, with between 5 and 10% of surface TCR relative to controls in both cell lines (Figure 6). These observations demonstrated a critical requirement of CD3γ and CD3δ for surface TCR expression in the Jurkat E6-1 T-cell line. The effects of CD3 KD on surface TCR levels were also analyzed in primary T cells and T-cell lines other than Jurkat E6-1 (Jurkat CH7C17 and HPB-ALL), and the results were comparable to Jurkat E6-1 T cells (Figure 7), further supporting that CD3γ and CD3δ are required for normal surface TCR expression in mature T cells. These results were confirmed by confocal microscopy for TCRβ, which was detectable both intracellularly and extracellularly in Jurkat E6-1 shNT cells, but only intracellularly in CD3G and CD3D KD cell lines (Figure 8). The shNT unpermeabilized cells stained for TCRβ showed clear evidence of patching, likely as a result of crosslinking with the secondary antibody (see Figure 8 legend). In contrast, TCRβ was absent on the cell surface of both CD3 KD cells. Surprisingly, surface TCR was less affected in the HVS CD3γ −/− cell line than in KD lines (Figure 6). We conclude that TCR complexes do not reach the surface in any of the CD3 KD cells. Therefore, the stark differences in disease presentation in patients lacking CD3γ (mild) or CD3δ (severe) cannot be ascribed to differences in the role of each chain in mature T cells.    -1), and the immunoprecipitates and whole lysates were resolved in 15% SDS-PAGE gels and immunoblotted with antibodies against ζζ/CD247 2 (448) or alpha tubulin (Sigma). (B) Immunoprecipitation was done with anti-ζ and immunoblot with mAb against CD3ε (Abcam) or α-tubulin (Sigma). Band analysis and numbers as in Figure 1. The tubulin loading control is shared in (A,B) for illustrative purposes.
FIGURE 6 | Surface TCR expression in CD3G or CD3D KD T-cell lines. Top: cells were stained with labeled TCR-or CD3-specific mAb (BMA031, HIT3A, UCHT-1, Vβ*, and SK7) or with TCR-independent control mAb (anti-HLA-class I and anti-CD2). Expression was analyzed in HVS-CD3γ −/− , Jurkat shCD3γ, and Jurkat shCD3δ cells (dashed lines) compared with their relevant controls (HVS-CD3γ +/+ or Jurkat shNT, gray histograms, the latter shown twice as it is the control cell line for both CD3G and CD3D KD cell lines). The vertical line in each panel indicates the upper limit of background fluorescence using isotype-matched irrelevant mAb. The numbers in each histogram indicate geoMFI ratios (×100) relative to controls. Bottom: bar representation of TCR/CD3 geoMFI ratios relative to controls. *Vβ3or Vβ8-specific mAb was used to stain the TCRβ chain in HVS or Jurkat cells, respectively, because they have different TCRB rearrangements. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology | www.frontiersin.org FIGURE 8 | Extracellular (left) and intracellular (right) TCRβ expression in CD3G or CD3D KD T-cell lines. Jurkat E6-1 shNT, shCD3γ, and shCD3δ cells were left untreated (unpermeabilized) or were treated with Triton X-100 (permeabilized) and incubated with anti-TCRβ antibody (JOVI-1) and anti-mouse AF594 secondary antibody before analysis by fluorescence microscopy. Nuclei were stained with DAPI.
Rather, there must be critical signaling or expression differences whereby CD3γ, but not CD3δ, can be replaced early in T-cell development. Indeed, as explained below, CD3δ, but not CD3γ deficiency, showed a complete block in the differentiation of T cells in the patient's thymus (Dadi et al., 2003).

