Grouper TRADD Mediates Innate Antiviral Immune Responses and Apoptosis Induced by Singapore Grouper Iridovirus (SGIV) Infection

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain protein (TRADD) is a TNFR1-associated signal transducer and an essential component of the TNFR1 complex that is involved in activating both apoptotic and nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathways as an adaptor. It also is required for TNFR-1-initiated neuronal apoptosis following in vitro infection with virus as an essential component of the antiviral response. To date, few studies have investigated the function of TRADD in lower vertebrates and its antiviral response to DNA virus infection. In the present study, a TRADD gene (named as EcTRADD) from the orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) was cloned and characterized. The full-length cDNA of EcTRADD consists of 1,370 base pairs (bp) and contains a 44 bp 5′-terminal untranslated region (UTR), a 450 bp 3′-UTR including a poly (A) tail, and an 876 bp open reading frame encoding a putative 291 amino acid protein. EcTRADD has two conserved domains of N-terminal domain (TRADD-N) and a death domain (DD). EcTRADD was detected in all examined tissues. EcTRADD was up-regulated in the spleen after infection with Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV). Subcellular localization analysis revealed that EcTRADD and EcTRADD-DD exhibited a clear pattern of discrete and interconnecting cytoplasmic filaments resembling the death-effector filaments, while EcTRADD-N was observed in the cytoplasm. After infection with SGIV, EcTRADD, and EcTRADD-DD were transferred to the nucleus. Overexpression of EcTRADD and its domains inhibited replication of SGIV in vitro. Both EcTRADD and EcTRADD-DD induced the caspase-dependent apoptosis in control and infected cells, while EcTRADD-N inhibited the apoptosis. Additionally, EcTRADD and EcTRADD-DD significantly promoted activation of NF-κB and reporter gene p53, whereas EcTRADD-N had no significant effect on p53. The results may provide new insights into the role of fish TRADD in fish virus infection.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain protein (TRADD) is a TNFR1-associated signal transducer and an essential component of the TNFR1 complex that is involved in activating both apoptotic and nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathways as an adaptor. It also is required for TNFR-1-initiated neuronal apoptosis following in vitro infection with virus as an essential component of the antiviral response. To date, few studies have investigated the function of TRADD in lower vertebrates and its antiviral response to DNA virus infection. In the present study, a TRADD gene (named as EcTRADD) from the orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) was cloned and characterized. The full-length cDNA of EcTRADD consists of 1,370 base pairs (bp) and contains a 44 bp 5 ′ -terminal untranslated region (UTR), a 450 bp 3 ′ -UTR including a poly (A) tail, and an 876 bp open reading frame encoding a putative 291 amino acid protein. EcTRADD has two conserved domains of N-terminal domain (TRADD-N) and a death domain (DD). EcTRADD was detected in all examined tissues. EcTRADD was up-regulated in the spleen after infection with Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV). Subcellular localization analysis revealed that EcTRADD and EcTRADD-DD exhibited a clear pattern of discrete and interconnecting cytoplasmic filaments resembling the death-effector filaments, while EcTRADD-N was observed in the cytoplasm. After infection with SGIV, EcTRADD, and EcTRADD-DD were transferred to the nucleus. Overexpression of EcTRADD and its domains inhibited replication of SGIV in vitro. Both EcTRADD and EcTRADD-DD induced the caspase-dependent apoptosis in control and infected cells, while EcTRADD-N inhibited the apoptosis. Additionally, EcTRADD and EcTRADD-DD significantly promoted activation of NF-κB and reporter gene p53, whereas EcTRADD-N had no significant effect on p53. The results may provide new insights into the role of fish TRADD in fish virus infection.
Keywords: grouper, TRADD, SGIV, virus replication, apoptosis INTRODUCTION Apoptosis, or programmed death, is a complicated process of cell-regulated destruction (Hengartner, 2000). Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) can induce apoptosis and activate nuclear factor (NF)-κB, which activates both cell death and cell survival mechanisms simultaneously through signaling cascades emanating from TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) (Rath and Aggarwal, 1999). TNFR1 contains a conserved death domain (DD) that binds to so-called death receptors and triggers the caspase cascade reaction to induce apoptosis (Olivier and Jürg, 2003).
Tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain protein (TRADD) is a TNFR1-associated signal transducer and an essential component of the TNFR1 complex that is involved in activating both pathways by recruiting other members of the complex to the receptor (Hsu et al., 1995(Hsu et al., , 1996b. Among these members are receptor-interacting protein and Fas-associated DD protein that bind the COOH-terminal DD of TRADD and form the so-called death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) that delivers a powerful and rapid pro-apoptotic signal (Hsu et al., 1996a,b;Michael et al., 2002;Olivier and Jürg, 2003). The receptor complexes can mediate recruitment and activation of procaspase-8, which activates downstream caspases such as caspase-3 that participate in execution of the apoptotic process (Olivier and Jürg, 2003). Caspase-8 can be recruited into complexes with members of the TNF-receptor superfamily and form death effector filaments (DEF) through the death effector domain (DED) structure to trigger apoptosis (Siegel et al., 1998). TRADD occupation not only induces these pathways but also binds the NH 2 -terminal domain portion of TNF receptor associated factor 2, leading to triggering of NF-κB signaling pathways (Hsu et al., 1996b;Olivier and Jürg, 2003). However, activation of NF-κB mediates expression of the inhibitor of caspase-8 and FLIPL, thereby inhibiting the TNF-induced apoptotic pathway (Micheau et al., 2001).
Apoptotic cell death occurs widely in viral infection (Penny and Tyler, 2009;Kinpara et al., 2013). Activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase, NF-κB, and p53 pathways can regulate viral induced apoptosis (Kinpara et al., 2013;Guo et al., 2016a). Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), the main pathogen of grouper and seabass, can cause enlargement with hemorrhage of spleen and multifocal areas of splenic degeneration of infected diseased fish (Qin et al., , 2003Huang et al., 2004). Our previous study showed that SGIV induced typical apoptosis in fathead minnow (FHM) epithelial cells . Further analyses of host and/or SGIV genes based on FHM cells will help us to understand the pathogenesis of iridescent virus (Yan et al., 2013;Wei et al., 2015;Guo et al., 2016b). Therefore, FHM cells are used in studies of SGIV infection in this paper.
Viruses, bacteria, and parasites can induce macrophage production of TNF, which binds to cell surface receptors TNFR1 or TNFR2. Trimeric TNF binds to the extracellular domain of TNFR1, triggering an intracellular signaling pathway that releases the inhibitory protein silencer of DD from the intracellular DD of TNFR1 (Hidetoshi et al., 2003). TNFR1 undergoes a conformational change to form a trimer, after which the DD recruits and binds to TRADD to regulate the NF-κB pathway for cell survival and the apoptotic pathway for cell death. Thus, there is a delicate balance between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signaling, which depends on TRADD binding to membrane-bound TNFR1 in the DISC. The outcome of receptor activation (cell survival or death) depends on the background of its activation. In some cases, inhibition of caspase cannot be blocked and may even increase TNF-induced cell death (Jones et al., 2000;Lüschen et al., 2000;Michael et al., 2002).
In this study, a TRADD gene from the orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides (EcTRADD) was cloned and characterized. The antiviral roles of EcTRADD and its domains during replication of SGIV were investigated. The results will provide new insights into the function of fish TRADD against infection by fish viruses.

