The social innovation profile in students as a transformation strategy: structural equation modeling

1 Introduction

Today’s society is undergoing accelerated transformations due to the technological revolution, environmental challenges, and cultural diversity. In this context of change, education faces essential demands for the training of future generations that will inhabit this uncertain context (Balladares et al., 2016; Jiménez, 2019). According to Forte-Celaya et al. (2021), educational systems are now focusing on skills enhancement, such as creative thinking skills (CTS), as a means of long-lasting, significant learning. To this end, some universities and higher education institutions foster active learning (AL) strategies as CTS developers. Educational institutions worldwide have had to rethink the mission and vision of their core business through the revision and updating of their academic programs.

In particular, Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) face specific demands on the type of students that should graduate from their academic programs. In this sense, different organizations have stated that students must have the ability to be agents of change to propose innovative solutions with a positive impact on people’s lives (Kumari et al., 2019; Odumosu et al., 2020; Ramírez and Zarazúa, 2021); specifically, it is necessary to train students with social entrepreneurship competencies. Matsumoto-Royo et al. (2022) found that actions planned for academic programs such as teaching education promote the developing of lifelong learning tendencies and metacognitive skills, which are key factor in entrepreneurship intention. Therefore, in recent years, HEIs have begun to include in their plans and programs the development of social entrepreneurship competencies (Campo et al., 2021; Hurtado and Ortiz, 2022).

Social entrepreneurship competency has gained particular relevance as a resource for promoting societal changes (Talmage, 2021). International organizations such as UNESCO (2019) have set among their objectives that education should mobilize theoretical and practical knowledge to promote the transformation of society and sustainability. Social entrepreneurship, as a competence, is developed in different dimensions such as social innovation, entrepreneurial management, leadership, effective communication, and social value (García-González et al., 2020).

Although there are different academic programs oriented to the development of entrepreneurial competencies, Silveyra et al. (2021) mention that there needs to be more attention to their development despite the perceived potential of students to start new entrepreneurial initiatives of different kinds.

As in entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship uses business principles and knowledge, as well as skills, to ensure efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability for an organization to achieve its objectives through innovation and risk-taking (Schoof, 2006); however, unlike traditional entrepreneurship, the creation of economic value in the form of wealth generation is a way to ensure the sustainability of socially oriented objectives.

Increasingly, more and more importance is given to social value creation, where the focus goes beyond economic aspects. According to Donaldson et al. (2024), more in-depth knowledge must be generated about the potential impact of perceptions of failure and their relationship with social entrepreneurship intentions. Regarding the latter, the authors suggest that social entrepreneurship intention is complex and equifinal and that there is no single combination of conditions necessary to trigger social entrepreneurship intention.

Some proposals suggest that those who aspire to be social entrepreneurs should develop a particular set of competencies such as openness to experiences, extraversion, and self-agency (Miller et al., 2012) in addition to having personal traits such as showing responsibility, commitment to innovation, and entrepreneurial self-efficacy (Dees, 2008; Smith and Woodworth, 2012). Regarding skills, Ballesteros-Sola and Magomedova (2023) suggest that they should demonstrate self-efficacy, stress management, and conflict resolution.

Returning to the dimensions of social entrepreneurship, social innovation implies novel solutions to existing problems that, for years, have been addressed conventionally without guaranteeing positive social change and impact (Kumar et al., 2021; Vázquez-Parra et al., 2022). In the training of students, social innovation is one of the aspects to which greater relevance is being given, as it implies the ability to develop and implement effective solutions that contribute to social progress, often related to social or environmental issues (Schröer, 2021; Gleason Rodríguez et al., 2022; Iqbal and Piwowar-Sulej, 2022). Students with a social innovation profile are characterized as determined, persevering, and creative individuals with a sense of sensitivity to the issues of the surrounding social context (İrengün and Arıkboğa, 2015; Ghalwash et al., 2017; Bacq and Alt, 2018).

The capacity to innovate socially is linked to different cultural, social, and personal factors. Entrepreneurial management, as a dimension of social entrepreneurship, refers to the characteristics that entrepreneurs must develop to ensure the success of their organization (García-González et al., 2020). These characteristics include strategic development based on risk models in social organizations, management of limited resources, business administration, and various financing strategies (Lackéus, 2014; Bell and Bell, 2020).

