Synthesis, Molecular Properties Estimations, and Dual Dopamine D2 and D3 Receptor Activities of Benzothiazole-Based Ligands

Introduction

The dopaminergic systems in the central nervous system (CNS) have been comprehensively studied over the past five decades (Missale et al., 1998). Dopamine (DA) exerts its (patho)physiological effects through five distinct G-protein coupled receptors (D₁₋₅ receptors), grouped in two classes, Gs-coupled D₁-like (D₁R and D₅R) and Gi-coupled D₂-like (D₂R, D₃R, and D₄R), that vary in their signal transduction, binding shape and physiological effects (Missale et al., 1998). Moreover, an alternative splicing of D₂R mRNA leads to generation of two isoforms: D₂ short (D_2S) and D₂ long (D_2L), which have been linked (though not completely) with presynaptic and postsynaptic populations of D₂Rs, respectively (Joyce and Millan, 2005). Accordingly, it has been found that the D_2SR is mainly considered as a presynaptic receptor, whereas, the D_2LR as a postsynaptic receptor (Joyce and Millan, 2005), comparable to the D₃R (Lader, 2008). However, it has been proposed that D₃R, in addition to the classical postsynaptic location, is also localized in the presynapse, where it modifies release and synthesis of DA (Sokoloff et al., 1990; Noeske et al., 2006; Bocker et al., 2007; Boeckler and Gmeiner, 2007). Furthermore, it has been convincingly demonstrated that hD₂R and hD₃R are highly homologous (Stark, 1998), sharing 78% of sequence identity in the transmembrane domains (Kaufmann and Bückmann, 1941), including the binding site (Levey et al., 1993). Thus, this sequence identity has introduced difficulties in the design of ligands selectively targeting D_2sR and/or D₃R, since such ligands could offer more effective neuroleptic drugs with a favorable side effect profile in therapeutic management of central diseases, e.g., schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Accordingly, the newer atypical antipsychotic drugs, e.g., aripiprazole, with high affinity for D₂Rs and D₃Rs show a unique pharmacological profile at treating the positive symptoms of schizophrenia and have the potential to treat negative and cognitive symptoms, while also mitigating risk of weight gain and movement side effects (Swainston Harrison and Perry, 2004; Casey and Canal, 2017; Tuplin and Holahan, 2017).

In the past two decades, medicinal chemists have succeeded, by using ligand-based approaches, in developing selective D_2SR, D₃R, and dually acting D_2SR/D₃R ligands such as benz[d]imidazolyl ether 2 (Pilla et al., 1999; Garcia-Ladona and Cox, 2003; Boeckler and Gmeiner, 2007; Tomic et al., 2007; Moller et al., 2014; Stucchi et al., 2015). Interestingly, ligand 1 has earlier been described as a selective D₃R ligand with a 66-fold higher selectivity over D_2SR (Pilla et al., 1999). This former clinical candidate bears distinctive minimal pharmacophoric structure elements for many D₃R ligands, which could be divided into three substructures: a lipophilic aryl moiety connected to an amide or ether (1), which is linked by a linear alkyl spacer (2) to a basic amine residue with aryl substitution (3) (Figure 1; Pilla et al., 1999; Garcia-Ladona and Cox, 2003). The basic 4-phenylpiperazine substructure (3) also described as “privileged structural surrogate” has proved to be essential for ligand interaction with selectivity for the D_2SRs and D₃Rs (Hackling et al., 2003; Moller et al., 2014). Accordingly, ligand efficacy and selectivity between D_2SR and D₃R activation were found to be strongly influenced by regiochemistry and the nature of functional groups attached to the pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine heterocycle moiety. (Hackling et al., 2003; Moller et al., 2014). Also, the aliphatic tetramethylene spacer (2) in ligand 1 demonstrated the optimum distance between the two aromatic systems (1) and (3) (Hayes et al., 1992; Sokoloff et al., 1992; Noeske et al., 2006; Bocker et al., 2007; Boeckler and Gmeiner, 2007). Moreover, the amide function in numerous previously developed D_2SR/D₃R selective ligands, e.g., 1, has been described as a weak H-bond acceptor and was directly connected to the aryl moiety (1) (Wright and Rosowsky, 2002; Hackling et al., 2003; Moller et al., 2014). Furthermore, the lipophilic residue in the aryl moiety (1) has convincingly been demonstrated to tolerate plenty of variations including biphenyl, heteroaryl or cycloalkyl substituents, resulting in many D₂R/D₃R ligands (Figure 1) (Murray et al., 1996; Bettinetti et al., 2002; Moller et al., 2014). Moreover, the recently described benz[d]imidazolyl ether (2) exhibited preference to the D_2SRs and D₃Rs, respectively (Figure 1; Tomic et al., 2007; Moller et al., 2014). Keeping this in view and in continuation of our endeavors toward providing tools with which further exploration of the role of the dopaminergic system, the development of high-affinity D₂R/D₃R ligands was undertaken. It was envisaged that the heterocyclic appendage of benzothiazole, as a lipophilic bioisosterical replacement of aryl moiety (1), with the basic 4-phenylpiperazine aryl substitution (3) by an ether of varying alkyl spacer length (2) is worth the attempt. Accordingly, the replacement of the amide group present in ligand 1 with an ether structure was undertaken to investigate whether the affinity of the developed ligands will be modified toward balanced D_2SR/D₃R. In addition, the inclusion of different substituents at 2-position of benzothiazole (1) or 4-phenylpiperazine (3) was carried out to explore further the modulating role of hydrogen bound donors and lipophilic interaction with the heterocyclic π-system present in the novel ligands 3-20. Moreover, all the title ligands 3-20 were subjected to Molinspiration Property, Osiris Property Explorer, and MolSoft toolkits to predictively assess their physicochemical properties. Furthermore, initial metric analyses were conducted to predictably quantify the lipophilicity (clogP), the water solubility (clogS), the ligand efficiency (LE), lipophilicity-dependent ligand efficiency (LELP), and lipophilic efficiency (LipE) important for verification of drug-likeness of the novel compounds (3-20) presented in the current study.

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. Features similarities between the lead structures 1, 2 and target compounds (3-20).

Experimental Procedures

Chemistry

General Remarks

All starting reagents/chemicals and dry solvents of commercial quality were purchased from the commercial suppliers VWR Darmstadt/Germany, Acros, Geel/Belgium, Alfar Aesar, Ward Hill/U.S.A., Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis/USA, Fluka, München/Germany and Carl Roth, Karlsruhe/Germany. ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AMX 250 (250 MHz), a Bruker AMX 300 (300 MHz) or a Bruker AMX 400 (400 MHz) spectrometer (Bruker, Germany). ¹H-NMR data are reported in the following order: chemical shift (δ) in ppm downfield from tetramethylsilane as internal reference; multiplicity (br, broad; s, singlet; d, doublet; t, triplet; q, quartet; quin, quintet; m, multiplet); approximate coupling constants (J) in Hertz (Hz). ESI-MS was performed on a Fisons Instruments VG Platform II (Manchester, Great Britain) in positive polarity. Data (m/z) are listed as mass number (M+H⁺) and relative intensity (%). MALDI_MS was performed on Voyager DE STR (Per Septive Biosystems). High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) was carried out on a Thermo Scientific MALDI LTQ XL Orbitrap (Waltham, USA). Thin layer chromatography was performed on silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ aluminum sheets (Merck, Germany). Preparative column chromatography was performed on silica gel 63–200 μM (Merck, Germany). Melting points were determined on a Büchi B510 melting point apparatus (Büchi, Switzerland).

Synthesis of New Compounds 3-20 and Their Respective Intermediates

1-(2-Bromoethoxy)-4-nitrobenzene (22a)

4-Nitrophenole (21, 3.0 g, 22 mmol) was diluted into 100 ml acetone. 1,4-dibromobutane (16.53 g, 88 mmol), anhydrous potassium carbonate (3.0 g, 22 mmol) and a catalytic amount of potassium iodide was added. The suspension was heated under reflux for 24 h. After cooling the yellow-white suspension was filtered. The yellow filtrate was evaporated to give a yellow oily raw product. The product was purified by filtration with petrolether (60–90°C) and dicloromethane over silicagel to obtain a pure yellow solid; yield 60%; C₈H₈BrNO₃; ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ = 3.61 (t, J = 6.10 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂Br), 4.32 (t, J = 6.11 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂Br), 6.91 (d, J = 9.11 Hz, 2H, Ar-2-H, -6-H), 8.14 (d, J = 9.16 Hz, 2H, Ar-3-H, -5-H), ESI-MS (m/z): 246.0 (M-H⁺, 100), 247.4 (M-H⁺, 99), 249.0 (M-H⁺, 6).

1-(3-Bromopropoxy)-4-nitrobenzene (22b)

Intermediate 22b was synthesized according to above described procedure for 22a, however, with 1,3-dibromopropne (17.77 g, 88 mmol) to yield a white solid; yield: 86%; C₉H₁₀BrNO₃; ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ = 2.29 (p, J = 6.02 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂Br) 3.54 (t, J = 6.30 Hz, 2H, OCH₂ CH₂CH₂Br), 4.14 (t, J = 5.82 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂Br), 6.89 (d, J = 9.00 Hz, 2H, Ar-2-H, -6-H), 8.12 (d, J = 9.12 Hz, 2H, Ar-3-H, -5-H); ESI-MS (m/z): 234.9 (M-Br+NH₄OH+Na⁺, 100), 236.0 (M-Br+NH₄OH+Na⁺, 16).

1-(4-Bromobutoxy)-4-nitrobenzene (22c)

Intermediate 22c was synthesized according to above described procedure for 1a, however, with 1,4-dibromobutane (19.00 g, 88 mmol) affording a yellow oil; yield: 90%; C₁₀H₁₂BrNO₃; ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ = 1.90–2.05 (m, 4H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂Br) 3.43 (t, J = 6.37 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂Br), 4.03 (t, J = 5.78 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂Br), 6.87 (d, J = 9.15 Hz, 2H, Ar-2-H, -6-H), 8.12 (d, J = 9.13 Hz, 2H, Ar-3-H, -5-H); ESI-MS (m/z): 297.9 (M-Na⁺, 100), 295.9 (M-Na⁺, 98), 296.7 (M-Na⁺, 10).

4-(2-Bromoethoxy)-aniline (23a)

(4.2 mmol) was dissolved with 50 ml ethyl acetate. 100 mg Pd/C (10% m/m) and a few drops glacial acetic acid were added. The suspension was stirred at room temperature in a Parr apparatus with a pressure of 5 bar hydrogen for 1 h. After filtration of the catalyst the yellow solution was evaporated to dryness to give a Yellow oil (0.76 g, yield: 100%); C₈H₁₀BrNO; ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz), δ = 3.52 (t, J = 6.34 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂Br), 4.14 (t, J = 6.34 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂Br), 4.38 (s, br, 2H, Ar-NH₂), 6.58 (d, J = 8.86 Hz, 2H, Ar-2-H, -6-H), 6.69 (d, J = 8.85 Hz, 2H, Ar-3-H, -5-H); ESI-MS (m/z): 215.6 (M-H⁺, 100), 216.6 (M-H⁺, 9), 217.7 (M-H⁺, 98).

4-(3-Bromopropoxy)aniline (23b)

Intermediate 23b was synthesized according to above described procedure for 23a, however, starting from 22b (4.2 mmol). Brown oil; yield: 100%; C₉H₁₂BrNO; ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ = 2.19 (p, J = 6.17 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂Br) 3.52 (t, J = 6.49 Hz, 2H, OCH₂ CH₂CH₂Br), 3.96 (t, J = 5.82 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂Br), 4.59 (s, br, 2H, ArNH₂), 6.59 (d, J = 8.79 Hz, 2H, Ar-2-H, -6-H), 6.69 (d, J = 8.84 Hz, 2H, Ar-3-H, -5-H); ESI-MS (m/z): 229.8 (M-H⁺, 100), 230.7 (M-H⁺, 9), 231.7 (M-H⁺, 97).

4-(4-Bromobutoxy)aniline (23c)

Intermediate 23c was synthesized according to above described procedure for 23a, however, starting from 22c (4.2 mmol). Yellow oil; yield: 100%; C₁₀H₁₄BrNO; ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ = 1.80–2.00 (m, 4H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂Br) 3.41 (t, J = 6.62 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂Br), 3.86 (t, J = 6.03 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂Br), 6.59 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 2H, Ar-2-H, -6-H), 6.67 (d, J = 8.96 Hz, 2H, Ar-3-H, -5-H); ESI-MS (m/z): 243.7 (M-H⁺, 100), 245.7 (M-H⁺, 98).