Cloning of EcTRADD and Bioinformatic Analysis
First-strand cDNA of grouper TRADD was synthesized from the total RNA of spleen using the SMARTTM RACE cDNA amplification kit (Clontech) for 3 ′ RACE and 5 ′ RACE. Two primers (F1 and R1) were designed (Table 1) based on the expressed sequence tag sequences of TRADD from the grouper spleen transcriptome . PCR was performed

Name
Sequence ( with 10 µM of F1 or R1 and 500 nM of Nested Universal Primer A (Clontech). Denaturation was performed for 5 min at 94 • C, followed by 35 cycles for 30 s at 94 • C, 30 s at 60 • C, and 45 s at 72 • C. The PCR products of 3 ′ RACE and 5 ′ RACE were analyzed on 1% agarose gels, and extracted using an AxyPrep DNA gel extraction kit (AxyGEN), then sequenced. The sequence of the open reading frame (ORF) of EcTRADD was obtained and confirmed by replication with PCR using specific primers F2 and R2 ( Table 1). The sequence of EcTRADD was analyzed using the BLAST program (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast), and the conserved domains or motifs were predicted using the Conserved Domains program (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/cdd/). Amino acid alignments were carried out using Clustal X1.83 software and edited using the GeneDoc program. The phylogenetic analysis was conducted using the neighbor-joining (NJ) method in MEGA 6.0 software.

