AUTHOR=Fernandez y Mostajo Mercedes , van der Reijden Wil A. , Buijs Mark J. , Beertsen Wouter , van der Weijden Fridus , Crielaard Wim , Zaura Egija 

TITLE=Effect of an oxygenating agent on oral bacteria in vitro and on dental plaque composition in healthy young adults

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

VOLUME=4

YEAR=2014

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2014.00095

DOI=10.3389/fcimb.2014.00095

ISSN=2235-2988

ABSTRACT=<p>Oral bacteria live in symbiosis with the host. Therefore, when mouthwashes are indicated, selective inhibition of taxa contributing to disease is preferred instead of broad-spectrum antimicrobials. The potential selectivity of an oxygenating mouthwash, Ardox-X® (AX), has not been assessed. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial potential of AX and the effects of a twice-daily oral rinse on dental plaque composition.</p><p><bold>Material and methods:</bold><italic>In vitro</italic>, 16 oral bacterial strains were tested using agar diffusion susceptibility, minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentration tests. A pilot <italic>clinical study</italic> was performed with 25 healthy volunteers. Clinical assessments and microbiological sampling of supragingival plaque were performed at 1 month before the experiment (Pre-exp), at the start of the experiment (Baseline) and after the one-week experimental period (Post-exp). During the experiment individuals used AX mouthwash twice daily in absence of other oral hygiene measures. The microbiological composition of plaque was assessed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing.</p><p><bold>Results:</bold> AX showed high inter-species variation in microbial growth inhibition. The tested <italic>Prevotella</italic> strains and <italic>Fusobacterium nucleatum</italic> showed the highest sensitivity, while streptococci and <italic>Lactobacillus acidophilus</italic> were most resistant to AX. Plaque scores at Pre-exp and Baseline visits did not differ significantly (<italic>p</italic> = 0.193), nor did the microbial composition of plaque. During a period of 7-days non-brushing but twice daily rinsing plaque scores increased from 2.21 (0.31) at Baseline to 2.43 (0.39) Post-exp. A significant microbial shift in composition was observed: genus <italic>Streptococcus</italic> and <italic>Veillonella</italic> increased while <italic>Corynebacterium, Haemophilus, Leptotrichia, Cardiobacterium</italic> and <italic>Capnocytophaga</italic> decreased (<italic>p</italic> ≤ 0.001).</p><p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> AX has the potential for selective inhibition of oral bacteria. The shift in oral microbiome after 1 week of rinsing deserves further research.</p>