6-(2-Bromoethoxy)-2-aminobenzothiazole (24a)

23a (4.4 mmol) and potassium thiocyanate (1.71 g, 17.6 mmol) were solved in 25 ml glacial acetic acid. The resultant brown solution was cooled on an ice bath. Dropwise bromine (0.71 g, 4.4 mmol) dissolved in 5 ml glacial acetic acid was added, while the temperature was held constant at 4°C. Afterwards the orange suspension was stirred at room temperature overnight. The resulting solid was filtered of and the yellow filtrate was concentrated in vacuum. The yellow-brown solid was purified by column chromatography to give a yield of 68%; C₉H₉BrN₂OS; ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ = 3.57 (t, J = 6.28 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂Br), 4.22 (t, J = 6.28 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂Br), 5.18 (s, br, 2H, Benzthia-2-NH₂), 6.86 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.09 (d, ⁴J = 2.55 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-7-H), 7.37 (d, J = 8.77 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H); ESI-MS (m/z): 274.7 (M-H⁺, 100), 273.7 (M-H⁺, 12), 272.9 (M-H⁺, 94).

2-Amino-6-(3-bromopropoxy)benzothiazole (24b)

Intermediate 24b was synthesized according to above described procedure for 24a, however, starting from 23b (4.2 mmol). Brown solid; yield: 45%; C₁₀H₁₁BrN₂OS; ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ = 2.22–2.27 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂Br) 3.55 (t, J = 6.42 Hz, 2H, OCH₂ CH₂CH₂Br), 4.05 (t, J = 5.80 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂Br), 5.05 (s, br, 2H, Benzthia-2-NH₂), 6.85 (d, J = 8.75 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.07 (d, ⁴J = 2.53 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-7-H), 7.38 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H); ESI-MS (m/z): 288.7 (M-H⁺, 100), 286.7 (M-H⁺, 96), 289.8 (M-H⁺, 12).

2-Amino-6-(4-bromobutoxy)benzothiazole (24c)

Intermediate 24c was synthesized according to above described procedure for 24a, however, starting from 23c (4.2 mmol). Brown solid; yield: 47%; C₁₁H₁₃BrN₂OS; ¹H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 250 MHz): δ = 1.77 – 1.98 (m, 4H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂Br) 3.59 (t, J = 6.58 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂Br), 3.96 (t, J = 6.13 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂Br), 6.79 (d, J = 8.72 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.21 (d, J = 8.67 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H), 7.20 (s, br, 2H, Benzthia-2-NH₂), 7.27 (d, ⁴J = 2.53 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-7-H); ESI-MS (m/z): 302.7 (M-H⁺, 100), 300.8 (M-H⁺, 95), 303.8 (M-H⁺, 13).

2-Amino-6-(2-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl) ethoxy)benzothiazole trihydrogenoxalate (3)

24a (0.6 mmol) was dissolved in acetone. 2-methoxyphenylpiperazine (0.6 mmol), anhydrous potassium carbonate (0.17 g, 1.2 mmol) and catalytic amounts of potassium iodide were added. The suspension was refluxed for 48 h, filtered and the yellow filtrate was evaporated to dry. The resulting yellowish raw product was purified by column chromatography to give a white product which was precipitated with anhydrous oxalic acid and dried. White solid (yield: 24%; mp: 162–163°C (decomp.); C₂₀H₂₄N₄O₂S × 3 C₂H₂O₄; ¹H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 300 MHz) δ = 3.10–3.30 (m, 4H, Pip-2-H, -6-H), 3.35–3.45 (m, 4H, Pip-3-H, 5-H), 3.53 (t, J = 4.81 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂), 3.79 (s, 3 H, OCH₃), 4.34 (t, J = 4.48 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂), 6.91 (d, J = 8.12 Hz, 2H, 2-OCH₃-Ar-3-H, -6-H), 6.98–7.04 (m, 2H, 2-OCH₃-Ar-4-H, -5-H), 7.26 (d, J = 8.71 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.34 (s, br, 2H, Benzthia-2-NH₂), 7.38–7.41 (m, 2H, Benzthia-4-H, -7-H), 9.50 (s, br,2H, NH⁺); ¹³C-NMR (d₆DMSO, 75 MHz) δ = 47.16 (Pip-3-C, -5-C), 51.96 (Pip-2-C, -6-C), 54.77 (OCH₂CH₂), 55.36 (OCH₃), 63.27 (OCH₂CH₂), 106.95 (Benzthia-7-C), 111.98 (Benzthia-5-C), 113.74 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-4), 117.98 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-3), 118.24 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-6), 120.83 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-5), 123.34 (Benzthia-4-C), 131.76 (Benzthia-7a-C), 139.55 (Benzthia-3a-C), 147.27 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-1), 151.87 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-2), 152.53 (Benzthia-6-C), 162.28 ((COOH)₂), 165.14 (Benzthia-2-C), ESI-MS (m/z): 385.2 (M-H⁺, 100), 386.0 (M-H⁺, 22), 387.0 (M-H⁺, 7). CHN calc.: C 47.71, H 4.62, N 8.56; CHN found: C 47.45,H 4.82, N 8.30.

2-Amino-6-(3-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl) propoxy)benzothiazole (6)

24b (0.6 mmol) was dissolved in acetone. 2-methoxyphenylpiperazine (0.6 mmol), anhydrous potassium carbonate (0.17 g, 1.2 mmol) and catalytic amounts of potassium iodide were added. The suspension was refluxed for 48 h, filtered and the yellow filtrate was evaporated to dry. The resulting yellowish raw product was purified by column chromatography to give a white product which was precipitated with anhydrous oxalic acid and dried. White solid (yield: 82%; mp: 171°C); C₂₁H₂₆N₄O₂S; ¹H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 300 MHz): δ = 1.83–1.92 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 2.45–2.51 (m, 6H, Pip-2-H, -6-H, OCH₂ CH₂CH₂), 2.96 (m, 4H, Pip-3-H, -5-H), 3.76 (s, 3 H, OCH₃), 3.99 (t; J = 6.33 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 6.81 (d, J = 8.71 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 6.85–6.94 (m, 4H, 2-OCH₃-Ar-3-H, -4-H, -5-H, -6-H), 7.20 (s, br, 2H, Benzthia-2-NH₂), 7.22 (d, J = 8.81 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H), 7.29 (d, ⁴J = 2.57 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-7-H); ¹³C-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 75 MHz): δ = 26.29 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 50.04 (Pip-3-C, -5-C), 53.05 (Pip-2-C, -6-C), 54.51 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 55.28 (OCH₃), 66.44 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 106.33 (Benzthia-7-C), 111.95 (Benzthia-5-C), 113.47 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-4), 117.85 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-3), 118.03 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-6), 120.82 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-5), 122.26 (Benzthia-4-C), 131.88 (Benzthia-7a-C), 141.27 (Benzthia-3a-C), 146.83 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-1), 151.96 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-2), 153.59 (Benzthia-6-C), 164.69 (Benzthia-2-C); ESI-MS (m/z): 399.0 (M-H⁺, 100), 400.0 (M-H⁺, 26), 401.0 (M-H⁺, 8). CHN calc.: C 63.29, H 6.58, N 14.06; CHN found: C 63.01, H 6.56, N 13.91.

2-Amino-6-(4-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy) benzothiazole dihydrogenoxalate (9)

24c (0.6 mmol) was dissolved in acetone. 2-methoxyphenylpiperazine (0.6 mmol), anhydrous potassium carbonate (0.17 g, 1.2 mmol) and catalytic amounts of potassium iodide were added. The suspension was refluxed for 48 h, filtered and the yellow filtrate was evaporated to dry. The resulting yellowish raw product was purified by column chromatography to give a white product which was precipitated with anhydrous oxalic acid and dried. White solid [yield: 56%; mp 147–150°C (decomp.)]; C₂₂H₂₈N₄O₂S × 2 C₂H₂O₄ × 0.25 H₂O; ¹H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 300 MHz): δ = 1.57–1.75 (m, 4H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 2.39 (t, J = 6.81 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 2.49–2.51 (m, 4H, Pip-2-H, -6-H), 2.94 (m, 4H, Pip-3-H, -5-H), 3.76 (s, 3 H, OCH₃), 3.96 (t, J = 6.32 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 6.81 (d, J = 8.72 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 6.85–6.94 (m, 4H, 2-OCH₃-Ar-3-H, -4-H, -5-H, -6-H), 7.19 (s, br, 2H, Benzthia-2-NH₂), 7.22 (d, J = 8.75 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H), 7.28 (d, ⁴J = 2.56 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-7-H); ¹³C-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 75 MHz): δ = 20.37 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 25.44 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 47.11 (Pip-3-C, -5-C), 51.27 (Pip-2-C, -6-C), 55.36 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 55.36 (OCH₃), 67.44 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 106.46 (Benzthia-7-C), 111.96 (Benzthia-5-C), 113.52 (2-OCH₃-Ar-4-C), 118.00 (2-OCH₃-Ar-3-C), 118.24 (2-OCH₃-Ar-6-C), 120.83 (2-OCH₃-Ar-5-C), 123.38 (Benzthia-4-C), 131.82 (Benzthia-7a-C), 139.47 (Benzthia-3a-C), 146.84 (2-OCH₃-Ar-1-C), 151.85 (2-OCH₃-Ar-2-C), 153.41 (Benzthia-6-C), 162.79 ((COOH)₂), 164.77 (Benzthia-2-C); ESI-MS (m/z): 413.2 (M-H⁺, 100), 414.1 (M-H⁺, 27), 415.0 (M-H⁺, 8). CHN calc.: C 52.69, H 5.44, N 9.45; CHN found: C 52.32, H 5.77, N 9.29.

2-Amino-6-(2-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)ethoxy)benzothiazole (12)

24a (0.6 mmol) was dissolved in acetone. N-phenylpiperazine (0.6 mmol), anhydrous potassium carbonate (0.17 g, 1.2 mmol) and catalytic amounts of potassium iodide were added. The suspension was refluxed for 48 h, filtered and the yellow filtrate was evaporated to dry. The resulting yellowish raw product was purified by column chromatography to give a yellow product. Yellow solid; yield: 61%; mp 159 °C; C₁₉H₂₂N₄OS; ¹H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 300 MHz): δ = 2.61–2.65 (m, 4H, Pip-2-H, -6-H), 2.74 (t, J = 5.73 Hz, 2 H, OCH₂CH₂), 3.11–3.14 (m, 4H, Pip-3-H, -5-H), 4.09 (t; J = 5.77 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂), 6.76 (t, J = 7.25 Hz, 1H, Ar-4-H), 6.83 (d, J = 8.72 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 6.92 (d, J = 8.81 Hz, 2H, Ar-2-H, -6-H), 7.18 (d, J = 7.32 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H), 7.21 (s, br, 2H, Benzthia-2-NH₂), 7.20–7.24 (m, 2H, Ar-3-H, -5-H), 7.32 (d, ⁴J = 2.57 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-7-H); ¹³C-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 75 MHz) δ = 48.16 (Pip-3-C, -5-C), 53.04 (Pip-2-C, -6-C), 56.67 (OCH₂CH₂), 66.24 (OCH₂CH₂), 106.42 (Benzthia-7-C), 113.50 (Benzthia-5-C), 115.29 (Ar-C-2,-C-6), 118.02 (Ar-C-4), 118.70 (Benzthia-4-C), 128.85 (Ar-C-3, -C-5), 131.87 (Benzthia-7a-C), 146.91 (Benzthia-3a-C), 151.00 (Ar-C-1), 153.41 (Benzthia-6-C), 164.73 (Benzthia-2-C); ESI-MS (m/z): 355.0 (M-H⁺, 100), 356.0 (M-H⁺, 24), 357.1 (M-H⁺, 7). CHN calc.: C 64.38, H 6.26, N 15.81; CHN found: C 64.33, H 6.46, N 15.59.

2-Amino-6-(3-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy) benzothiazole (15)

24b (0.6 mmol) was dissolved in acetone. N-phenylpiperazine (0.6 mmol), anhydrous potassium carbonate (0.17 g, 1.2 mmol) and catalytic amounts of potassium iodide were added. The suspension was refluxed for 48 h, filtered and the yellow filtrate was evaporated to dry. The resulting yellowish raw product was purified by column chromatography to give a white product. White solid; yield: 11%; mp 203°C; C₂₀H₂₄N₄OS × 0.5 H₂O; ¹H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 300 MHz): δ = 1.90 (p, J = 6.54 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 2.44–2.53 (m, 6H, Pip-2-H, -6-H, OCH₂ CH₂CH₂), 3.10–3.13 (m, 4H, Pip-3-H, -5-H), 3.99 (t; J = 6.33 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 6.73–6.82 (m, 2H, Benzthia-5-H, Ar-4-H), 6.92 (d, J = 7.96 Hz, 2H, Ar-2-H, -6-H), 7.17 – 7.23 (m, 3H, Ar-3-H, -5-H, Benzthia-4-H), 7.20 (s, br, 2H, Benzthia-2-NH₂), 7.29 (d, ⁴J = 2.57 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-7-H); ¹³C-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 75 MHz): δ = 26.30 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 48.18 (Pip-3-C, -5-C), 52.77 (Pip-2-C, -6-C), 54.44 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 66.46 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 106.34 (Benzthia-7-C), 113.48 (Benzthia-5-C), 115.27 (Ar-2-C, -6-C), 118.02 (Ar-4-C), 118.86 (Benzthia-4-C), 128.85 (Ar-3-C, -5-C), 131.87 (Benzthia-7a-C), 146.86 (Benzthia-3a-C), 151.01 (Ar-1-C), 153.57 (Benzthia-6-C), 164.69 (Benzthia-2-C); ESI-MS (m/z): 369.0 (M-H⁺, 100), 370.1 (M-H⁺, 25), 371.0 (M-H⁺, 7). CHN calc.: C 63.63, H 6.68, N 14.84; CHN found: C 63.75, H 6.51, N 14.48.