Fish, Cells, and Virus
Juvenile orange-spotted groupers (weight 30-40 g) used in this study were purchased from Wenchang Marine Fish Farm, Hainan Province, China. They were kept in a laboratory recirculating seawater system at 24-28 • C and fed twice daily for 2 weeks.

RNA Extraction and cDNA Synthesis
Total RNA was extracted using SV Total RNA Isolation Kit (Promega, USA) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The quality of total RNA was assessed by electrophoresis on 1% agarose gel. Total RNA was reverse transcribed to synthesize the first-strand cDNA using the ReverTra Ace kit (TOYOBO, Japan) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Expression Patterns for EcTRADD in Grouper
To elucidate the tissue distribution of EcTRADD in healthy orange-spotted grouper, different tissue samples including kidney, heart, liver, spleen, intestine, stomach, muscle, brain, gill, head kidney, fin, and skin from six fish were collected for RNA extraction and further real-time quantitative PCR analysis (qRT-PCR). To detect the expression profiles of EcTRADD in response to virus infection, the orange-spotted groupers were infected with SGIV and harvested at 0, 9, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h. Total RNA was extracted and the expression of EcTRADD was analyzed using qRT-PCR.

Plasmid Construction and Cell Transfection
In order to illustrate the potential function and subcellular localization of EcTRADD, the sequences of EcTRADD, EcTRADD-DD, and EcTRADD-N were cloned into pEGFP-C1 and pcDNA3.1-3HA vectors using primers listed in Table 1, and the plasmids of EcTRADD, EcTRADD-DD, and EcTRADD-N were constructed successfully.
Cell transfection was carried out using transfection reagent (TA) Lipofectamine 2000 reagent (Invitrogen) as described previously (Xiaohong et al., 2013). Briefly, FHM and GS cells were seeded in 24-well cell culture plates or 6-well plates at 60-70% confluence, then incubated with the mixture of Lipofectamine 2000 and plasmids for 6 h and replaced with the fresh normal medium.

Virus Infection Assay
To evaluate the effects of EcTRADD on virus infection, GS cells overexpressing pEGFP-C1, pEGTP-EcTRADD, pEGFP-EcTRADD-N, or pEGFP-EcTRADD-DD were infected with SGIV at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 2. At indicated time points, the cell morphology was observed under a phase contrast microscopy. Meanwhile, parallel cell samples were harvested for RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, and the expression profiles of three SGIV genes (ORF049, ORF072, and ORF086) were evaluated by qRT-PCR using primers listed in Table 1.

qRT-PCR
qRT-PCR was performed in an Applied Biosystems Quant Studio 3 Real Time Detection System (Thermofisher, USA) to check the transcriptional expression level of host and virus genes. Each assay was carried out in triplicate with the following cycling conditions: 1 min for activation at 95 • C, followed by 40 cycles for 15 s at 95 • C, 15 s at 60 • C, and 45 s at 72 • C. The primers used were listed in Table 1. The expression levels of target genes were normalized to β-actin and calculated with the 2 − CT method. The data were represented as mean ± SD.

Analysis of Cell Apoptosis
FHM cells overexpressing pcDNA3.1-3HA, pcDNA3.1-EcTRADD, pcDNA3.1-EcTRADD-N, or pcDNA3.1-DD were infected with SGIV at MOI of 2. Cells were stained with Hoechst 33342 at 12 h post-infection, and the morphologies of apoptotic corpuscles were observed under fluorescence microscope. Meanwhile, other cells were harvested, and washed twice with PBS, and resuspended in 1 × Binding Buffer at a concentration of 1 × 10 6 cells/ml. Then 100 µl of the solution (1 × 10 5 cells) were transferred to a 5 ml culture tube, and 5 µl of FITC Annexin V and 5 µl PI were added. The cells were gently vortexed and incubated for 15 min at 25 • C in the dark. Four hundred microliter of 1 × Binding Buffer was added to each tube. Then the cells were analyzed by flow cytometry within 1 h. Data analysis was performed with FlowJo V10.

