Pyrochlore-Supergroup Minerals Nomenclature: An Update

Introduction

The nomenclature system currently valid for the pyrochlore supergroup was introduced by Atencio et al. (2010) to replace the one authored by Hogarth (1977). Subsequently, clarifications (Christy and Atencio, 2013), remarks (Hogarth, 2013), a response to the remarks (Atencio, 2013), and a paper on the incorporation of two minerals already known to the supergroup (Atencio et al., 2017) were published. When the new nomenclature system of this supergroup was introduced (Atencio et al., 2010), only seven mineral species, namely, oxycalciopyrochlore, hydropyrochlore, hydroxykenomicrolite, oxystannomicrolite, oxystibiomicrolite, hydroxycalcioroméite, and hydrokenoelsmoreite, were valid. Between 2010 and 2021, 24 new mineral species were described. The following text describes the nomenclature of pyrochlore-supergroup minerals. The nomenclature system has been updated to include the pyrochlore-supergroup minerals discovered in recent years, whose available information might be difficult for an interested reader to find. The representative minerals from each group are discussed in detail. All known minerals of the supergroup are listed in one place, so this text can be regarded as a kind of a digest of all natural species. There are two aims in compiling this data. The first is to enable a reader to identify both the chemical composition and source of a given mineral and the second is to enable the reader to identify the primary data associated with the mineral.

Crystallography, Chemistry, and the Nomenclature Scheme

The general formula of the pyrochlore-supergroup minerals is A₂B₂X₆Y. In this formula, A typically is a large [8]-coordinated cation with a radius of ∼1.0 Å or a vacancy (□) but can also be H₂O. For structural reasons, A can be subdivided into constituents without lone-pair electrons (e.g., Na, Ca), which occupy 16 d in Fd$\overline{3}$m, and stereoactive cations (e.g., Sb³⁺), which occupy less symmetrical positions displaced slightly from 16d, e.g., 96 g. For the purpose of this nomenclature, no subdivision is made. The A-site therefore may host Na, Ca, Ag, Mn, Sr, Ba, Fe²⁺, Pb²⁺, Sn²⁺, Sb³⁺, Bi³⁺, Y, Ce (and other REE), Sc, U, Th, □, or H₂O. B is a [6]-coordinated cation (site 16c), typically of high field-strength. This site thus may contain Ta, Nb, Ti⁴⁺, Sb⁵⁺, W, but also V⁵⁺, Sn⁴⁺, Zr, Hf, Fe³⁺, Mg, Al, and Si. X typically is O but can include subordinate OH and F (site 48f). Y typically is an anion but can also be a vacancy, H₂O, or a very large (>>1.0 Å) monovalent cation (site 8b). Examples are OH⁻, F, O, □, H₂O, K, Cs, and Rb. Displacements to 96g, 32e, and 192i positions were also located. See the basis for formula calculation in Atencio et al. (2010). Synthetic pyrochlores have a much more variable chemical composition than natural examples (Subramanian et al., 1983).

The mineral names are composed of two prefixes and one root name (identical to the name of the group). The first prefix refers to the dominant anion (or cation or H₂O or □) of the dominant valence at the Y-site. The second prefix refers to the dominant cation of the dominant valence [or H₂O or □] at the A-site. Where the first and second prefixes are equal, then only one prefix is applied (“hydropyrochlore,” not “hydrohydropyrochlore”). The mineral groups are given in Table 1.

TABLE 1

TABLE 1. Mineral groups of the pyrochlore supergroup.

As a mineral group consists of two or more minerals (Mills et al., 2009), ralstonite and coulsellite cannot really be considered, for now, as mineral groups. Hydrokenoralstonite and fluornatrocoulsellite should be designated as unassigned members of the pyrochlore supergroup, because there is no other member to allow a group to be established.

Currently, there is no valid betafite-group mineral.

The seven species valid in 2010 belong to the cubic crystal system and space group Fd$\overline{3}$m. Among the new species, hydroxycalciomicrolite belongs to a different space group of the cubic system, i.e., P4₂32. There are also some mineral species that crystallize in the trigonal system. Hydrokenoelsmoreite occurs as 3C (Fd$\overline{3}$m) and 6R (R$\overline{3}$) polytypes. Hydrokenomicrolite occurs as 3C (Fd$\overline{3}$m) and 3R (R$\overline{3}$m) polytypes, of which the latter corresponds to the discredited “parabariomicrolite.” Fluornatrocoulsellite crystallizes as 3R (R$\overline{3}$m) polytype. The symmetry is lowered due to ordering on either A sites or B sites (Ercit et al., 1986; Rouse et al., 1998; Atencio, 2016; Mills et al., 2016; Andrade et al., 2017; Mills et al., 2017). The pyrochlore structure (Figure 1) is an essential building block for other minerals and mineral groups, such as alunite (Goreaud and Raveau, 1980) or pittongite (Grey et al., 2006).