2-Amino-6-(4-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)butoxy)benzothiazole (18)

24c (0.6 mmol) was dissolved in acetone. N-phenylpiperazine (0.6 mmol), anhydrous potassium carbonate (0.17 g, 1.2 mmol) and catalytic amounts of potassium iodide were added. The suspension was refluxed for 48 h, filtered and the yellow filtrate was evaporated to dry. The resulting yellowish raw product was purified by column chromatography to give a white product. White solid; yield 26%; mp 164°C; C₂₁H₂₆N₄OS × 0.25 H₂O; ¹H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 300 MHz): δ = 1.62–1.78 (m, 4H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 2.42 (t, J = 7.09 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 2.53–2.56 (m, 4H, Pip-2-H, -6-H), 3.14–3.17 (m, 4H, Pip-3-H, -5-H), 4.02 (t, J = 6.36 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 6.81 (t, J = 7.25 Hz, 1H, Ar-4-H), 6.86 (d, J = 8.75 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 6.97 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2H, Ar-2-H, -6-H), 7.22–7.27 (m, 2H, Ar-3-H, -5-H), 7.25 (s, br, 2H, Benzthia-2-NH₂), 7.27 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H), 7.33 (d, ⁴J = 2.58 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-7-H); ¹³C-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 75 MHz): δ = 22.73 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 26.66 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 48.19 (Pip-3-C, -5-C), 52.68 (Pip-2-C, -6-C), 57.33 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 67.91 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 106.32 (Benzthia-7-C), 113.45 (Benzthia-5-C), 115.25 (Ar-2-C, -6-C), 118.02 (Ar-4-C), 118.66 (Benzthia-4-C), 128.84 (Ar-3-C, -5-C), 131.86 (Benzthia-7a-C), 146.78 (Benzthia-3a-C), 151.03 (Ar-1-C), 153.58 (Benzthia-6-C), 164.65 (Benzthia-2-C); ESI-MS (m/z): 383.2 (M-H⁺, 100), 384.0 (M-H⁺, 26), 385.1 (M-H⁺, 8). CHN calc.: C 65.17, H 6.90, N 14.48; CHN found: C 64.98, H 6.78, N 14.26.

6-(2-(4-(2-Methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl) ethoxy)benzothiazole hydrogenoxalate (4)

White solid; yield: 10%; mp 183°C; C₂₀H₂₃N₃O₂S × 1.5 C₂H₂O₄ × 0.5 H₂O; ¹H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 400 MHz): δ = 3.20 (m, 4H, Pip-2-H, -6-H), 3.30 (m, 4H, Pip-3-H, -5-H), 3.45 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂), 3.80 (s, 3 H, OCH₃), 4.43 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂), 6.88–7.03 (m, 4H, 2-OCH₃-Ar-3-H, -4-H, -5-H, -6-H), 7.22 (d, J = 8.53 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.81 (s, 1H, Benzthia-7-H), 8.01 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H), 9.23 (s, 1H, Benzthia-2-H); ¹³C-NMR (d₆DMSO, 100 MHz): δ = 47.37 (Pip-3-C, -5-C), 52.20 (Pip-2-C, -6-C), 55.02 (OCH₂CH₂), 55.38 (OCH₃), 63.73 (OCH₂CH₂), 105.97 (Benzthia-7-C), 111.97 (Benzthia-5-C), 116.09 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-6), 118.20 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-3), 120.85 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-4), 123.20 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-5), 123.58 (Benzthia-4-C), 134.98 (Benzthia-7a-C), 139.89 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-1), 147.91 (Benzthia-3a-C), 151.90 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-2), 153.79 (Benzthia-2-C), 155.94 (Benzthia-6-C), 162.86 ((COOH)₂); ESI-MS: 370.0 (M-H⁺, 100), 371.0 (M-H⁺, 25), 372.0 (M-H⁺, 8). CHN calc.: C 53.79, H 5.30, N 8.18; CHN found: C 53.92, H 5.24, N 8.16.

2-Chloro-6-(2-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl) ethoxy)benzothiazole hydrogenoxalate (5)

In a three-neck round bottom flask anhydrous copper(II)chloride (0.65 g, 4.8 mmol) was suspended in 25 ml of dry acetonitrile. t-Butylnitrite (0.62 g, 6.0 mmol) was added and stirred at room temperature for 10 min to build a black suspension. 3 (4.0 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of 25 ml dry acetonitrile and 10 ml dry methanol and added dropwise to the black suspension in the flask. The suspension was stirred 1.5 h at room temperature and 2.5 h at 65°C. After the suspension was evaporated with the addition of silica gel to afford a dry yellow-brown solid which was purified by column chromatography to provide a white product that was precipitated with anhydrous oxalic acid and dried. White solid; yield: 7%; mp 183–185°C (decomp.); C₂₀H₂₂ClN₃O₂S × 1 C₂H₂O₄ × 0.5 H₂O; ¹H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 400 MHz): δ = 3.27 (m, 4H, Pip-2-H, -6-H), 3.37 (m, 4H, Pip-3-H, -5-H), 3.53 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂), 3.85 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 4.47 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂), 6.94–7.09 (m, 4H, 2-OCH₃-Ar-3-H, -4-H, -5-H, -6-H), 7.29 (d, J = 8.55 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.83 (s, 1H, Benzthia-7-H), 7.96 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H); ¹³C-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 100 MHz): δ = 47.66 (Pip-3-C, -5-C), 52.21 (Pip-2-C, -6-C), 54.94 (OCH₂CH₂), 55.38 (OCH₃), 63.97 (OCH₂CH₂), 106.23 (Benzthia-7-C), 111.99 (Benzthia-5-C), 116.49 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-6), 118.21 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-3), 120.85 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-4), 123.12 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-5), 123.21 (Benzthia-4-C), 137.05 (Benzthia-7a-C), 139.83 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-1), 145.09 (Benzthia-3a-C), 149.90 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-2), 151.90 (Benzthia-2-C), 156.13 (Benzthia-6-C), 162.86 ((COOH)₂); ESI-MS (m/z): 404.0 (M-H⁺, 100), 405.5 (M-H⁺, 36), 406.0 (M-H⁺, 40). CHN calc.: C 52.54, H 5.01, N 8.35; CHN found: C 52.49, H 4.94, N 8.41.

6-(3-(4-(2-Methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)propoxy) benzothiazole hydrogenoxalat (7)

White solid; yield: 35%; mp 168–170°C (decomp.); C₂₁H₂₅N₃O₂S × 1.5 C₂H₂O₄; ¹H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 300 MHz): δ = 2.17 – 2.23 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 3.20–3.41 (m, 10H, Pip-2-H, -3-H, -5-H, -6-H, OCH₂ CH₂CH₂), 3.79 (s, 3 H, OCH₃), 4.16 (t; J = 5.85 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 6.90–7.03 (m, 4H, 2-OCH₃-Ar-3-H, -4-H, -5-H, -6-H), 7.16 (d, J = 8.93 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.74 (d, ⁴J = 2.47 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-7-H), 7.99 (d, J = 8.92 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H), 9.19 (s, 1H, Benzthia-2-H); ¹³C-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 75 MHz): δ = 23.47 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 47.10 (Pip-3-C, -5-C), 51.41 (Pip-2-C, -6-C), 53.15 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 55.37 (OCH₃), 65.61 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 105.70 (Benzthia-7-C), 112.00 (Benzthia-5-C), 115.98 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-6), 118.29 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-3), 120.84 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-4), 123.42 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-5), 123.46 (Benzthia-4-C), 134.98 (Benzthia-7a-C), 139.41 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-1), 147.71 (Benzthia-3a-C), 151.87 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-2), 153.52 (Benzthia-2-C), 156.38 (Benzthia-6-C), 162.06 ((COOH)₂); ESI-MS (m/z): 384.1 (M-H⁺, 100), 385.1 (M-H⁺, 24), 386.1 (M-H⁺, 9). CHN calc.: C 55.59, H 5.44, N 8.10; CHN found: C 55.44, H 5.52, N 8.11.

2-Chloro-6-(3-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl) propoxy)benzothiazole hydrogenoxalate (8)

In a three-neck round bottom flask anhydrous copper(II)chloride (0.65 g, 4.8 mmol) was suspended in 25 ml of dry acetonitrile. t-Butylnitrite (0.62 g, 6.0 mmol) was added and stirred at room temperature for 10 min to build a black suspension. 6 (4.0 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of 25 ml dry acetonitrile and 10 ml dry methanol and added dropwise to the black suspension in the flask. The suspension was stirred 1.5 h at room temperature and 2.5 h at 65°C. Silica gel was added, and the suspension was evaporated with to provide a dry yellow-brown solid which was purified by column chromatography to provide a white product. Subsequently, the product was precipitated with anhydrous oxalic acid and dried. White solid; yield: 15%; mp 188°C; C₂₁H₂₄ClN₃O₂S × 1 C₂H₂O₄ × 0.25 H₂O; ¹H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 300 MHz): δ = 2.17–2.24 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 3.23–3.44 (m, 10H, Pip-2-H, -3-H, -5-H, -6-H, OCH₂ CH₂CH₂), 3.79 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 4.14 (t; J = 5.64 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 6.90–7.02 (m, 4H, 2-OCH₃-Ar-3-H, -4-H, -5-H, -6-H), 7.16 (d, J = 8.95 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.70 (d, ⁴J = 2.55 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-7-H), 7.88 (d, J = 8.95 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H); ¹³C-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 75 MHz): δ = 23.50 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 47.19 (Pip-3-C, -5-C), 51.41 (Pip-2-C, -6-C), 53.12 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 55.36 (OCH₃), 65.67 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 105.99 (Benzthia-7-C), 112.00 (Benzthia-5-C), 116.36 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-6), 118.28 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-3), 120.84 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-4), 123.05 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-5), 123.40 (Benzthia-4-C), 137.06 (Benzthia-7a-C), 139.46 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-1), 144.86 (Benzthia-3a-C), 149.61 (2-OCH₃-Ar-C-2), 151.87 (Benzthia-2-C), 156.61 (Benzthia-6-C), 162.21 ((COOH)₂); ESI-MS (m/z): 418.1 (M-H⁺, 100), 419.4 (M-H⁺, 36), 420.1 (M-H⁺, 40). CHN calc.: C 53.90, H 5.21, N 8.20; CHN found: C 53.97, H 5.35, N 8.22.

6-(4-(4-(2-Methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy) benzothiazole hydrogenoxalat (10)

White solid; yield: 36%; mp 159–165°C (decomp.); C₂₂H₂₇N₃O₂S × 1.5 C₂H₂O_4; ¹H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 300 MHz): δ = 1.83 (m, 4H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 3.13–3.37 (m, 10H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂, Pip-2-H, -3-H, -5-H, -6-H), 3.79 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 4.10 (t, J = 5.13 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 6.87–7.02 (m, 4H, 2-OCH₃-Ar-3-H, -4-H, -5-H, -6-H), 7.15 (d, J = 8.92 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.73 (d, ⁴J = 2.37 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-7-H), 7.97 (d, J = 8.92 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H), 9.19 (s, 1H, Benzthia-2-H); ¹³C-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 75 MHz): δ = 19.98 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 26.13 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 46.88 (Pip-3-C, -5-C), 51.49 (Pip-2-C, -6-C), 55.35 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 55.35 (OCH₃), 67.37 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 105.53 (Benzthia-7-C), 111.95 (Benzthia-5-C), 115.99 (2-OCH₃-Ar-3-C), 115.99 (2-OCH₃-Ar-6-C), 118.23 (2-OCH₃-Ar-4-C), 120.82 (2-OCH₃-Ar-5-C), 123.33 (Benzthia-4-C), 134.99 (Benzthia-7a-C), 139.47 (Benzthia-3a-C), 147.56 (2-OCH₃-Ar-1-C), 151.86 (2-OCH₃-Ar-2-C), 153.34 (Benzthia-2-C), 156.66 (Benzthia-6-C), 163.05 ((COOH)₂); ESI-MS (m/z): 398.1 (M-H⁺, 100), 399.1 (M-H⁺, 26), 400.1 (M-H⁺, 8). CHN calc.: C 56.38, H 5.68, N 7.89; CHN found: C 56.12, H 5.84, N 7.88.