Assays of Caspase Activation
Caspase-8 can induce classic apoptosis, which involves the activation of caspases that are associated with the assembly of cytoplasmic DEFs (Siegel et al., 1998). The activities of caspase-8 and caspase-3 were measured using IETD-AFC and DEVD-AFC (BioVision). Cells were collected from monolayers and then lysed in 60 µl of cell lysis buffer for 10 min on ice. After centrifugation, 45 µl of supernatant were extracted and added to a 96-well plate. Next, 50 µl of 2 × reaction buffer (containing 10 Mm dithiothreitol) were added to each sample. Finally, 5 µl of the 1 Mm IETE-AFC or DEVD-AFC substrates (50 µM final concentration) were added, and the mixture was incubated for 1-2 h at 37 • C. Levels of cleaved caspase substrate were measured using a spectrofluorometer (Molecular Devices).

Reporter Gene Assays
To examine the effects of EcTRADD on the activity of p53 and NF-κB promoter, luciferase plasmids including NF-κB-Luc and p53-Luc were used in this study. In brief, FHM cells were co-transfected with 200 ng NF-κB-Luc (p53-Luc) and 600 ng EcTRADD, EcTRADD-N, or Ec TRADD-DD, respectively. A total of 50 ng SV40 was included to normalize the luciferase activities. Then cells were harvested to measure the luciferase activities by Dual-Luciferase R Reporter Assay System (Promega) at 24 h post-infection according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Statistical Analysis
Statistics were carried out using SPSS version 20 by one-way analysis of variance. Differences were considered statistically significant at * P < 0.05 and * * P < 0.01.

Ethics Statement
All animal-involving experiments of this study were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, and all efforts were made to minimize suffering. BLAST analysis revealed that EcTRADD shares 91.81% identity with the yellow perch Perca flavescens (XP_028437633.1). Multiple sequence alignments were carried out using Clustal X multiple-alignment software. Phylogenetic trees were made using the NJ method with 1,000 bootstraps. EcTRADD is clustered in the Osteichthyes branch and the TRADD subfamily is conservative among Osteichthyes (Figures 1A,B).

Tissue Distribution and Expression Profiles of EcTRADD in vivo
The transcript levels of EcTRADD in different tissues from healthy juvenile orange-spotted groupers were analyzed using qRT-PCR. As shown in Figure 2A, EcTRADD was distributed in all 12 examined tissues and predominantly detected in liver, brain, muscle, skin, and fin.
To characterize the expression patterns of the EcTRADD gene during viral infection, the expression profiles of EcTRADD in spleen after SGIV infection was determined by qRT-PCR. EcTRADD was up-regulated in the spleen after SGIV infection; it reached the maximal level at 24 h p.i., which was 5-fold higher than that of control ( Figure 2B).

Cellular Localization of EcTRADD
To investigate the function of EcTRADD, the subcellular location was monitored in FHM and GS cells. The fluorescent signals of pEGFP-C1 distributed in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus (Figures 3A,B). Compared with the controls, without SGIV infection, EcTRADD and EcTRADD-DD exhibited a clear pattern of discrete and interconnecting cytoplasmic filaments resembling the death effector filaments (Figures 3A,B), which is similar to the distribution of Bcl10 in FHM cells (Guiet and Vito, 2000;Cottin et al., 2001). In contrast, EcTRADD-N was observed in the cytoplasm (Figures 3A,B). After SGIV infection, the distribution of EcTRADD and EcTRADD-DD transferred to the nucleus (Figure 3C).

Overexpression of EcTRADD Inhibited SGIV Replication
To elucidate the potential roles of EcTRADD on fish virus replication, the transcription level of virus genes in EcTRADD, EcTRADD-N, and EcTRADD-DD overexpressed cells were examined. Severity of the cytopathogenic effect (CPE) evoked by SGIV infection at 24 h p.i. was delayed in cells overexpressing EcTRADD and its domains compared to control cells ( Figure 4A). Consistently, the transcription level of SGIV genes (ORF086, ORF049, and ORF072) were significantly decreased relative to the control in EcTRADD, EcTRADD-DD, and EcTRADD-N-overexpressing cells ( Figure 4B). Finally, the virus titer assay also indicated that overexpression of EcTRADD and EcTRADD-DD significantly inhibited SGIV replication ( Figure 4C). These results indicated that EcTRADD and its domains inhibited the replication of SGIV.