Surface Expression of the TCR Complex in CD3D KD Early T-Cell Progenitors
Our results in human mature T cells showed that both CD3γ and CD3δ are required for surface TCR expression. Our co-IP experiments showed that nascent TCRs begin to form but are unable to incorporate ζζ/CD247 dimers and are retained in the ER. These results do not recapitulate the corresponding congenital CD3 deficiencies in terms of surface TCR expression (>30% vs. normal controls). We thus hypothesized that intrathymic plasticity of emerging polyclonal lymphocytes in patients might allow some TCR expression in a proportion of T cells, which could then signal for survival in CD3γ, but not in CD3δ deficiency. To directly address this hypothesis, we transduced early T-cell progenitors from human thymus with shCD3δ-3 or shNT before FTOC. We chose this KD strategy in order to assess both T-cell development and TCR expression in a single experiment, since shCD3γ would be expected to be milder in both aspects. The results indicated that CD3D KD strongly impaired human T-cell development in FTOC (Figure 9, top and middle), as observed also in human congenital CD3δ deficiencies. However, the few T cells (pre-T, αβ, or γδ) that did emerge from the organ cultures expressed comparable, albeit lower (around 80% vs. shNT or control KD), TCR ensemble levels. These results support the hypothesis of intrathymic TCR expression plasticity of emerging polyclonal T lymphocytes, which can then signal for survival in CD3γ, but not in CD3δ deficiency, and explain the immunological and clinical disparities of these ID cases.

DISCUSSION
In contrast with all other reported CD3 ID due to complete protein deficiencies, most CD3γ-deficient individuals can live well into their 30s without hematopoietic stem cell replacement (Marin et al., 2015). In these individuals, late diagnosis, mild T lymphopenia, low but significant TCR expression, and autoimmune features are common. These limited immunological consequences are at odds with what is observed when the highly homologous CD3δ chain is absent: early diagnosis, severe T lymphopenia, no TCR expression, and urgent transplantation. This suggests that there must be strong biochemical or functional differences between them. Conversely, mouse KO models show that CD3γ, but not CD3δ, is critical for early thymic development, and therefore, do not recapitulate human findings. We reasoned that by KD of each chain in human mature T cells we could find relevant differences. However, we found that both CD3G and CD3D KD T-cell lines were unable to incorporate ζζ/CD247 2 to their TCR, and thus, showed a comparable decrease in surface TCR expression. We also observed in the analysis of ER/Golgi transit that CD3G and CD3D KD completely blocked TCR ensembles since CD3δ and CD3γ, respectively, did not reach the Golgi. Therefore, the immunological and clinical disparities of ID cases may be associated with biochemical or signaling differences between CD3γ-and CD3δ-deficient TCR ensembles in immature rather than mature T lymphocytes, for instance, at the pre-TCR level. To support this hypothesis, analysis of gene expression in thymocytes isolated from one patient diagnosed with SCID caused by CD3δ deficiency showed that a small number of gene products known to regulate T-cell development were substantially altered in the patient, as compared with the control. Of particular interest, patient's thymocytes contained twice as much precursor T-cell receptor a (pTa) gene transcript as did control thymocytes. Since the pTa gene is expressed FIGURE 9 | Fetal thymus organ cultures (FTOC) of shCD3δ-3 vs. shNT-transduced human T-cell progenitors. Top and middle: mouse embryo thymic lobes were seeded with shCD3δ-3 or shNT-transduced CD34 hi early T-cell progenitors from human thymus and cultured for up to 5 weeks. T-cell generation was analyzed on electronically gated GFP + transduced cells recovered from different lobes pooled at the indicated time points in two independent experiments. Bottom: representative (FTOC 2) flow cytometry analysis of CD3 vs. αβTCR expression on electronically gated GFP + cell progenies at the indicated days. Numbers in biparametric histograms indicate percentages of CD3 + αβTCR + (αβ T cells), CD3 − /low αβTCR − (including pre-TCR + pre-T cells) and CD3 + αβTCR − (γδ T cells). Percentages of γδ T cells were independently confirmed by CD3 vs. γδTCR expression analysis. Numbers in monoparametric histograms indicate MFI values for each indicated subset. exclusively by immature thymocytes, these results indicate a block early in the differentiation of T cells in the patient's thymus. Such a block could cause immature CD4 − CD8 − double-negative thymocytes to accumulate (Dadi et al., 2003).