6-(4-Bromobutoxy)benzothiazole (24d)

Yellow oil; yield: 54%; C₁₁H₁₂BrNOS; ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ = 1.98–2.09 (m, 4H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂Br) 3.07 (t, J = 7.02 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂Br), 4.09 (t, J = 5.78 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂Br), 7.11 (d, J = 8.95 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.38 (d, ⁴J = 2.44 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-7-H), 8.01 (d, J = 8.95 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H), 8.83 (s, 1H, Benzthia-2-H); ESI-MS (m/z): 264.9 (M-SCN H⁺, 100), 265.9 (M-SCN H⁺, 15), 267.0 (M-SCN H⁺, 10).

6-(4-(4-Phenylpiperazin-1-yl)butoxy)benzothiazole dihydrogenoxalate (19)

24d (0.6 mmol) was dissolved in acetone. N-phenylpiperazine (0.09 g, 0.6 mmol), anhydrous potassium carbonate (0.17 g, 1.2 mmol) and catalytic amounts of potassium iodide were added. The suspension was refluxed for 48 h, filtered and the yellow filtrate was evaporated to dry. The resulting yellowish raw product was purified by column chromatography. The resulting colorless oil was precipitated with anhydrous oxalic acid and dried to give a white solid (yield: 17%); mp 168°C (decomp.); C₂₁H₂₅N₃OS × 2 C₂H₂O₄ × 0.25 H₂O; ¹H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 300 MHz) δ = 1.79–1.86 (m, 4H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 3.12–3.39 (m, 10H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂, Pip-2-H, -3-H, -5-H,-6-H), 4.10 (t, J = 5.61 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 6.85 (t, J = 7.26 Hz, 1H, Ar-4-H), 6.99 (d, J = 7.89 Hz, 2H, Ar-2-H, -6-H), 7.15 (d, J = 8.93 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.23–7.28 (m, 2H, Ar-3-H, -5-H), 7.72 (d, ⁴J = 2.48 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-7-H), 7.97 (d, J = 8.93 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H), 9.19 (s, 1H, Benzthia-2-H); ¹³C-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 75 MHz): δ = 20.41 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 25.84 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 45.70 (Pip-3-C, -5-C), 50.83 (Pip-2-C, -6-C), 55.31 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 67.45 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 105.50 (Benzthia-7-C), 115.85 (Ar-2-C, -6-C), 115.98 (Benzthia-5-C), 119.84 (Ar-4-C), 123.41 (Benzthia-4-C), 129.06 (Ar-3-C, -5-C), 134.99 (Benzthia-7a-C), 147.53 (Benzthia-3a-C), 149.67 (Ar-1-C), 153.36 (Benzthia-2-C), 156.64 (Benzthia-6-C), 162.82 ((COOH)₂); ESI-MS (m/z): 368.1 (M-H⁺, 100), 369.2 (M-H⁺, 25), 370.1 (M-H⁺, 8). CHN calc.: C 54.39, H 5.39, N 7.61; CHN found: C 54.37, H 5.22, N 7.74.

1-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)-4-nitrobenzene (25a)

Yellow solid; yield: 72%; C₈H₉NO_4; ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ = 3.96 (td, J = 4.60 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂OH), 4.32 (td, J = 5.11 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂OH), 6.93 (d, J = 9.28 Hz, 2H, Ar-2-H, -6-H), 8.16 (d, J = 9.27 Hz, 2H, Ar-3-H, -5-H); ESI-MS (m/z): 137.6 (4-nitrophenolate⁻, 100), 138.6 (4-nitrophenolate⁻, 8), 183.5 (M⁻, 4).

1-(3-Hydroxypropoxy)-4-nitrobenzene (25b)

Yellow oil; yield: 100%; C₉H₁₁${\text{NO}}_{4;}^1$H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ = 1.87 (p, J = 5.99 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂OH) 3.66 (t, J = 5.94 Hz, 2H, OCH₂ CH₂CH₂OH), 4.01 (t, J = 6.10 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 6.75 (d, J = 9.22 Hz, 2H, Ar-2-H, -6-H), 7.97 (d, J = 9.21 Hz, 2H, Ar-3-H, -5-H); ESI-MS (m/z): 197.7 (M-H⁺, 100), 198.7 (M-H⁺, 21).

1-(4-Hydroxybutoxy)-4-nitrobenzene (25c)

22c (2.74 g, 1.0 mmol) was dissolved in 200 ml of a mixture acetone: water (7:3 v/v). After addition of the base N,N-diisopropylamine (1.1 g, 1.1 mmol) the solution was heated in a Parr apparatus to 130°C for 9 h under continuous steering. After cooling and evaporation of acetone, the brown solution was acidified with hydrochloric acid solution (2 N) and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate. After evaporation of the solvent the crude product was purified by column chromatography to give a white solid (0.89 g, yield: 45%); ¹H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 300 MHz) δ = 1.51–1.60 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 1.73–1.80 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 3.42–3.48 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 4.13 (t, J = 6.55 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 4.44 (t, J = 5.14 Hz, 1H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 7.12 (d, J = 9.32 Hz, 2H, Ar-2-H, -6-H), 8.19 (d, J = 9.32 Hz, 2H, Ar-3-H, -5-H); ESI-MS (m/z): 211.7 (M-H⁺, 100), 212.9 (M-H⁺, 23), 213.8 (M-H⁺, 13).

4-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)aniline (26a)

25a (4.2 mmol) was dissolved with 50 ml ethyl acetate. 100 mg Pd/C (10% m/m) and a few drops glacial acetic acid were added. The suspension was stirred at room temperature in a Parr apparatus with a pressure of 5 bar hydrogen for 1 h. After filtration of the catalyst the yellow-brown solution was evaporated to dryness to give brownish oil. Brown oil; yield: 100%; C₈H₁₁${\text{NO}}_{2;}^1$H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 300 MHz): δ = 3.63 (t, J = 5.19 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂OH), 3.82 (t, J = 5.13 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂OH), 6.49 (d, J = 8.97 Hz, 2H, Ar-2-H, -6-H), 6.64 (d, J = 8.92 Hz, 2H, Ar-3-H, -5-H); ESI-MS (m/z): 153.8 (M-H⁺, 100), 154.7 (M-H⁺, 12), 175.7 (M-Na⁺, 87).

4-(3-Hydroxypropoxy)-aniline (26b)

25b (4.2 mmol) was dissolved with 50 ml ethyl acetate. 100 mg Pd/C (10% m/m) and a few drops glacial acetic acid were added. The suspension was stirred at room temperature in a Parr apparatus with a pressure of 5 bar hydrogen for 1 h. After filtration of the catalyst the yellow-brown solution was evaporated to dryness to give brownish oil. Brown oil; yield: 100%; C₉H₁₃${\text{NO}}_{2;}^1$H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 300 MHz): δ = 1.79 (p, J = 6.34 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂OH) 3.53 (t, J = 6.30 Hz, 2H, OCH₂ CH₂CH₂OH), 3.88 (t, J = 6.40 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 6.57 (d, J = 8.91 Hz, 2H, Ar-2-H, -6-H), 6.67 (d, J = 8.92 Hz, 2H, Ar-3-H, -5-H); ESI-MS (m/z): 167.7 (M-H⁺, 100), 168.7 (M-H⁺, 11).

4-(4-Hydroxybutoxy)aniline (26c)

25c (0.89 g, 4.2 mmol) was dissolved with 50 ml ethyl acetate. 100 mg Pd/C (10% m/m) and a few drops glacial acetic acid were added. The suspension was stirred at room temperature in a Parr apparatus with a pressure of 5 bar hydrogen for 1 h. After filtration of the catalyst the yellow-brown solution was evaporated to dryness to give a brownish oil (0.76 g, yield: 100%). Brown oil; C₁₀H₁₅${\text{NO}}_{2;}^1$H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 400 MHz) δ = 1.55–1.63 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 1.69–1.76 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 3.49 (t, J = 6.48 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 3.87 (t, J = 6.50 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 6.55 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 2H, Ar-2-H, -6-H), 6.69 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2H, Ar-3-H, -5-H); ESI-MS (m/z): 181.8 (M-H⁺, 100), 182.7 (M-H⁺, 12).

2-Amino-6-(2-hydroxyethoxy)benzothiazole (27a)

26a (4.4 mmol) and potassium thiocyanate (1.71 g, 17.6 mmol) were solved in 25 ml glacial acetic acid. The resultant brown solution was cooled on an ice bath. Dropwise bromine (0.71 g, 4.4 mmol) dissolved in 5 ml glacial acetic acid was added, while the temperature was held constant at 4°C. Afterwards the orange suspension was stirred at room temperature overnight. The formed orange solid was filtered of and the yellow filtrate was concentrated in vacuum. The yellow-orange solid was purified by column chromatography to give a white solid (yield: 50%); C₉H₁₀N₂O₂S; ¹H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 300 MHz): δ = 3.77 (t, J = 4.98 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂OH), 4.02 (t, J = 5.03 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂OH), 6.89 (d, J = 8.73 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.29 (d, J = 8.71 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H), 7.35 (s, br, 2H, Benzthia-2-NH₂), 7.36 (s, 1H, Benzthia-7-H).

2-Amino-6-(3-hydroxypropoxy)benzothiazole (27b)

26b (4.4 mmol) and potassium thiocyanate (1.71 g, 17.6 mmol) were solved in 25 ml glacial acetic acid. The resultant brown solution was cooled on an ice bath. Dropwise bromine (0.71 g, 4.4 mmol) dissolved in 5 ml glacial acetic acid was added, while the temperature was held constant at 4°C. Afterwards the orange suspension was stirred at room temperature overnight. The resulted orange solid was filtered of and the yellow filtrate was concentrated in vacuum. The yellow-orange solid was purified by column chromatography to give a brownish oil (yield: 25%); C₁₀H₁₂N₂O₂S; ¹H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 300 MHz): δ = 1.80–1.87 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂OH) 3.54 (t, J = 6.14 Hz, 2H, OCH₂ CH₂CH₂OH), 3.99 (t, J = 6.26 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 6.83 (d, J = 8.66 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), Benzthia-7-H), 7.23 (d, J = 8.70 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H), 7.30 (d, ⁴J = 2.05 Hz, 1H, 7.54 (s, br, 2H, Benzthia-2-NH₂); ESI-MS (m/z): 224.7 (M-H⁺, 100), 225.8 (M-H⁺, 12), 226.8 (M-H⁺, 6).

2-Amino-6-(4-hydroxybutoxy)benzothiazole (27c)

26c (0.76 g, 4.4 mmol) and potassium thiocyanate (1.71 g, 17.6 mmol) were solved in 25 ml glacial acetic acid. The resultant brown solution was cooled on an ice bath. Dropwise bromine (0.71 g, 4.4 mmol) dissolved in 5 ml glacial acetic acid was added, while the temperature was held constant at 4°C. Afterwards the orange suspension was stirred at room temperature overnight. The resulted orange solid was filtered of and the yellow filtrate was concentrated in vacuum. The yellow-orange solid was purified by column chromatography to give a white solid (0.96 g, yield: 91%); C₁₁H₁₄N₂O₂S; ¹H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 400 MHz): δ = 1.52–1.59 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 1.69–1.76 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 3.43–3.45 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 3.94 (t, J = 6.43 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 6.80 (d, J = 8.64 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.19 (s, br, 2H, Benzthia-2-NH₂), 7.21 (d, J = 8.95 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H), 7.27 (d, ⁴J = 2.07 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-7-H); ESI-MS (m/z): 238.9 (M-H⁺, 100), 239.9 (M-H⁺, 13), 240.9 (M-H⁺, 6).

6-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)benzothiazole (28)

White solid; yield: 31%; C₉H₉NO₂S; ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ = 3.91–3.96 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂OH), 4.08–4.11 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂OH), 7.07 (d, J = 8.96 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.34 (d, ⁴J = 2.50 Hz,1H, Benzthia-7-H), 7.95 (d, J = 8.97 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H), 8.77 (s, 1H, Benzthia-2-H); ESI-MS (m/z): 195.8 (M-H⁺, 100), 196.8 (M-H⁺, 11), 197.7 (M-H⁺, 5).

6-(3-Hydroxypropoxy)benzothiazole (29)

Brown oil; yield: 40%; C₁₀H₁₁NO₂S; ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ = 2.02 (p, J = 5.96 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂OH) 3.83 (t, J = 5.91 Hz, 2H, OCH₂ CH₂CH₂OH), 4.13 (t, J = 6.00 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 7.04 (d, J = 8.95 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.32 (d, ⁴J = 2.43 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-7-H), 7.92 (d, J = 8.95 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H), 8.75 (s, 1H, Benzthia-2-H); ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃): δ = 32.03 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 60.10 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 66.16 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 104.90 (Benzthia-7-C), 116.18 (Benzthia-5-C), 124.02 (Benzthia-4-C), 135.11 (Benzthia-7a-C), 147.93 (Benzthia-3a-C), 151.55 (Benzthia-2-C), 157.27 (Benzthia-6-C); ESI-MS (m/z): 209.7 (M-H⁺, 100), 210.7 (M-H⁺, 12), 211.7 (M-H⁺, 5).