DISCUSSION
Numerous studies have shown that TRADD is a TNFR1associated signal transducer and an essential component of the TNFR1 complex that is involved in activating both apoptotic and NF-κB pathways as an adaptor (Olivier and Jürg, 2003). It is also required for TNFR-1-initiated neuronal apoptosis following in vitro infection with virus as an essential component of the antiviral response (Zhu et al., 2001;Michallet et al., 2007;Arnd, 2008;Vivek et al., 2010;Bai-Liang et al., 2012;Gaud et al., 2013). However, few studies have focused on the function of TRADD in lower vertebrates and its antiviral response to DNA virus infection. In this study, we cloned and characterized EcTRADD and studied its role and mechanism in the process of fish virus infection.
EcTRADD encodes a 291 amino acid protein that shares 91.81% identity with P. flavescens (XP_028437633.1). BLAST analysis indicated that EcTRADD covers two conserved domains: the DD and the N-terminal domain. The DD superfamily is a protein-protein interaction domain, including DD, pyrin, CARD (caspase activation and recruitment domain), and DED family (Kohl and Grütter, 2004). DDs as an adapter in the signaling pathway can recruit other proteins into the signaling complex FIGURE 7 | The relative luciferase activities of NF-κB and p53 promoters in EcTRADD-overexpressed cells. (A) FHM cells were co-transfected with NF-κB-Luc and pEGFP-EcTRADD or its domains, and then the activities of NF-κB promoters were detected using the luciferase reporter gene assay. (B) FHM cells were co-transfected with p53-Luc and pEGFP-EcTRADD or its domains, and then the activities of p53 promoters were detected using the luciferase reporter gene assay. (C) FHM cells were co-transfected with NF-κB-Luc and pEGFP-EcTRADD or its domains, and then cells were infected with SGIV at 16 h post-transfection. The activities of NF-κB promoters were detected at 24 h.p.i. using the luciferase reporter gene assay. (D) FHM cells were co-transfected with p53-Luc and pEGFP-EcTRADD or its domains, and then cells were infected with SGIV at 16 h post-transfection. The activities of p53 promoters were detected at 24 h.p.i. using the luciferase reporter gene assay. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. by associating with other members of the DD superfamily (Park et al., 2007). They are important components of the programmed cell death (apoptosis) pathway and are involved in many other signaling pathways like those that affect innate immunity, inflammation, differentiation and cancer (Park et al., 2007). The N-terminal domain folds into an alpha-beta sandwich with a four-stranded beta sheet and six alpha helices, each forming one layer of the structure. The domain allows TRADD to dock onto tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF), which may be important for direct caspase-8 inhibition and the immediate suppression of apoptosis at the apical point of the cascade, in turn leading to the triggering of NF-κB signaling pathways (Hsu et al., 1996b;Olivier and Jürg, 2003). In this study, nucleus staining, flow cytometry, and caspase activity results showed that overexpression of EcTRADD and EcTRADD-DD promoted apoptosis but inhibited activation of reporter gene NF-κB. Conversely, and overexpression of EcTRADD-N inhibited apoptosis but promoted activation of NF-κB. Subcellular localization is often important for regulating signaling molecules, so the localization of EcTRADD and its two domains were examined using green fluorescent protein.
A recent report suggested that the COOH-terminal portion of TRADD-DD (aa 245-312) may associate with acidic keratins 14 and 18, thereby localizing TRADD to cytoplasmic filaments and decreasing sensitivity to TNF (Inada et al., 2001). Our results showed that EcTRADD-N was excluded from the nucleus and had a diffuse cytoplasmic distribution, whereas both EcTRADD and EcTRADD-DD accumulated in what appeared to be the previously observed DEFs perinuclearly (Siegel et al., 1998;Guiet and Vito, 2000;Michael et al., 2002). Studies have shown that apoptosis triggered by the DED protein motif, which belong to DDs, is in all cases associated with the formation of intracellular DEFs. DEFs can recruit caspase-8 through TRADD, which results in caspase activation and subsequent apoptosis (Siegel et al., 1998). It has been reported that TRADD can shuttle between the cytoplasm and the nucleus (Michael et al., 2002), linking the TNF receptor with p53 and inducing apoptosis by different mechanisms (Guo et al., 2000;Wang et al., 2001;D'Orazi et al., 2002;Michael et al., 2002;Fogal et al., 2014). In this study, the localization of EcTRADD and EcTRADD-DD was transferred to the nucleus after infection with SGIV. Therefore, the localization changes of EcTRADD and EcTRADD-DD after infection with SGIV likely induced apoptosis by different mechanisms than those used in the cytoplasm.