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 1. Pyrochlore crystal structure drawn using VESTA 3 (Momma and Izumi, 2011).

The Groups and Species

Table 2 shows the species of the pyrochlore supergroup, except hydrokenoralstonite and fluornatrocoulsellite.

TABLE 2

TABLE 2. Mineral species of the pyrochlore (P), microlite (M), roméite (R), elsmoreite (E), and betafite (B) groups. Blue: already valid in 2010; red: expected in 2010 and described later; brown: expected in 2010 but not yet described; green: not foreseen in 2010 but described later.

Following that, simplified formulae are given for the pyrochlore species. Note that subordinate components at the A, B, X, or Y sites have no nomenclatural significance and any of these could be replaced by “#”, indicating an unspecified heterovalent species required for charge balance.

Pyrochlore Group

Oxycalciopyrochlore (Atencio et al., 2010), Ca₂Nb₂O₆O, Fd$\overline{3}$m, a 10.356(2) Å, V 1110.6 (7) ų, first described by Černý et al. (1979) as “stibiobetafite.” The IMA number was not quoted in the original description of “stibiobetafite.” Type locality: Věžná I pegmatite, Věžná, Žďár nad Sázavou District, Vysočina Region, Czech Republic.

Hydropyrochlore (Atencio et al., 2010), (H₂O, #)₂Nb₂O₆(H₂O), Fd$\overline{3}$m, a 10.580 Å, V 1184.29 ų, first described by van Wambeke (1978) as “kalipyrochlore.” The IMA number was not quoted in the original description of “kalipyrochlore.” Type locality: Lueshe Mine, Bwito, Rutshuru Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo.

Cesiokenopyrochlore (Agakhanov et al., 2021), (□, #)₂Nb₂O₆Cs, Fd$\overline{3}$m, a 10.444(1) Å, V 1139.5(2) ų. IMA number: 2016-104. Type locality: Tetezantsio pegmatites, Tetezantsio-Andoabatokely Pegmatite Field, Andrembesoa, Betafo, Vakinankaratra, Madagascar.

Fluorcalciopyrochlore (Li et al., 2016), (Ca, #)₂Nb₂O₆F, Fd$\overline{3}$m, a 10.4164(9) Å, V 1130.19 ų. IMA number: 2013-055. Type locality: Bayan Obo deposit (Bayun-Obo deposit; Baiyunebo deposit), Bayan Obo, Bayan Obo mining district, Baotou City (Baotou Prefecture), Inner Mongolia, China.

Fluornatropyrochlore (Jingwu et al., 2015), (Na, #)₂Nb₂O₆F, Fd$\overline{3}$m, a 10. 5,053(10) Å, V 1159.4 ų. IMA number: 2013-056. Type locality: Boziguoer intrusion, Baicheng Co. (Bay Co.), Akesu Prefecture (Aksu Prefecture; Aqsu Prefecture), Xinjiang, China.

Hydrokenopyrochlore (Biagioni et al., 2018), (□, #)₂Nb₂O₆(H₂O), Fd$\overline{3}$m, a 10.4887(8) Å, V 1153.9 ų. IMA number: 2017-005. Type locality: Antandrokomby pegmatite, Manandona Valley, Sahatsiho Ambohimanjaka, Ambositra, Amoron’i Mania, Madagascar.

Hydroxycalciopyrochlore (Yang et al., 2014), (Ca, #)₂Nb₂O₆(OH), Fd$\overline{3}$m, a 10.381(4) Å, V 1118.7 ų. IMA number: 2011-026. Type locality: Maoniuping Mine, Mianning County, Liangshan Yi, Sichuan, China.

Hydroxynatropyrochlore (Ivanyuk et al., 2019), (Na, #)₂Nb₂O₆(OH), Fd$\overline{3}$m, a 10.3276(5) Å, V 1101.5 ų. IMA number: 2017-074. Type locality: Phoscorite-carbonatite pipe, Kovdor Massif, Murmansk Oblast, Russia.