2-Chloro-6-(2-hydroxyethoxy)benzothiazole (30a)

In a three-neck round bottom flask anhydrous copper(II)chloride (0.65 g, 4.8 mmol) was suspended in 25 ml of dry acetonitrile. t-Butylnitrite (0.62 g, 6.0 mmol) was added and stirred at room temperature for 10 min to build a black suspension. 27a (4.0 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of 25 ml dry acetonitrile and 10 ml dry methanol and added dropwise to the black suspension in the flask. The suspension was stirred 1.5 h at room temperature and 2.5 h at 65°C. After the suspension was evaporated with the addition of silicagel to a dry yellow-brown solid, it was purified by column chromatography to yellowish oil (yield: 45%); C₉H₈ClNO₂S; ¹H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 250 MHz): δ = 3.73 (t, J = 4.76 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂OH), 4.03 (t, J = 4.92 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂OH), 7.14 (d, J = 8.96 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.66 (d, ⁴J = 2.57 Hz,1H, Benzthia-7-H), 7.83 (d, J = 8.95 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H); ESI-MS (m/z) 183.6 (2-chlorobenthiazole-6-O⁻, 100), 184.5 (2-chlorobenthiazole-6-O⁻, 9), 185.6 (2-chlorobenthiazole-6-O⁻, 37).

2-Chloro-6-(3-hydroxypropoxy)benzothiazole (30b)

In a three-neck round bottom flask anhydrous copper(II)chloride (0.65 g, 4.8 mmol) was suspended in 25 ml of dry acetonitrile. t-Butylnitrite (0.62 g, 6.0 mmol) was added and stirred at room temperature for 10 min to build a black suspension. 27b (4.0 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of 25 ml dry acetonitrile and 10 ml dry methanol and added dropwise to the black suspension in the flask. The suspension was stirred 1.5 h at room temperature and 2.5 h at 65°C. After the suspension was evaporated with the addition of silicagel to a dry yellow-brown solid, it was purified by column chromatography to yellowish oil (yield: 58%); C₁₀H₁₀ClNO₂S; ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ = 2.02 (p, J = 5.93 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂OH) 3.82 (t, J = 5.89 Hz, 2H, OCH₂ CH₂CH₂OH), 4.10 (t, J = 6.01 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 7.00 (d, J = 8.96 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.17 (d, ⁴J = 2.46 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-7-H), 7.74 (d, J = 8.95 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H); ESI-MS (m/z): 243.7 (M-H⁺, 100), 245.7 (M-H⁺, 46), 246.7 (M-H⁺, 5).

2-Chloro-6-(4-hydroxybutoxy)benzothiazole (30c)

In a three-neck round bottom flask anhydrous copper(II)chloride (0.65 g, 4.8 mmol) was suspended in 25 ml of dry acetonitrile. t-Butylnitrite (0.62 g, 6.0 mmol) was added and stirred at room temperature for 10 min to build a black suspension. 27c (0.96 g, 4.0 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of 25 ml dry acetonitrile and 10 ml dry methanol and added dropwise to the black suspension in the flask. The suspension was stirred 1.5 h at room temperature and 2.5 h at 65°C. After the suspension was evaporated with the addition of silicagel to a dry yellow-brown solid, it was purified by column chromatography to yellowish oil (0.5 g, yield: 48%); C₁₁H₁₂ClNO₂S; ¹H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 300 MHz): δ = 1.52–1.61 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 1.73–1.80 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 3.42–3.48 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 4.04 (t, J = 6.40 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 4.45 (t, J = 4.74 Hz, 1H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 7.12 (d, J = 8.94 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.66 (d, ⁴J = 2.58 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-7-H), 7.83 (d, J = 8.95 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H); ESI-MS (m/z): 257.8 (M-H⁺, 100), 258.9 (M-H⁺, 13), 259.9 (M-H⁺, 39).

2-(Benzothiazol-6-yloxy)ethyl methanesulfonate (31a)

Yellow oil; yield: 77%; C₁₀H₁₁NO₄${\text{S}}_{2;}^1$H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ = 3.04 (s, 3H, O-SO₂-CH₃), 4.24–4.27 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂O), 4.53–4.56 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂O), 7.07 (d, J = 8.96 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.34 (d, ⁴J = 2.51 Hz,1H, Benzthia-7-H), 7.97 (d, J = 8.95 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H), 8.80 (s, 1H, Benzthia-2-H); ESI-MS (m/z): 274.0 (M-H⁺, 100), 275.0 (M-H⁺, 13), 276.0 (M-H⁺, 11).

2-(2-Chlorobenzothiazol-6-yloxy)ethyl methanesulfonate (31b)

30a (0.5 g, 1.95 mmol) solved in 20 ml dichlormethane were added to triethylamine (0.3 g, 2.9 mmol). The solution was cooled under argon atmosphere to −10°C. Methanesulfonic chloride (0.27 g, 2.3 mmol) dissolved in 10 ml dichlormethane was added dropwise. The solution was stirred 15 min by −10°C and 45 min by room temperature, poured into ice water and twice extracted with a sodium carbonate solution. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to give a yellow oil (yield 100%); C₁₀H₁₀ClNO₄${\text{S}}_{2;}^1$H-NMR (CDCl₃, 250 MHz): δ = 3.03 (s, 3H, O-SO₂-CH₃), 4.23 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂O), 4.52–4.55 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂O), 7.02 (d, J = 8.95 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.19 (s,1H, Benzthia-7-H), 7.78 (d, J = 8.96 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H); ESI-MS (m/z): 307.8 (M-H⁺, 100), 308.9 (M-H⁺, 13), 309.8 (M-H⁺, 43).

3-(Benzothiazol-6-yloxy)propyl methanesulfonate (31c)

Brown oil; yield: 75%; C₁₁H₁₃NO₄${\text{S}}_{2;}^1$H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ = 2.22 (p, J = 5.98 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂O), 2.94 (s, 3H, O-SO₂-CH₃), 4.11 (t, J = 5.87 Hz, 2H, OCH₂ CH₂CH₂O), 4.42 (t, J = 6.09 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂O), 7.05 (d, J = 8.95 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.34 (d, ⁴J = 2.43 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-7-H), 7.95 (d, J = 8.95 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H), 8.77 (s, 1H, Benzthia-2-H); ESI-MS (m/z): 287.7 (M-H⁺, 100), 288.9 (M-H⁺, 13), 289.9 (M-H⁺, 10).

3-(2-Chlorobenzothiazol-6-yloxy)propyl methanesulfonate (31d)

30b (0.5 g, 1.95 mmol) solved in 20 ml dichlormethane were added to triethylamine (0.3 g, 2.9 mmol). The solution was cooled under argon atmosphere to −10°C. Methanesulfonic chloride (0.27 g, 2.3 mmol) dissolved in 10 ml dichlormethane was added dropwise. The solution was stirred 15 min by −10°C and 45 min by room temperature, poured into ice water and twice extracted with a sodium carbonate solution. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfte and evaporated to give a yellow oil (yield 88%); C₁₁H₁₂ClNO₄S₂; ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ = 2.20 (p, J = 5.95 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂O), 2.93 (s, 3H, O-SO₂-CH₃), 4.08 (t, J = 5.86 Hz, 2H, OCH₂ CH₂CH₂O), 4.41 (t, J = 6.07 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂O), 7.00 (d, J = 8.95 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.17 (d, ⁴J = 2.39 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-7-H), 7.76 (d, J = 8.95 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H); ESI-MS (m/z): 321.8 (M-H⁺, 100), 323.8 (M-H⁺, 43), 324.8 (M-H⁺, 6).

4-(2-Chlorobenzothiazol-6-yloxy)butyl methanesulfonate (31e)

30c (0.5 g, 1.95 mmol) solved in 20 ml dichlormethane were added to triethylamine (0.3 g, 2.9 mmol). The solution was cooled under argon atmosphere to −10°C. Methanesulfonic chloride (0.27 g, 2.3 mmol) dissolved in 10 ml dichlormethane was added dropwise. The solution was stirred 15 min by −10°C and 45 min by room temperature, poured into ice water and twice extracted with a sodium carbonate solution. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to give a yellow oil (0.54 g, yield 82%); ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ = 1.91–1.93 (m, 4H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂O), 2.95 (s, 3H, O-SO₂-CH₃),3.99 (t, J = 5.61 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂O), 4.04 (t, J = 5.86 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂O), 6.99 (d, J = 8.95 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.15 (d, ⁴J = 2.46 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-7-H), 7.75 (d, J = 8.95 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H); ESI-MS (m/z): 335.8 (M-H⁺, 100), 336.8 (M-H⁺, 15), 337.7 (M-H⁺, 42).

6-(2-(4-Phenylpiperazin-1-yl)ethoxy)benzothiazole hydrogenoxalate (13)

(0.6 mmol) was dissolved in acetone. N-phenylpiperazine (0.09 g, 0.6 mmol), anhydrous potassium carbonate (0.17 g, 1.2 mmol) and catalytic amounts of potassium iodide were added. The suspension was refluxed for 48 h, filtered and the yellow filtrate was evaporated to dry. The resulting yellowish raw product was purified by column chromatography. The resulting colorless oil was precipitated with anhydrous oxalic acid and dried to give a white solid (0.16 g, yield: 31%); mp 215°C (decomp.); C₁₉H₂₁N₃OS × C₂H₂${\text{O}}_{4;}^1$H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 300 MHz) δ = 3.20 (m, 4H, Pip-2-H, -6-H), 3.36–3.39 (m, 6H, OCH₂CH₂, Pip-3-H, -5-H), 4.45 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂), 6.90 (t, J = 7.23 Hz, 1H, Ar-4-H), 7.06 (d, J = 8.04 Hz, 2H, Ar-2-H, -6-H), 7.26–7.34 (m, 3H, Benzthia-5-H, Ar-3-H, -5-H), 7.87 (d, ⁴J = 1.52 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-7-H), 8.08 (d, J = 8.83 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H), 9.29 (s, 1H, Benzthia-2-H); ¹³C-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 75 MHz): δ = 45.83 (Pip-3-C, -5-C), 51.58 (Pip-2-C, -6-C), 54.73 (OCH₂CH₂), 63.45 (OCH₂CH₂), 106.01 (Benzthia-7-C), 115.79 (Ar-C-2,-C-6), 116.06 (Benzthia-5-C), 119.74 (Ar-C-4), 123.52 (Benzthia-4-C), 129.05 (Ar-C-3, -C-5), 134.95 (Benzthia-7a-C), 147.94 (Benzthia-3a-C), 149.77 (Ar-C-1), 153.82 (Benzthia-2-C), 155.81 (Benzthia-6-C), 162.14 ((COOH)₂); ESI-MS (m/z): 340.1 (M-H⁺, 100), 341.1 (M-H⁺, 22), 342.1 (M-H⁺, 7). CHN calc.: C 57.52, H 5.52, N 9.58; CHN found: C 57.69, H 5.38, N 9.67.

2-Chloro-6-(2-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)ethoxy)benzothiazole dihydrogenoxalate (14)

31b (0.6 mmol) was dissolved in acetone. N-phenylpiperazine (0.09 g, 0.6 mmol), anhydrous potassium carbonate (0.17 g, 1.2 mmol) and catalytic amounts of potassium iodide were added. The suspension was refluxed for 48 h, filtered and the yellow filtrate was evaporated to dry. The resulting yellowish raw product was purified by column chromatography. The resulting colorless oil was precipitated with anhydrous oxalic acid and dried to give a white solid (yield: 41%); mp 168°C (decomp.); C₁₉H₂₀ClN₃OS × 2 C₂H₂O₄;¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ = 2.68–2.70 (m, 4H, Pip-2-H, -6-H), 2.84 (t, J = 5.70 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂), 3.15–3.17 (m, 4H, Pip-3-H, -5-H), 4.13 (t, J = 5.70 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂), 6.79 (t, J = 7.29 Hz, 1H, Ar-4-H), 6.86 (d, J = 7.91 Hz, 2H, Ar-2-H, -6-H), 7.03 (d, J = 8.96, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.18–7.20 (m, 2H, Ar-3-H, -5-H), 7.21 (d, ⁴J = 1.93 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-7-H), 7.75 (d, J = 8.96 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H); ¹³C-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 100 MHz): δ = 46.15 (Pip-3-C, -5-C), 51.76 (Pip-2-C, -6-C), 54.89 (OCH₂CH₂), 63.82(OCH₂CH₂), 106.24 (Benzthia-7-C), 115.74 (Ar-C-2,-C-6), 116.46 (Benzthia-5-C), 119.63 (Ar-C-4), 123.10 (Benzthia-4-C), 129.04 (Ar-C-3, -C-5), 137.03 (Benzthia-7a-C), 145.05 (Benzthia-3a-C), 149.86 (Ar-C-1), 149.92 (Benzthia-2-C), 156.13 (Benzthia-6-C), 162.18 ((COOH)₂); ESI-MS (m/z): 374.1 (M-H⁺, 100), 376.1 (M-H⁺, 38), 377.1 (M-H⁺, 8). CHN cacl.: C 49.87, H 4.37, N 7.59; CHN found: C 49.67, H 4.38, N 7.51.