It has been reported that proteins containing the same key interaction domains of DED may have pro-and antiapoptotic effects. All the apoptosis conditions were related to the formation of death effect filament (DEF). Procaspases are effectively recruited into these structures. Conversely, proteins that inhibit fas-induced apoptosis lack the ability to form these filaments and can antagonize apoptosis by inhibiting the formation of DEF (Jones et al., 2000). After infection with SGIV, DEF seems to be able to act as a bridge to connect TNF receptors in the cytoplasm and nuclear substances such as p53 to transmit information between the cytoplasm and the nuclear. After infection with SGIV, fluorescence localization showed that DEFs could be shuttlethrough between nuclei, and the phenomenon of deforming and fragmentation of nuclei could be observed. It was speculated that DEFs might be related to nuclear fragmentation and formation of apoptotic bodies in the process of SGIV-induced apoptosis. Therefore, it is speculated that EcTRADD and its DD domain can induce SGIV-induced apoptosis through the recruitment and activation of procaspase by the formation of cytoplasmic filaments.
The broad antiviral effects of TRADD have been demonstrated in mammalian cells for some viruses (Michallet et al., 2007;Pietras and Genhong, 2008). Based on this information, the expression of EcTRADD was examined under stimulation by SGIV. Expression of EcTRADD was up-regulated after SGIV infection in GS cells. Recently, the viral TRAF protein (ORF111L) from infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus was found to interact with TRADD and induce caspase 8-mediated apoptosis (Bai-Liang et al., 2012). Therefore, the effect of EcTRADD and its two domains were evaluated on SGIV infection in vitro. At 24 h p.i., the severity of CPE induced by SGIV infection was delayed in cells overexpressing EcTRADD, EcTRADD-DD, and EcTRADD-N. Consistently, overexpressing EcTRADD, EcTRADD-DD, and EcTRADD-N reduced the transcription level of three SGIV genes (ORF086, ORF049, and ORF072) at both 24 and 36 h p.i. The infectivity of SGIV was also inhibited by EcTRADD, EcTRADD-DD, and EcTRADD-N. These results suggest that EcTRADD and its two domains all inhibited viral infection and replication.
Viral infections also induce apoptosis (Penny and Tyler, 2009;Kinpara et al., 2013), and apoptosis induced by virus has been found to be related to activation of c-Jun Nterminal kinase, NF-κB, and p53 pathways (Kinpara et al., 2013;Guo et al., 2016a;Zhang et al., 2018). FHM cells infected by SGIV can be induced into typical apoptosis . Research has shown that TRADD can link death receptor devices with nuclear events and induce apoptosis by different mechanisms in the nucleus, which involves p53 and is caspase-independent, and in the cytoplasm, where TRADD induces apoptosis at the TNFR1 (Guo et al., 2000;Wang et al., 2001;D'Orazi et al., 2002;Michael et al., 2002;Fogal et al., 2014). Therefore, the nuclear staining and flow cytometry analysis were conducted, and caspase activities were measured in EcTRADD, EcTRADD-DD, and EcTRADD-N overexpressed cells. The flow cytometry and apoptotic body data showed that both EcTRADD and EcTRADD-DD promoted SGIV-induced cell apoptosis, but EcTRADD-N inhibited it. Both EcTRADD and EcTRADD-DD increased the activities of caspase 3 and caspase 8 in the overexpressed cells without or with SGIV infection, while EcTRADD-N inhibited them. Moreover, EcTRADD and EcTRADD-DD significantly promoted the activation of reporter gene p53 and NF-κB in the overexpressed cells, but EcTRADD-N had no effect to p53.
In summary, EcTRADD was cloned and characterized, and the response of EcTRADD to SGIV challenges was investigated. Intracellular localization was analyzed for EcTRADD and its domains in vitro. Overexpression of EcTRADD and its domains inhibited replication of SGIV in vitro. Both EcTRADD and EcTRADD-DD induced the caspase-dependent apoptosis, while EcTRADD-N inhibited the apoptosis. Our results firstly demonstrated that the regulatory roles of grouper TRADD in innate immune response during DNA virus infection and will contribute to understanding the function of fish TRADD in response to viruses.

DATA AVAILABILITY
All datasets generated for this study are included in the manuscript/supplementary files.

ETHICS STATEMENT
The animal study was reviewed and approved by The Animal Care and Use Committee of College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
QQ and JW designed the experiments. XZ performed the majority of the experiments, analyzed data, and wrote the manuscript. ZL, CL, YZ, and LW contributed experimental suggestions. All authors revised the manuscript.