Hydroxykenopyrochlore (Miyawaki et al., 2017, pending publication), (□, #)₂Nb₂O₆ (OH), Fd$\overline{3}$m, a 10.590(5) Å, V 1187.65 ų. IMA number: 2017-030a. Type locality: Araxá mine, Araxá complex, Barreiro, Araxá, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Hydroxymanganopyrochlore (Chukanov et al., 2013), (Mn²⁺, #)₂Nb₂O₆ (OH), Fd$\overline{3}$m, a 10.2523(2) Å, V 1077.62 ų. IMA number: 2012-005. Type locality: In den Dellen quarries, Mendig, Mendig, Mayen-Koblenz District, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

Hydroxyplumbopyrochlore (Li et al., 2020), (Pb, #)₂Nb₂O₆ (OH), Fd$\overline{3}$m, a 10.558 (2) Å, V 1176.91 ų. IMA number: 2018-145. Type locality: Jabal Sayid mine (Jabal Sayid Cu-Zn deposit), Medina Region, Saudi Arabia.

“Fluorstrontiopyrochlore” (Atencio et al., 2010), (Sr, #)₂Nb₂O₆F, a possible new species, analysis published (Franchini et al., 2005). Occurrence: Jasimampa prospect, Ojo de Agua Department, Santiago del Estero Province, Argentina.

“Fluorkenopyrochlore” (Atencio et al., 2010), (□, #)₂Nb₂O₆F, a possible new species, analyses published (Kartashov et al., 1998; Schmitt et al., 2002). Occurrences: Khaldzan Buragtag massif, Myangad District, Khovd Province, Mongolia; Amis Complex, Brandberg Complex, Brandberg Area, Dâures Constituency, Erongo Region, Greenland.

“Oxynatropyrochlore” (Atencio et al., 2010), (Na, #)₂Nb₂O₆O, a possible new species, analyses published (Hogarth and Horne 1989; Knudsen 1989; Chukanov et al., 1999). Occurrences: Locality 2, Ndale Area, Fort Portal, Kabarole, Western Region, Uganda; Qaqqaarsuk, Maniitsoq, Maniitsoq Island, Qeqqata, Greenland; Mika pegmatite, Rangkul' Highlands, Gorno-Badakhshan, Tajikistan.

“Oxyplumbopyrochlore” (Atencio et al., 2010), Pb₂Nb₂O₆O, a possible new species, analysis published (Voloshin and Pakhomovskiy, 1986). Occurrence: Kola Peninsula, Murmansk Oblast, Russia.

“Oxyyttropyrochlore-(Y)” (Atencio et al., 2010), (Y, #)₂Nb₂O₆O, a possible new species, analysis published (Tindle and Breaks, 1998). Occurrence: Separation Rapids Lithium Project (Separation Lake area), Kenora District, Ontario, Canada.

“Kenoplumbopyrochlore” (Atencio et al., 2010), (Pb, #)₂ Nb₂O₆□, a possible new species, analysis published (Voloshin and Pakhomovskiy, 1986). Occurrence: Ploskaya Mt, Western Keivy Massif, Keivy Mountains, Lovozersky District, Murmansk Oblast, Russia.

Microlite Group

Hydroxykenomicrolite (Atencio et al., 2010), (□, #)₂Ta₂O₆ (OH), Fd$\overline{3}$m, a 10.526 (5) Å, V 1166.244 ų, first described by Voloshin et al. (1981) as “cesstibtantite.” The IMA number was not quoted in the original description of “cesstibtantite.” Type locality: Vasin-Myl’k Mt, Voron’i Tundry, Murmansk Oblast, Russia.

Oxystannomicrolite (Atencio et al., 2010), Sn₂Ta₂O₆O, Fd$\overline{3}$m, a 10.470 Å, V 1147.73 ų, first described by Vorma and Siivola (1967) as “sukulaite.” The IMA number was not quoted in the original description of “sukulaite.” Type locality: Sukula Pegmatites, Tammela, Tavastia Proper, Finland.

Oxystibiomicrolite (Atencio et al., 2010), (Sb³⁺, #)₂Ta₂O₆O, Fd$\overline{3}$m, a 10.455(2) Å, V 1142.80 ų, first described by Groat et al. (1987) as “stibiomicrolite.” The IMA number was not quoted in the original description of “stibiomicrolite.” Type locality: Varuträsk, Skellefteå, Västerbotten County, Sweden.