6-(3-(4-Phenylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy)benzothiazole hydrogenoxalate (16)

31c (0.6 mmol) was dissolved in acetone. N-phenylpiperazine (0.09 g, 0.6 mmol), anhydrous potassium carbonate (0.17 g, 1.2 mmol) and catalytic amounts of potassium iodide were added. The suspension was refluxed for 48 h, filtered and the yellow filtrate was evaporated to dry. The resulting yellowish raw product was purified by column chromatography. The resulting colorless oil was precipitated with anhydrous oxalic acid and dried to give a white solid (yield: 79%); mp 208–211°C (decomp.); C₂₀H₂₃N₃OS × 1.5 C₂H₂O₄ × 0.25 H₂O; ¹H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 300 MHz): δ = 2.17–2.22 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 3.21–3.30 (m, 6H, Pip-2-H, -6-H, OCH₂ CH₂CH₂), 3.40 (m, 4H, Pip-3-H, -5-H), 4.15 (t; J = 5.95 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 6.85 (t, J = 7.25 Hz, 1H, Ar-4-H), 7.00 (d, J = 7.99 Hz, 2H, Ar-2-H, -6-H), 7.15 (d, J = 8.93 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.26 (t, J = 7.93 Hz, 2H, Ar-3-H, -5-H), 7.73 (d, ⁴J = 2.44 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-7-H), 7.98 (d, J = 8.93 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H), 9.19 (s, 1H, Benzthia-2-H); ¹³C-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 75 MHz): δ = 23.66 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 45.80 (Pip-3-C, -5-C), 51.00 (Pip-2-C, -6-C), 53.15 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 65.68 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 105.60 (Benzthia-7-C), 115.83 (Ar-2-C, -6-C), 115.98 (Benzthia-5-C), 119.81 (Ar-4-C), 123.44 (Benzthia-4-C), 129.06 (Ar-3-C, -5-C), 134.98 (Benzthia-7a-C), 147.64 (Benzthia-3a-C), 149.71 (Ar-1-C), 153.33 (Benzthia-2-C), 156.42 (Benzthia-6-C), 163.24 ((COOH)₂); ESI-MS (m/z): 354.0 (M-H⁺, 100), 355.0 (M-H⁺, 24), 356.0 (M-H⁺, 7). CHN cacl.: C 56.03, H 5.42, N 8.52; CHN found: C 56.12, H 5.29, N 8.40.

2-Chloro-6-(3-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl) propoxy)benzothiazole dihydrogenoxalate (17)

31d (0.6 mmol) was dissolved in acetone. N-phenylpiperazine (0.09 g, 0.6 mmol), anhydrous potassium carbonate (0.17 g, 1.2 mmol) and catalytic amounts of potassium iodide were added. The suspension was refluxed for 48 h, filtered and the yellow filtrate was evaporated to dry. The resulting yellowish raw product was purified by column chromatography. The resulting colorless oil was precipitated with anhydrous oxalic acid and dried to give a white solid (0.16 g, yield: 79%); mp 159–161°C (decomp.); C₂₀H₂₂ClN₃OS × 2 C2H2O4;¹H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 300 MHz): δ = 2.17–2.24 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 3.22–3.31 (m, 6H, Pip-2-H, -6-H, OCH₂ CH₂CH₂), 3.40 (m, 4H, Pip-3-H, -5-H), 4.13 (t; J = 5.89 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 6.85 (t, J = 7.25 Hz, 1H, Ar-4-H), 7.00 (d, J = 7.99 Hz, 2H, Ar-2-H, -6-H), 7.16 (d, J = 8.96 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.26 (t, J = 7.92 Hz, 2H, Ar-3-H, -5-H), 7.70 (d, ⁴J = 2.50 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-7-H), 7.87 (d, J = 8.96 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H); ¹³C-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 75 MHz) δ = 23.57 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 45.76 (Pip-3-C, -5-C), 50.97 (Pip-2-C, -6-C), 53.07 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 65.72 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂), 105.92 (Benzthia-7-C), 115.84 (Ar-2-C, -6-C), 116.36 (Benzthia-5-C), 119.82 (Ar-4-C), 123.04 (Benzthia-4-C), 129.06 (Ar-3-C, -5-C), 137.08 (Benzthia-7a-C), 144.81 (Benzthia-3a-C), 149.60 (Ar-1-C), 149.69 (Benzthia-2-C), 156.62 (Benzthia-6-C), 162.75 ((COOH)₂); ESI-MS (m/z): 388.2 (M-H⁺, 100), 390.1 (M-H⁺, 38), 391.2 (M-H⁺, 9). CHN calc.: C 50.74, H 4.76, N 7.16; CHN found: C 50.75, H 4.61, N 7.40.

2-Chloro-6-(4-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl) butoxy)benzothiazole hydrogenoxalate (11)

31e (0.6 mmol) was dissolved in acetone. 2-methylphenylpiperazine (0.6 mmol), anhydrous potassium carbonate (0.17 g, 1.2 mmol) and catalytic amounts of potassium iodide were added. The suspension was refluxed for 48 h, filtered and the yellow filtrate was evaporated to dry. The resulting yellowish raw product was purified by column chromatography. The resulting colorless oil was precipitated with anhydrous oxalic acid and dried to give a white solid (0.16 g, yield: 34%); mp 126°C; C₂₂H₂₆ClN₃O₂S × 1.5 C₂H₂O₄ × 0.7 H₂O; ¹H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 300 MHz): δ = 1.76 (m, 4H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 3.06–3.23 (m, 10H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂, Pip-2-H, -3-H, -5-H, -6-H), 3.72 (s, 3 H, OCH₃), 4.02 (t, J = 5.40 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 6.83–6.95 (m, 4H, 2-OCH₃-Ar-3-H, -4-H, -5-H, -6-H), 7.10 (d, J = 8.95 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.63 (d, ⁴J = 2.46 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-7-H), 7.80 (d, J = 8.95 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H);¹³C-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 75 MHz): δ = 20.37 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 25.78 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 47.20 (Pip-3-C, -5-C), 51.31 (Pip-2-C, -6-C), 55.34 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 55.34 (OCH₃), 67.51 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 105.83 (Benzthia-7-C), 111.92 (Benzthia-5-C), 116.39 (2-OCH₃-Ar-6-C), 118.21 (2-OCH₃-Ar-3-C), 120.81 (2-OCH₃-Ar-4-C), 123.01 (2-OCH₃-Ar-5-C), 123.34 (Benzthia-4-C), 137.06 (Benzthia-7a-C), 139.51 (Benzthia-3a-C), 142.00 (2-OCH₃-Ar-1-C), 144.68 (2-OCH₃-Ar-2-C), 151.83 (Benzthia-2-C), 156.86 (Benzthia-6-C), 163.21 ((COOH)₂); ESI-MS (m/z): 432.2 (M-H⁺, 100), 433.6 (M-H⁺, 38), 434.1 (M-H⁺, 39). CHN calc.: C 51.80, H 5.29, N 7.25; CHN found: C 51.91, H 4.99, N 7.38.

2-Chloro-6-(4-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)butoxy)benzothiazole dihydrogenoxalate (20)

31e (0.16 g, 0.6 mmol) was dissolved in acetone. N-phenylpiperazine (0.09 g, 0.6 mmol), anhydrous potassium carbonate (0.17 g, 1.2 mmol) and catalytic amounts of potassium iodide were added. The suspension was refluxed for 48 h, filtered and the yellow filtrate was evaporated to dry. The resulting yellowish raw product was purified by column chromatography. The resulting colorless oil was precipitated with anhydrous oxalic acid and dried to give a white solid (0.16 g, yield: 46%); mp 155–157°C (decomp.); C₂₁H₂₄ClN₃OS × 2 C₂H₂O₄;¹H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 300 MHz): δ = 1.82 (m, 4H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 3.12–3.39 (m, 10H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂, Pip-2-H, -3-H, -5-H,-6-H), 4.08 (t, J = 5.55 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 6.85 (t, J = 7.27 Hz, 1H, Ar-4-H), 6.99 (d, J = 7.93 Hz, 2H, Ar-2-H, -6-H), 7.15 (d, J = 8.97 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.22 -7.28 (m, 2H, Ar-3-H, -5-H), 7.68 (d, ⁴J = 2.55 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-7-H), 7.86 (d, J = 8.94 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H); ¹³C-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 75 MHz): δ = 20.34 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 25.78 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 45.66 (Pip-3-C, -5-C), 50.80 (Pip-2-C, -6-C), 55.26 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 67.50 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 105.82 (Benzthia-7-C), 115.85 (Ar-2-C, -6-C), 116.38 (Benzthia-5-C), 119.85 (Ar-4-C), 123.01 (Benzthia-4-C), 129.06 (Ar-3-C, -5-C), 137.07 (Benzthia-7a-C), 144.68 (Benzthia-3a-C), 149.43 (Benzthia-2-C), 149.66 (Ar-1-C), 156.85 (Benzthia-6-C), 162.79 ((COOH)₂). ESI-MS (m/z): 402.0 (M-H⁺, 100), 403.8 (M-H⁺, 30), 404.3 (M-H⁺, 27). CHN cacl.: C 51.59, H 4.85, N 7.22; CHN found: C 51.80, H 4.81, N 7.38.

Detailed Synthesis of 2-chloro-6-(4-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)butoxy)benzothiazole (20)

1-(4-Bromobutoxy)-4-nitrobenzene (22c)

21 (3.0 g, 22 mmol) was diluted into 100 ml acetone. 1,4-dibromobutane (19.0 g, 88 mmol), anhydrous potassium carbonate (3.0 g, 22 mmol) and a catalytic amount of potassium iodide was added. The suspension was heated under reflux for 24 h. After cooling the yellow-white suspension was filtered. The yellow filtrate was evaporated to give a yellow oily raw product. The product was purified by filtration with petrolether (60–90°C) and dicloromethane over silicagel to obtain a pure yellow oil (5.34 g, yield: 90%); ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ = 1.90–2.05 (m, 4H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂Br) 3.42 (t, J = 6.37 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂Br), 4.02 (t, J = 5.78 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂Br), 6.87 (d, J = 9.15 Hz, 2H, Ar-2-H, -6-H), 8.11 (d, J = 9.13 Hz, 2H, Ar-3-H, -5-H); ESI-MS m/z: 297.9 (M-Na⁺, 100), 295.9 (M-Na⁺, 98), 296.7 (M-Na⁺, 10).

1-(4-Hydroxybutoxy)-4-nitrobenzene (25c)

22c (2.74 g, 1.0 mmol) was dissolved in 200 ml of a mixture acetone: water (7:3 v/v). After addition of the base N,N-diisopropylamine (1.1 g, 1.1 mmol) the solution was heated in a Parr apparatus to 130°C for 9 h under continuous steering. After cooling and evaporation of acetone, the brown solution was acidified with hydrochloric acid solution (2 N) and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate. After evaporation of the solvent the crude product was purified by column chromatography to give a white solid (0.89 g, yield: 45%); ¹H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 300 MHz) δ = 1.51–1.60 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 1.73–1.80 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 3.42–3.48 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 4.13 (t, J = 6.55 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 4.44 (t, J = 5.14 Hz, 1H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 7.12 (d, J = 9.32 Hz, 2H, Ar-2-H, -6-H), 8.19 (d, J = 9.32 Hz, 2H, Ar-3-H, -5-H); ESI-MS (m/z): 211.7 (M-H⁺, 100), 212.9 (M-H⁺, 23), 213.8 (M-H⁺, 13).

4-(4-Hydroxybutoxy)-aniline (26c)

25c (0.89 g, 4.2 mmol) was dissolved with 50 ml ethyl acetate. One hundred milligram Pd/C (10% m/m) and a few drops glacial acetic acid were added. The suspension was stirred at room temperature in a Parr apparatus with a pressure of 5 bar hydrogen for 1 h. After filtration of the catalyst the yellow-brown solution was evaporated to dryness to give a brownish oil (0.76 g, yield: 100%)0.1H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 400 MHz) δ = 1.55–1.63 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 1.69–1.76 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 3.49 (t, J = 6.48 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 3.87 (t, J = 6.50 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 6.55 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 2H, Ar-2-H, -6-H), 6.69 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2H, Ar-3-H, -5-H); ESI-MS (m/z): 181.8 (M-H⁺, 100), 182.7 (M-H⁺, 12).