Research on entrepreneurial management has been mainly related to the business sphere (Long et al., 2021; Ratten et al., 2021; Singh et al., 2022; Pallathadka et al., 2023) highlighting it as an essential element in the concretization of the actions raised, in the case of entrepreneurial management as a social entrepreneurship competence studies are scarce (Bonesso et al., 2018; Okolie et al., 2021; Cruz-Sandoval et al., 2022; Parejo et al., 2022; Romero and Nalangan, 2023) in particular, no studies were identified that relate entrepreneurial management to other variables that can explain the profile of social innovation in students, The literature on the subject highlights that entrepreneurial management is one of the elements in education to which less importance has been given and that this could have repercussions on the lack of confidence to undertake social entrepreneurship and thus to carry out actions that generate a social impact, so it is necessary to develop educational programs to promote entrepreneurial skills in the economic, social or technological fields (Ahmed et al., 2020; Jena, 2020; Aledo Ruiz, 2022).

Entrepreneurial management implies the creation of value in the development of proposals for solutions to the different problems that are addressed; this creation of value can be directed towards the economic, social, or cultural (Peredo and McLean, 2006). Social value implies that social entrepreneurs carry out their procedures and actions with a strict sense of ethics, empathy, and sensitivity to the needs of others or the environment; it is from this that their proposals seek to impact issues such as environmental sustainability, cultural respect, and social responsibility (Castro et al., 2018; Pérez-Rojas, 2020; Di Vaio et al., 2022). Research on the creation of social value is focused on the field of social entrepreneurship as a business model (Kuratko et al., 2017; Arslan et al., 2022; Kim and Kim, 2022; Bals et al., 2023); there are limited studies that are developed around social value as competence to be developed in students or from an educational approach, what is conclusive is the need to conduct research on social value from scientific research, particularly in the area of social entrepreneurship (von Jacobi et al., 2023).

Leadership is another fundamental competence that higher education students need to develop; leadership is highly relevant in entrepreneurship and social innovation. Students who develop leadership skills are characterized by effective conflict management solutions involving people and time, as well as the ability to promote teamwork for the achievement of group goals, including elements such as critical thinking, confidence, perseverance, and persuasion (Velasco-Martínez et al., 2019; García-González and Ramírez-Montoya, 2021). Research on the development of leadership competencies in students is a topic frequently addressed in the scientific literature over time (Connolly et al., 2019; Cortellazzo et al., 2019; Paudel, 2019) in particular with topics related to social entrepreneurship. However, few studies relate leadership to variables such as entrepreneurial management, social value, and the social innovation profile of students, so this gap in the literature makes it necessary to address it to understand its effects on the variables raised.

Effective communication is a vital competence in social entrepreneurship; thanks to it, ideas, resources, and communities can be connected (Suárez Brito et al., 2022), which implies transmitting clear messages, cultivating solid relationships, and generating trust for the long-term success of projects. Research related to communication and social entrepreneurship has been a recurring topic of study, in which communication is considered a fundamental competence to be developed in people and of relevance to be able to carry out activities, maintain positive interpersonal relationships, and achieve the objectives set (Nugroho et al., 2023; Tambunan et al., 2023; Zaumane and Leščevica, 2023). As for studies relating communication to variables such as entrepreneurial management, social value, leadership, and social innovation profile in the training of higher education students, studies are still limited.

Training for the development of social innovation profiles in students is fundamental to be able to contribute to the resolution of complex social problems; such problems need to be addressed through innovative, effective, and sustainable solutions. The evidence in the literature shows that research on social innovation has focused only on the organizational domain (Angelidou and Psaltoglou, 2017; Ziegler, 2017; Roblek et al., 2019; Grilo and Moreira, 2022) despite the importance they have in the field of social entrepreneurship and complex problem solving, research around the profile of social innovation as a competence in students is a research topic that is at an early stage, existing studies have limited to analyze the generation of creative ideas, problem-solving and teamwork as manifestations of such a profile (Parés et al., 2017; Amorim et al., 2019; Howaldt and Schwarz, 2021; Pless et al., 2021).