Fluorcalciomicrolite (Andrade et al., 2013a), (Ca²⁺, #)₂ Ta₂O₆F, Fd$\overline{3}$m, a 10.4191 (6) Å, V 1131.07 ų. IMA number: 2012-036. Type locality: Volta Grande mine (Mibra mine), Nazareno, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Fluornatromicrolite (Witzke et al., 2011), (Na, #)₂ Ta₂O₆F, Fd$\overline{3}$m, a 10.4451 (2) Å, V 1139.56 ų. IMA number: 1998-018. Type locality: Quixaba pegmatite, Quixaba, Frei Martinho, Paraíba, Brazil.

Hydrokenomicrolite (Andrade et al., 2013b; Atencio, 2016), (□, #)₂Ta₂O₆ (H₂O). Hydrokenomicrolite-3C polytype: Cubic, Fd$\overline{3}$m, a 10.454(1) Å. V 1142.5 (2) ų. Hydrokenomicrolite-3R polytype: Trigonal, R$\overline{3}$m, a 7.4290(6), c 18.505 (2) Å, V 884.5 (1) ų. IMA Numbers: hydrokenomicrolite (hydrokenomicrolite-3C) 2011-103; “parabariomicrolite” (hydrokenomicrolite-3R): 84-3. Type localities: Hydrokenomicrolite-3C (described as hydrokenomicrolite by Andrade et al., 2013b), Volta Grande pegmatite, Nazareno, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Hydrokenomicrolite-3R (formerly described as “parabariomicrolite” by Ercit et al., 1986), Alto do Giz pegmatite, Equador Co., Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.

Hydroxycalciomicrolite (Andrade et al., 2017), (Ca²⁺, #)₂ Ta₂O₆(OH), P4₂32, a 10.4205(8) Å V 1131.53 ų. The first pyrochlore-supergroup mineral with long range ordering of Ca and □ on the A sites, that invokes reduction of symmetry. IMA number: 2013-073. Type locality: Volta Grande mine (Mibra mine), Nazareno, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Kenoplumbomicrolite (Atencio et al., 2018), (Pb, #)₂ Ta₂O₆□, P4₂32, a 10.575 (5) Å V 1182.6 ų. IMA number: 2015-007-a. Type locality: Ploskaya Mt, Western Keivy Massif, Keivy Mountains, Lovozersky District, Murmansk Oblast, Russia.

Oxynatromicrolite (Fan et al., 2016), (Na, #)₂ Ta₂O₆O, Fd$\overline{3}$m, a 10.420(6) Å, V 1131.4 ų. IMA number: 2013-063. Type locality: Pegmatite vein no. 309, Guanpo pegmatite field, Guanpo, Lushi County, Sanmenxia, Henan, China.

Oxycalciomicrolite (Menezes da Silva et al., 2020), Ca₂Ta₂O₆O, Fd$\overline{3}$m, a 10.4325 (4) Å, V 1135.46(14) ų. IMA number: 2019-110. Type locality: Fumal pegmatite, Nazareno, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Oxybismutomicrolite (Kasatkin et al., 2020), (Bi, #)₂ Ta₂O₆O, Fd$\overline{3}$m, a 10.475 (1) Å, V 1149.38 ų. IMA number: 2019-047. Type locality: Solnechnaya pegmatite, Malkhan pegmatite field (Malchan; “Malechansk”), Krasnyi Chikoy, Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia.

“Hydromicrolite” (Atencio et al., 2010), (H₂O, #)₂ Nb₂O₆(H₂O), a possible new species, analysis published (Andrade, 2007). Occurrence: Volta Grande mine (Mibra mine), Nazareno, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Roméite Group

Hydroxycalcioroméite (Atencio et al., 2010), (Ca, #)₂Sb⁵⁺₂O₆(OH), Fd$\overline{3}$m, a 10.264 Å, V 1081.31 ų, first described by Hussak and Prior (1895) as “lewisite.” IMA number: a pre-IMA mineral. Type locality: Tripuí (Tripuhy), Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Fluorcalcioroméite (Atencio et al., 2013), (Ca, #)₂ Sb⁵⁺₂O₆F, Fd$\overline{3}$m, a 10.2987 (8) Å, V 1092.31 ų. IMA number: 2012-093. Type locality: Starlera Mine, Starlera Valley, Ferrera, Viamala Region, Grisons, Switzerland.