The analysis of CD3ε expression in KD lines showed a slight but significant reduction of CD3ε in the CD3G, but not in the CD3D, KD cell line (Figure 2) and less stable (α)βδε than (α)βγε TCR ensembles (Figure 3). A potential explanation for both events may be the faster degradation of (α)βδε TCR compared with (α)βγε TCR. However, such differences did not have an impact on later assembly events or surface TCR expression, which were similar in both KD cell lines.
TCR ensembles barely reached the T-cell surface in any of the CD3 KD Jurkat cells (<11% of normal controls). A mutagenized Jurkat T-cell line lacking CD3γ called JGN (for Jurkat Gamma Negative; Geisler, 1992) also lacked surface TCR expression, supporting our findings. However, surface TCR was much less affected in the CD3γ ID-derived HVS T-cell line than in our KD lines or in JGN (>30% vs. normal controls), and this is the case too for the scarce peripheral mature T cells in partial CD3δ ID (Gil et al., 2011;Garcillán et al., 2014). Why does natural CD3γ deficiency differ from Jurkat CD3γ KD? Our hypothesis is that mature T cells in CD3γ deficiency are the result of selection from a very diverse and polyclonal repertoire of immature T cells with differently rearranged variable TCR chains, so that those expressing sufficient surface TCR can be selected to reach the peripheral blood compartment, albeit selftolerance may be affected (Rowe et al., 2018). By contrast, Jurkat is a clone, and thus, there is no diversity to choose from when KD is performed, which would explain the crippling effect of CD3γ KD on TCR expression. Other cell lines and primary T cells showed similar results (Figure 7). Primary T cells, although polyclonal, do not have TCR-dependent selection mechanisms as immature T cells do. To test our hypothesis in polyclonal cells, FTOC CD3D KD experiments were performed, in which the few T cells (pre-T, αβ, or γδ) that did emerge from the cultures expressed comparable TCR ensemble levels (Figure 9). These results support the hypothesis of intrathymic TCR expression plasticity of emerging polyclonal T lymphocytes, which can then signal for survival in CD3γ, but not in CD3δ deficiency and explain the immunological and clinical disparities of these ID cases.
In conclusion, our results show that both CD3γ and CD3δ are required for surface TCR expression in human mature T cells. Our co-IP experiments show that nascent TCRs begin to form but are unable to incorporate ζζ/CD247 2 dimers and are retained in the ER. In contrast, the FTOC experiments show that the lack of those chains early in development, acting on emerging polyclonal repertoires, allows for some TCR expression plasticity and further T-cell development when signaling from incomplete TCRs is feasible, as is the case in CD3γ, but not in CD3δ , ID.
Our findings could give rise to potential future therapeutic advances, including the transient reduction of CD3δ or CD3γ expression by KD of mature T cells as a novel immunosuppressive therapy, particularly in those diseases with overactive T cells, such as autoimmune or alloimmune disorders.

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.

ETHICS STATEMENT
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Comité Ético de Investigación Clínica del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid. Written informed consent to participate in this study was provided by the participants' legal guardian/next of kin.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
BG, PF, MT, and JR conceived the experimental study. BG designed and performed most of the experiments, and analyzed the data. PF did the FTOC studies (Figure 9) under the supervision of MT. RM, DC-A, and RL did TCR comparative experiments in cell lines and fresh human T cells (Figure 7) under the supervision of PC. MM, MM-R, and AJ-R contributed with substantial technical help to several figures. EF-M and AM contributed substantially to the manuscript revision and figures' elaboration. JR and BG wrote the manuscript. All authors participated in the manuscript revision before submission.