2-Amino-6-(4-hydroxybutoxy)benzothiazole (27c)

26c (0.76 g, 4.4 mmol) and potassium thiocyanate (1.71 g, 17.6 mmol) were solved in 25 ml glacial acetic acid. The resultant brown solution was cooled on an ice bath. Dropwise bromine (0.71 g, 4.4 mmol) dissolved in 5 ml glacial acetic acid was added, while the temperature was held constant at 4°C. Afterwards the orange suspension was stirred at room temperature overnight. The formed orange solid was filtered of and the yellow filtrate was concentrated in vacuum. The yellow-orange solid was purified by column chromatography to give a white solid (0.96 g, yield: 91%); ¹H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 400 MHz) δ = 1.52–1.59 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 1.69–1.76 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 3.43–3.45 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 3.94 (t, J = 6.43 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 6.80 (d, J = 8.64 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.19 (s, br, 2H, Benzthia-2-NH₂), 7.21 (d, J = 8.95 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H), 7.27 (d, ⁴J = 2.07 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-7-H; ESI-MS (m/z): 238.9 (M-H⁺, 100), 239.9 (M-H⁺, 13), 240.9 (M-H⁺, 6).

2-Chloro-6-(4-hydroxybutoxy)benzothiazole (30c)

In a three-neck round bottom flask anhydrous copper(II)chloride (0.65 g, 4.8 mmol) was suspended in 25 ml of dry acetonitrile. t-Butylnitrite (0.62 g, 6.0 mmol) was added and stirred at room temperature for 10 min to build a black suspension. 27c (0.96 g, 4.0 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of 25 ml dry acetonitrile and 10 ml dry methanol and added dropwise to the black suspension in the flask. The suspension was stirred 1.5 h at room temperature and 2.5 h at 65°C. After the suspension was evaporated with the addition of silicagel to a dry yellow-brown solid, it was purified by column chromatography to yellowish oil (0.5 g, yield: 48%); ¹H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 300 MHz) δ = 1.52–1.61 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 1.73–1.80 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 3.42–3.48 (m, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 4.04 (t, J = 6.40 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 4.45 (t, J = 4.74 Hz, 1H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), 7.12 (d, J = 8.94 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.66 (d, ⁴J = 2.58 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-7-H), 7.83 (d, J = 8.95 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H); ESI-MS (m/z): 257.8 (M-H⁺, 100), 258.9 (M-H⁺, 13), 259.9 (M-H⁺, 39).

4-(2-Chlorobenzothiazol-6-yloxy)butyl methanesulfonate (31e)

30c (0.5 g, 1.95 mmol) solved in 20 ml dichlormethane were added to triethylamine (0.3 g, 2.9 mmol). The solution was cooled under argon atmosphere to–10°C. Methanesulfonic chloride (0.27 g, 2.3 mmol) dissolved in 10 ml dichlormethane was added dropwise. The solution was stirred 15 min by–10°C and 45 min by room temperature, poured into ice water and twice extracted with a sodium carbonate solution. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to give a yellow oil (0.54 g, yield 82%);¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ = 1.91–1.93 (m, 4H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂O), 2.95 (s, 3H, O-SO₂-CH₃),3.99 (t, J = 5.61 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂O), 4.04 (t, J = 5.86 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂O), 6.99 (d, J = 8.95 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.15 (d, ⁴J = 2.46 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-7-H), 7.75 (d, J = 8.95 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H); ESI-MS (m/z): 335.8 (M-H⁺, 100), 336.8 (M-H⁺, 15), 337.7 (M-H⁺, 42).

2-Chloro-6-(4-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)butoxy)benzothiazol dihydrogenoxalate (20)

31e (0.16 g, 0.6 mmol) was dissolved in acetone. N-phenylpiperazine (0.09 g, 0.6 mmol), anhydrous potassium carbonate (0.17 g, 1.2 mmol) and catalytic amounts of potassium iodide were added. The suspension was refluxed for 48 h, filtered and the yellow filtrate was evaporated to dry. The resulting yellowish raw product was purified by column chromatography. The resulting colorless oil was precipitated with anhydrous oxalic acid and dried to give a white solid (0.16 g, yield: 46%); mp 155–157°C (decomp.); ¹H-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 300 MHz) δ = 1.82 (m, 4H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 3.12–3.39 (m, 10H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂, Pip-2-H, -3-H, -5-H,-6-H), 4.08 (t, J = 5.55 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 6.85 (t, J = 7.27 Hz, 1H, Ar-4-H), 6.99 (d, J = 7.93 Hz, 2H, Ar-2-H, -6-H), 7.15 (d, J = 8.97 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-5-H), 7.22 -7.28 (m, 2H, Ar-3-H, -5-H), 7.68 (d, ⁴J = 2.55 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-7-H), 7.86 (d, J = 8.94 Hz, 1H, Benzthia-4-H); ¹³C-NMR (d₆ DMSO, 75 MHz) δ = 20.34 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 25.78 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 45.66 (Pip-3-C, -5-C), 50.80 (Pip-2-C, -6-C), 55.26 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 67.50 (OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂), 105.82 (Benzthia-7-C), 115.85 (Ar-2-C, -6-C), 116.38 (Benzthia-5-C), 119.85 (Ar-4-C), 123.01 (Benzthia-4-C), 129.06 (Ar-3-C, -5-C), 137.07 (Benzthia-7a-C), 144.68 (Benzthia-3a-C), 149.43 (Benzthia-2-C), 149.66 (Ar-1-C), 156.85 (Benzthia-6-C), 162.79 ((COOH)₂); ESI-MS (m/z): 402.0 (M-H⁺, 100), 403.8 (M-H⁺, 30), 404.3 (M-H⁺, 27). CHN calc.: C 51.59, H 4.85, N 7.22; CHN found: C 51.80, H 4.81, N 7.38.

Pharmacological Assay descriptions

General Remarks

Competition binding data were analyzed by Graph-Pad Prism™(2000, version 3.02, San Diego, CA, USA), using nonlinear least squares fit. Affinity values (K_i) were expressed as mean ± standard deviation [nM ± S.DE.M.]. The values for K_i and pK_i were calculated for compounds 3-20 are listed in Tables 1, 3.

TABLE 1

Table 1. Dopamine hD_2SR and hD₃R binding affinities of ligands 1, 2 and final products 3-20.

The in Vitro Affinity

The in vitro affinity of the new compounds 3-20 for hD_2SR and hD₃R was determined using radioligand binding studies as described previously (Hayes et al., 1992; Sokoloff et al., 1992; Noeske et al., 2006; Bocker et al., 2007; Boeckler and Gmeiner, 2007). Membrane preparations of CHO-cells stably expressing hD_2SR, the short splicing variant of that receptor subtype, and hD₃R (Hopkins et al., 2004) were used for displacement studies (Sokoloff et al., 1992). In brief, [³H]spiperone (0.2 nM) served as radioligand and nonspecific binding was determined in the presence of 1 (10 μM). Stock solutions (10 mM) of test compounds were prepared with pure DMSO. They were diluted in binding puffer (120 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 2 mM CaCl₂, 1 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM TRIS/HCl, pH 7.4) to give a final concentration range of 0.01–100,000 nM, and this was depending on the affinity of the test compound. The assay (containing membranes, [³H]spiperone and test compounds in a final volume of 0.2 ml) was incubated for 2 h at RT and terminated by rapid filtration through GF/B glass fiber filters (PerkinElmer Life Sciences, Rodgau, Germany) pre-treated with 0.3% polyethylenimine (Sigma–Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany) using an Inotech cell harvester (Inotech AG, Dottikon, Switzerland). Unbound radioligand was removed by three washing steps with 0.3 ml/well of ice-cold 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.4, containing 120 mM NaCl. Radioactivity was counted using a 1450 MicroBeta Trilux scintillation counter (PerkinElmer Life Sciences, Rodgau, Germany). To achieve a detailed screening, the compounds have been tested at seven concentrations in triplicates carried out in at least three independent experiments.

Determination of Physicochemical Properties

Lipophilicity (clogP), water solubility (clogS), molecular weight (MW), and number of rotatable bonds (NROTB) of Lipinski's rule of five were calculated using Molinspiration online property calculation toolkit, and the computational tool Osiris Property explorer (Table 2; Hopkins et al., 2004; Hou et al., 2007). Drug-likeness model score (a combined outcome of physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a compound and is represented by a numerical value was computed by MolSoft software for the 18 compounds (3-20) under study (Table 3; Drug-likeness and molecular property prediction¹; Tarcsay et al., 2012). Moreover, topological polar surface area (TPSA) was calculated with software package Molinspiration Depiction Software (Table 2; Tarcsay et al., 2012).

TABLE 2

Table 2. Drug-likeness calculations and Lipinski parameters for final products 3-20.

TABLE 3

Table 3. Antagonist affinities at hD_2SR and hD₃R and values of LE, LELP, and LipE for final products 3-20.

Metric Analyses

The values for LE, LELP, and LipE were calculated for the compounds 3-20 based on their affinities for hD_2SR and hD₃R to further validate their drug-likeness and assessment as prospective new leads (Table 3). These widely used three metrics are substantial models in drug discovery and are simple for evaluating whether a ligand derives its potency from optimal fit with the target protein or simply by virtue of making many contacts (Molinspiration software or free molecular property calculation services [last accessed 2017 April 07]²; Kuntz et al., 1999; Meanwell, 2011; Tarcsay et al., 2012; Schreeb et al., 2013; Hopkins et al., 2014; Shultz, 2014). The values for LE, LELP, and LipE were calculated following equations 1, 2, and 3 (Molinspiration software or free molecular property calculation services [last accessed 2017 April 07]; Kuntz et al., 1999; Leeson and Springthorpe, 2007; Hopkins et al., 2014), respectively:

$\begin{array}{ll}\text{LE}=(1.37/\text{HA}).\text{p}{K}_{\text{i}}& (1)\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\text{LELP}=\text{clogP}/\text{LE}& (2)\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\text{LipE}=\text{p}{K}_{\text{i}}-\text{clogP}& (3)\end{array}$

Results

Chemistry

Final compounds 3-20 were prepared starting with an O-alkylation of suitable dibromoalkanes under Finkelstein conditions resulting in the formation of the key intermediates 22a-c which subsequently were reduced to their corresponding aromatic amines (23a-c), and were cyclized to their respective 2-aminobenzothiazoyl-6-ω-bromoalkyl ethers 24a-c under Kaufmann conditions and as previously described (Kaufmann and Bückmann, 1941; Sukalovic et al., 2005). The 2-aminobenz[d]thiazoyl-6-ω-bromoalkyl ethers (24a-c) were N-alkylated according to Finkelstein conditions using 2-methoxyphenylpiperazine or N-phenylpiperazine to obtain 3, 6, and 9 or 12, 15, 18, and 19, respectively. For preparation of 4, 7, and 10 the respective 2-aminobenzothiazol residue was deaminated by diazotization at 2-position using sodium nitrite and subsequent reductive cleavage of diazonium salt by means of hypophosphoric acid, whereas 5 and 7 were achieved by diazotization conducted in the presence of concentrated hydrochloric acid (Scheme 1). Finally, ligands 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, and 20 were synthesized starting from 1 which through O-alkylation under Finkelstein conditions with 2-bromoethanol, 3-chloropropan-1-ol, and 1,4-dibromobutane afforded 25a-c, respectively (Scheme 2).

SCHEME 1

SCHEME 1. Synthesis of final products 3-10, 12, 15, 18, and 19. Reaction conditions: (a) Acetone, K₂CO₃, Br-(CH₂)_n-Br (n = 2–4), KI, 24 h reflux; (b) Methanol, Pd/C (10% m/m), 5 bar H₂, 2 h, RT; (c) Acetic acid, KSCN, bromine, 4°C → RT, overnight; (d) Acetone, K₂CO₃, 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine (for 1-8) or N-phenylpiperazine (for 10, 13, and 16), KI, 24 h reflux; (e) HCl, NaNO₂, H₃PO₄ (50% m/m), −30°C → RT; (f) H₃PO₄ conc., NaNO₂, H₃PO₄ (50% m/m), −8°C → RT (for 17).

SCHEME 2

SCHEME 2. Synthesis of final products 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, and 20. Reaction conditions: (a) Acetone, K₂CO₃, 2-bromoethanol/3-chloropropan-1-ole, KI, 24 h reflux; (b) Acetone:water (7:3 v/v), N,N-diisopropylamine, 130°C, 9 h reflux; (c) Methanol, Pd/C (10% m/m), 5 bar H₂ 2 h, RT; (d) Acetic acid, KSCN, bromine, 4°C → RT, overnight; (e) Acetonitrile, Cu(II)Cl₂, t-butylnitrite, 1.5 h RT, 2.5 h 65°C; (f) H₃PO₄ conc., NaNO₂, H₃PO₄ (50% m/m), −8°C → RT; (h) Dichloromethane, triethylamine, methanesulfonyl chloride, −10°C → RT, 15–45 min; (i) Acetone, K₂CO₃, 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine (for 9)/N-phenylpiperazine (for 13, 14, 16, 17, and 20), KI, 48 h reflux.