Hydroxyferroroméite (Mills et al., 2017a), (Fe²⁺, #)₂Sb⁵⁺₂O₆(OH), Fd$\overline{3}$m, a 10.25 (3) Å, V 1077 Å³. IMA number: 2016-006. Type locality: Correc d’en Llinassos (Ravin d’en Llinassous), Oms, Céret, Pyrénées-Orientales, Occitanie, France.

Oxycalcioroméite (Biagioni et al., 2013), Ca₂Sb⁵⁺₂O₆O, Fd$\overline{3}$m, a 10.3042 (7) Å, V 1094.06 ų. IMA number: 2012-022. Type locality: Buca della Vena Mine, Ponte Stazzemese, Stazzema, Lucca Province, Tuscany, Italy.

Oxyplumboroméite (Hålenius and Bosi, 2013), Pb₂Sb⁵⁺₂O₆O, Fd$\overline{3}$m, a 10.3783 (6) Å, V 1117.84 ų. IMA number: 2013-042. Type locality: Harstigen Mine, Pajsberg, Persberg ore district, Filipstad, Värmland County, Sweden.

“Fluornatroroméite” (Atencio et al., 2010), (Na, #)₂ Sb⁵⁺₂O₆F, a possible new species, crystal structure determined (Matsubara et al., 1996). Occurrence: Gozaisho mine, Iwaki, Japan.

Elsmoreite Group

Hydrokenoelsmoreite (Atencio et al., 2010), □₂W₂O₆ (H₂O), first described by Williams et al. (2005) as “elsmoreite”. Hydrokenoelsmoreite-3C polytype: Cubic, Fd$\overline{3}$m, a 10.3065(3) Å. V 1094.80 ų. Hydrokenoelsmoreite-6R polytype: Trigonal, R$\overline{3}$, a 7.2882(2), c 35.7056(14) Å, V 1642.51 ų. IMA Numbers: “elsmoreite” (hydrokenoelsmoreite-3C) 2003-059. Type localities: Hydrokenoelsmoreite-3C (described as elsmoreite by Williams et al., 2005): Elsmore Tin Mine (Elsmore Tin lodes), Elsmore, Gough Co., New South Wales, Australia; hydrokenoelsmoreite-3C and hydrokenoelsmoreite-6R (formerly “ferritungstite”) from Hemerdon mine (now Drakelands mine) in Devon, United Kingdom (Mills et al., 2016).

Hydroxykenoelsmoreite (Mills et al., 2017b), (□, #)₂ W₂O₆(OH), Trigonal, R$\overline{3}$, a 7.313(2), c 17.863(7) Å, V 827(1) ų. IMA number: 2016-056. Type locality: Masaka gold mine, Muyinga Province, Burundi.

Unassigned Members

Fluornatrocoulsellite (Atencio et al., 2017), (Na, #)₂ Mg₂F₆F, R$\overline{3}$m, a 7.1620(1), c 17.5972(3) Å, V 781.7049 ų, first described by Birch et al. (2009) as “cousellite.” IMA number: 2009-046 (coulsellite). Type locality: Mt Cleveland Mine, Luina, Heazlewood district, Waratah-Wynyard municipality, Tasmania, Australia.

Hydrokenoralstonite (Atencio et al., 2017), □₂Al₂F₆(H₂O), Fd$\overline{3}$m, a 9.91(4) Å. V 973.24 ų, first described by Brush (1871) as “ralstonite.” IMA number: pre-IMA mineral. Type locality: Ivigtut Mine, Arsuk Fjord, Sermersooq, Greenland.

Betafite Group

“Oxycalciobetafite” (Atencio et al., 2010), (Ca,#)₂Ti₂O₆O, a possible new species, analysis published (Meyer and Yang, 1988). Occurrence: Fra Mauro Base (Apollo 14 landing site), Fra Mauro Highlands, The Moon.

“Oxyuranobetafite” (Atencio et al., 2010), (U, #)₂ Ti₂O₆O, a possible new species, analysis published (Mokhov et al., 2008). Occurrence: Luna 24 landing site, Mare Crisium, The Moon.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Author Contributions

The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and has approved it for publication.

Conflict of Interest

The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Acknowledgments

The author acknowledges FAPESP (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo) for financial support (process 2019/23498-0) and CNPq for research productivity scholarship (process 303431/2019-9).

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