Editorial: iSensor and iMedicine for human health
Chengchao Chu1 
Yan Zhang2,3*- 1School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- 2School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
- 3Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
Editorial on the Research Topic
iSensor and iMedicine for human health
Up to now, precise diagnosis and treatment of diseases have always been the hot Research Topic in the fields of analytical chemistry, biology and medicine (Nie et al., 2021; Hou et al., 2022). In order to serve public health and obtain a better understanding of diseases, in-depth researches have been carried out, with much more attention attached to the occurrence, mechanism, prevention and diagnosis of diseases, as well as safe and effective treatments, which play a critical role in disease events. Thus, iSensor (intelligentized sensor) and iMedicine (intelligentized medicine) were proposed to satisfy the high requirements for the recent medical environment.
Diagnosis of disease can be divided into in vitro diagnosis and in vivo diagnosis. In vivo diagnosis can be further divided into two methods, wearable diagnosis (Zhu et al.) and in vivo imaging, both of which are already involved in important clinical practice. In addition, in vitro diagnosis refers to the diagnosis of diseases through the analysis of blood, urine, saliva, tears and even breath gas collected in the body, and combined with the analysis of active ingredients, and thus understand the disease by sensors. Among various in vitro diagnostic strategy, electrochemical immunosensor has received more and more attention due to its convenient and rapid detection. To increase the sensitivity of electrochemical sensor, methylene blue (MB) modified MWCNT (MWCNT-MB) was coated on the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to increase the electron transfer property (Zhang et al.). Then, polydopamine was synthesized on MWCNT to connect the anti- carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) antibody (Ab). With the addition of CEA, the redox signal of MWCNT-MB decreased due to the reduction of electron transfer efficiency. Thus, the immunosensor was applied to the detection of CEA with a low limit of detection (LOD). Similarly, chitosan-reduced graphene oxide composite and gold nanoparticles were modified on the surface of GCE to increase the electrochemical signal (Chang et al.). After the modification of Ab, bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein was immobilized on GCE, reducing the electrochemical signal of added electrochemical probe ([Fe(CN)6]3−/4−).
Furthermore, electroluminescence (ECL) was another research hotspot for its low background, fast detection speed and high detection sensitivity (Fereja et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2022). In this Research Topic, the vertically ordered mesoporous silica-nanochannel film (VMSF) was coated on the surface of ITO electrode, in which positively charged Ru(bpy)32+enriched inner the nanochannel (Ma et al.). In a further step, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) Ab was modified on the surface of VMSF/ITO electrode. In addition, the PSA could specifically bind with Ab and thus resisting the physical absorption of Ru(bpy)32+ into the nanochannel, resulting in the decrease of ECL signal. Finally, the constructed ECL sensor was applied to the detection of PSA, and the immunosensor possessed a low LOD. Meanwhile, Wei et al. coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) on ITO electrode, and further modified with VMSF. The clindamycin was confirmed to enhance the ECL of Ru(bpy)32+, and the VMSF/PET-ITO sensor could detect clindamycin, using Ru(bpy)32+ as ECL luminophores. In a further study, Gong et al. constructed a three-dimensional (3D) ECL platform using VMSF modified macroporous 3D graphene electrode. Unlike traditional electrode, 3D graphene showed high diffusion/mass transfer efficiency, benefiting for the ECL detection. The Ru(bpy)32+/tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) was applied to the detection of 4-chlorophenol using the ECL sensor, in which the ECL signal of Ru(bpy)32+/TPrA was quenched by 4-chlorophenol. Moreover, chlorpheniramine could promote the ECL signal of Ru(bpy)32+, and the chlorpheniramine could be detected using the ECL sensor, with a LOD of 430 nM. Therefore, the proposed VMSF modification is an effective strategy to increase the sensitivity of ECL sensors.
Other than the traditional single-mode sensor, dual-mode or multi-mode sensor could improve detection rate and reduce the background influence (Zhang et al. 2020). For example, Tan et al. constructed a colorimetric/fluorescent dual-mode sensor using Co3O4 nanozymes, which was then applied in the detection of H2O2 and glucose with high sensitivity; Wan et al. constructed a colorimetric/fluorescent dual-mode sensor using nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dot and applied in the detection of H2O2, ascorbic acid and acid phosphatase with high sensitivity. In addition, researchers modified multi-biosensor on one chip for simultaneous detection of multi-biomarker, enabling fast quantification of the multi-biomarker associated disease. (Meng et al. 2022)
In recent years, the intelligent method has also been applied in drug development. Cheng et al. synthesized a non-alcoholic steatohepatitis treated compound YWS01125. To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of YWS01125, an ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) strategy was applied. The pharmacokinetics studies indicated that YWS01125 could be an advanced drug to treat with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Furthermore, with the continuous development of nano/micro-medicine, the use of nano/micro-materials for drug delivery or nano-therapy arose (Shi et al.; Wang et al.). All in all, it could be concluded that the future of iSensor and iMedicine depends on three key factors: 1) new types of in vitro and in vivo diagnostic equipment; 2) advanced diagnostic probes, imaging probes, and smart medicines; 3) effective data integration and analysis.
Author contributions
CC was a Guest Editor of the Research Topic and wrote the paper text. YZ was a Guest Editor of the Research Topic and edited the text.
Funding
This work was financially supported by the NSFC (32271447 and 21904047), Taishan Scholars Program (tsqn202103082), the Excellent Youth Innovation Team in Universities of Shandong (2021KJ021), and the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Qingdao University of Science and Technology (M2023-5).
Acknowledgments
We thank authors of the papers published in this Research Topic for their valuable contributions and the referees for their rigorous review.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
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References
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Keywords: sensor, wearable devices, electrochemistry, electroluminescence, in vitro, in vivo
Citation: Chu C and Zhang Y (2022) Editorial: iSensor and iMedicine for human health. Front. Chem. 10:1107145. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1107145
Received: 24 November 2022; Accepted: 25 November 2022;
Published: 01 December 2022.
Edited and reviewed by:
Jin-Wen Liu, Guangxi Medical University, ChinaCopyright © 2022 Chu and Zhang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Yan Zhang, chm_zhangyan@hotmail.com