In Vitro Pharmacology

The hD_2SR and hD₃R in vitro affinities observed for ligands 3-20 were in the nanomolar concentration range with K_i values of 2.3–450 [nM] and pK_i values of 6.4–9.0, and K_i of 1.7–424 [nM] and pK_i of 6.4–8.8 for hD_2SR and hD₃R, respectively. The obtained in vitro antagonist affinities for the ligands 3-20 were summarized in Table 1.

Physicochemical and Drug-Likeness Properties

Lipophilicity (clogP), water solubility (clogS), molecular weight (MW), and number of rotatable bonds (NROTB) of Lipinski's rule of five were calculated using Molinspiration online property calculation toolkit, and the computational tool Osiris Property explorer. (Molinspiration software or free molecular property calculation services [last accessed 2017 April 07]²). The results observed for the different physicochemical properties are summarized in Table 2.

Metric Properties

The obtained values for LE, LELP, and LipE of all novel ligands 3-20 were measured and are summarized in Table 3.

Discussion

To evaluate the impact of benzothiazole appendage with the basic 4-phenylpiperazine aryl moiety by an alkyl spacer of varying length on receptor binding, human D_2SR and D₃R (hD_2SR and hD₃R) affinities of the described ligands 3-20 were determined using radioligand binding studies on membrane preparations of CHO-cells stably expressing both receptor subtypes. The hD_2SR and hD₃R affinities observed for ligands 3-20 were in the nanomolar concentration range with K_ivalues of 2.3–450 [nM] and pK_i values of 6.36–9.0, and K_i of 1.7–424 [nM] and pK_i of 6.4–8.8 for hD_2SR and hD₃R, respectively (Tables 1–3). Notably, the results observed in the present study showed that the binding affinities of ligands bearing 2-methoxyphenylpiperazine moiety (3-11) showed significantly higher affinities to hD_2SR and hD₃R when compared to their corresponding ligands with an un-substituted 4-phenylpiperazine (12-20). Herein, an approximately 34-fold increase in affinity for the 2-methoxy substituted ligands [K_i (hD_2SR) = 16 ± 8 [nM] for 5, K_i (hD_2SR) = 540 ± 279 [nM] for 14] was observed on hD_2SR, and up to 9-fold higher affinity [K_i(hD₃R) = 46 ± 29 [nM] for 5 vs. K_i (hD₃R) = 424 ± 230 [nM] for 15] toward the dopamine hD₃R. Interestingly, these results are in agreement with previous findings that showed the strengthening effect of the 2-methoxy substitution on the binding affinity; however, without affecting selectivity profile among both receptor subtypes (Hackling et al., 2003; Boeckler and Gmeiner, 2007; Moller et al., 2014). In addition, our major findings revealed that receptor affinity observed for ligands 3-20 was roughly dependent on the length of the alkyl spacer. Accordingly, the obtained results were expressed in the order of decreasing affinity for tetramethylene ≥ trimethylene > ethylene spacer. In this regard, the ligands having trimethylene spacer showed an up to 5-times higher affinity at hD_2SRs, and an up to 13-fold higher affinity at hD₃Rs than their respective ethylene spacer analogs [K_i (hD2SR) = 26 ± 12 [nM] and K_i(hD3R) = 23 ± 2 [nM] for 3 vs. K_i(hD2SR) = 5.5 ± 0.6 [nM] and K_i(hD3R) = 1.7 ± 0.8 [nM] for 6]. However, ligands with tetramethylene spacer exhibited an up to 2-fold higher affinity at hD_2SRs than their respective trimethylene spacer analogs, and also, with comparable affinity toward hD₃Rs [K_i(hD2SR) = 6.8 ± 0.9 [nM] and K_i(hD3R) = 8.7 ± 4.8 [nM] for 7 vs. K_i (hD2SR) = 3.2 ± 0.4 [nM] and K_i(hD3R) = 8.5 ± 2.2 [nM] for 10]. Moreover, the flexible substitution pattern at the 2-position of the benzothiazole heterocycle had different effects on hD_2SR and hD₃R affinities. As a result, ligands of ethyl spacer series having a 2-methoxyphenylpiperazin moiety (3-5) showed no significant difference in their affinity toward hD_2SRs and hD₃Rs, whereas ligands of trimethylene and tetramethylene spacer (6-11) displayed an affinity toward the hD_2SR in the order of H₂N- = H- > Cl- with an up to 3-fold [K_i(hD2SR) = 5.5 ± 0.6 [nM] and K_i(hD3R) = 1.7 ± 0.8 [nM] for 6] vs. [K_i(hD2SR) = 16 ± 1.1 [nM] and K_i(hD3R) = 22 ± 13 [nM] for 8], and 4-fold [K_i(hD2SR) = 2.8 ± 0.8 [nM] and K_i(hD3R) = 3.0 ± 1.6 [nM] for 7] vs. [K_i(hD2SR) = 11 ± 1.9 [nM] and K_i(hD3R) = 11 ± 3.9 [nM] for 11] increase observed for the 2-amino or the deaminated ligands (6, 7, 9, and 10) when compared to their corresponding 2-chloro-analouges (8 and 11). Interestingly, the ratio values (hD_2SR/hD₃R) observed for the novel ligands 3-20 were found in the range of 0.3–3, indicating that when compared to the reference compound 1, which displays a 66-fold higher affinity toward hD₃Rs, ligands 3-20 showed improved dual affinity toward hD_2SRs and hD₃Rs.

Furthermore, the results showed obviously that ligands bearing an unsubstituted (12-14) or 4-methoxy-substituted 4-phenylpiperazine moiety (3, 8, and 10) exhibited in general no significant differences in their binding affinities toward both receptor subtypes (Table 1, Figure 2). Moreover, the affinities to hD_2SRs observed for ligands 12-20 were found in a high nanomolar range (43–540 [nM]) when compared with ligands 3-11 with binding affinities in the nanomolar range (2.8–26 [nM]) (Table 1). Interestingly, ligand having a tetramethylene spacer (18) showed significantly higher affinity to hD₃Rs than its correspondingly 2-chloro-substituted analog 20, however, in a low nanomolar concentration range with K_i(hD₃R) values of 16 ± 11 [nM] and 65 ± 17 [nM] for 18 and 20, respectively. The obtained results show that among the current series the highest affinities toward hD_2SRs and hD₃Rs were achieved with ligands bearing 2-methoxyphenylpiperazinpiperazine moiety connected by a tri- or tetramethylene alkyl spacer with benzothiazole heterocycle which bears an amine group or hydrogen at its 2-position. These structural characteristics were realized and are represented in ligands 6, 7, 9 and 10 with observed affinities in the low nanomolar range toward hD_2SRs and hD₃Rs.

FIGURE 2

Figure 2. Dopamine hD_2SR/hD₃R binding affinity ratios of final products 3-20.

To assist further the drug discovery/development process and to guide the optimization from a lead compound to a successful drug candidate, various physicochemical parameters have been shown to be useful tools to aid in selecting oral drug candidates (Hopkins et al., 2004; Meanwell, 2011). Therefore, lipophilicity (clogP), water-solubility (clogS), molecular weight (MW), number of rotatable bonds (NROTB), number of hydrogen bond acceptors (NHBA), number of hydrogen bond donators (NHBD), topological polar surface area (TPSA), and drug-likeness score of Lipinski's rule of five were calculated for the current series of ligands (3-20) using Molinspiration online property calculation toolkit and Osiris Property explorer (Table 2; Meanwell, 2011; Tarcsay et al., 2012). The clogS value demonstrates the solubility of a drug candidate, which impacts its absorption and distribution properties.(Molinspiration software or free molecular property calculation services [last accessed 2017 April 07]²) Accordingly, clogS can be a useful parameter to estimate the ADME properties of a ligand (Hopkins et al., 2014) Solubility of ligands 4, 12-16, 18, and 19 were found in an acceptable range (< −4 clogS). Also, ligands 4, 12-16, 18, and 19 showed lower clogS values, indicating predictable enhanced water solubility, when compared with the reference ligand 1 (Table 2). Moreover, the models of lipophilicity-related physicochemical analyses predictively quantifying target-oriented drug-likeness have for many years been recognized as useful tools in the lead optimization process. This is not unexpected since the influence of clogP in modifying drug potency, pharmacokinetics and toxicity has been established for many years (Meanwell, 2011). Accordingly, it has been proposed that ligands with a clogP < 5 have a more promising drug-likeness profile (Schreeb et al., 2013; Shultz, 2014). Among the current series of ligands, the clogP values, except that for 8, 11, 17, and 20 were found < 5 suggesting their suitability for oral route of administration (Table 2). To promote the assessment of the drug discovery/development process from a lead ligand to a successful drug candidate, other physicochemical parameters have been publicized to be valuable tools to aid in selecting oral drug candidates (Meanwell, 2011). Consequently, it has earlier been suggested that ligands with TPSA values >60 Ų are usually considered as poorly membrane-permeable substances with predictable reduced CNS bioavailability (Hopkins et al., 2004; Meanwell, 2011). Among the synthesized series, the observed TPSA values for compounds 3-20 were in the range of 28–63 Ų, imposing more structural optimization of the current class with the aim to generate newer derivatives with improved predictive physicochemical parameters, especially regarding TPSA (Table 2).

To further assist the drug discovery/development process, generally values of LE and LELP being >0.3 and < 7.5, respectively, are validated as promising candidates with drug-likeness (Kuntz et al., 1999). Interestingly, all ligands (3-20) showed LE >0.3 for hD_2SRs and hD₃Rs, whereas the correlation of observed LELP values (hD_2SRs and hD₃Rs) were not existing, and were found >9 (Table 3). Importantly, the LipE values which are considered to be independent on molecular size of the respective ligand were found for all ligands <5 by considering the affinity of each respective ligand for hD_2SRs and hD₃Rs. The LipE results observed for the current series further corroborate their drug-likeness (Table 3).

Moreover, drug-likeness model score (a combined outcome of physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a compound and is represented by a numerical value) was computed as previously described by MolSoft software for the ligands 3-20 and summarized in Table 3 (Drug-likeness and molecular property prediction) (Hopkins et al., 2004). It has been proposed that ligands having zero or negative value should not be considered as drug-like candidate. In regard to the developed series 3-20, except 11 all ligands possessed drug-likeness scores in the range of 0.4–1.00, and with ligands 12, 15, and 18 showing maximum-likeness scores of 1.0 (Table 3; Figure 2). The results of pharmacological screening and calculated metric parameters are summarized in Tables 1–3.

Conclusion

Several benzothiazole-based ligands targeting hD_2SR and hD₃R were synthesized by varying the length of alkyl spacer and the substitution at 2-position of benzothiazole and/or 4-phenylpiperazine. Most of these derivatives showed affinities to the hD_2SR and hD₃R in nanomolar concentration range comparable to that of the reference ligands 1 and 2. The high affinities of the new ligands, especially 9 and 10, at the hD_2SR and hD₃R confirm the proposed affinity-strengthening effect of benzothiazole heterocylcle toward hD2sRs and hD₃Rs. A calculation of physicochemical properties may provide a good assessment to an enhanced drug-likeness of most of the ligands. Especially ligands 9 and 10 with high dual affinities at hD_2SRs and hD₃Rs [pK_i (hD_2SR) = 8.6 and pKi (hD₃R) = 8.5 for 9; pK_i (hD_2SR) = 8.5 and pKi (hD₃R) = 8.1 for 10] show reduced lipophilicity as compared to those calculated properties of 1 and 2. Combining these results, these two ligands revealed promising LE, LipE, and drug-likeness values, and showed that ligand affinity and selectivity between hD_2SR and hD₃R activation were strongly influenced by the appendage of benzothiazole, as a lipophilic bioisosterical replacement of aryl moiety, the length of alkyl spacer, and the nature of functional groups attached to the benzothiazole and the basic 4-phenylpiperazine moiety.

Author Contributions

BS and HS were responsible for the study concept, design, acquisition and analysis of data. MS, TK, and LW were responsible for the generation, synthesis and pharmacological in vitro characterization the novel ligands. MS and BS drafted the manuscript. HS provided critical revision for the manuscript. All authors critically reviewed content and approved final version for publication.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

Support for this work has been kindly given to HS by the EU COST Actions BM0806, BM1007, CM1103, and CM1207 as well as the Hesse LOEWE Schwerpunkte Fh-TMP, OSF, and NEFF, the Else KrönerStiftung, TRIP, and the Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung, DKTK. Support to BS was provided in form of grants received from UAE University.

Footnotes

1. ^Drug-likeness and molecular property prediction, a.f.h.w.m.c.m.

2. ^Molinspiration software or free molecular property calculation services [last accessed 2017 April 07], s. Available online at: URL: www.molinspiration.com/cgi-bin/properties.

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