That is why this study is timely to generate knowledge on the subject, particularly by addressing the social innovation profile from a multifactorial perspective, integrating in a theoretical model different variables for its explanation; therefore, this study analyzes the relationship between entrepreneurial management, social value, leadership, and communication with the social innovation of higher education students (see Figure 1). It is expected to find a positive relationship between entrepreneurial management communication and social innovation profile; likewise, social value will be positively related to communication and social innovation profile; and finally, leadership will be positively associated with students’ communication and social innovation profile.

Figure 1

Figure 1. Theoretical model of relationships between entrepreneurial management, social value, leadership, communication, and social innovation profile.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Type of study

A quantitative cross-sectional study with an explanatory relational scope was conducted.

2.2 Participants

A total of 408 higher education students from 12 different countries (Mexico, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Ecuador, Spain, Guatemala, Costa Rica, France, Germany, South Korea and the Dominican Republic) and from six different disciplinary areas (Humanities and Education, Business, Social Sciences and Government, Architecture and Design, Engineering and Science, and Health Sciences) were selected on a non-probabilistic basis. Ages ranged from 18 to 58 years (M = 22.4, SD = 6.0).

2.3 Instruments

Social entrepreneurship. The Profile of the Social Entrepreneur instrument of García-González et al. (2020) was used, which measures the perception of achievement of the social entrepreneurship competency and its sub-competencies: (a) entrepreneurial management (five items, e.g., I have the ability to set a clear goal and the steps to achieve it); (b) social value (five items, e.g., I am interested in leading an initiative with favorable results for society and the environment); (c) leadership (four items, e.g., I am interested in leading an initiative with favorable results for society and the environment); (d) communication (four items, e.g., I am able to delegate activities to members of my team according to their profiles). I am able to delegate activities to my team members according to their profiles; (d) communication (six items, e.g., I master different ways of communicating my ideas: in writing, in a video, or in face-to-face talks) and (e) social innovation (eight items, e.g., I am able to identify problems in the social or environmental setting to generate innovative solutions). The scale has a Likert-type response format with values from 1 “strongly disagree” to 5 “strongly agree.” The reliability of the scale by Cronbach’s Alpha method presented acceptable values in its dimensions: entrepreneurial management α = 0.82, social value, α = 0.76, leadership α = 0.70, communication α = 0.76, and social innovation α = 0.74. Overall, the scale has a reliability index of 0.89.

2.4 Procedure

To obtain the data, the students were invited to participate voluntarily in the study, the objective of the study was explained to them, and they were asked for their informed consent in which they were guaranteed the proper handling of the data. The administration of the instrument was carried out by those responsible for the project and lasted approximately 20 min. First, the database was cleaned and missing values were inputted by the mean, then descriptive data and Pearson correlations between variables were analyzed with the support of the SPSS 23 statistical package. For the analysis of the structural equation model, the following chi-square values, and their associated probability (X2 with p > 0.001), SRMR (≤ 0.08), Tucker Lewis index (TLI ≥ 0.90), CFI (≥ 0.90) and RMSEA (≤ 0.05) will be considered (Blunch, 2013; Byrne, 2013).

3 Results

Table 1 reports Pearson correlations between the variables, the relationships found are significant and of medium intensity, so it was decided to include them in the structural equation model, likewise, mean differences of the variables are presented in relation to the gender of the participants, the results show that statistically significant differences were only found in the social value variable, with women having a higher mean.

Table 1

Table 1. Pearson correlations and mean differences between variables and sex of participants.

3.1 Structural model

The proposed structural model was an acceptable fit to the data [X2 = 456.2, gl = 259, p = 0.000; CFI = 0.93; TLI = 0.92; SRMR = 0.04; RMSEA = 0.04, CI 90 (0.03, 0.05)]. The R2 values indicate that the model explains 88% of the variance of the students’ social innovativeness profile (see Figure 2). Entrepreneurial management was positively related to personal competencies (β = 0.21, p < 0.001) and to the social innovativeness profile (β = 0.17, p < 0.001), social value was equally positively related to personal competencies and to the social innovativeness profile (β = 0.18, p < 0.001; β = 0.59, p < 0.001), leadership was also positively related to personal competencies and social innovativeness profile (β = 0.65, p < 0.001; β = 0.41, p < 0.001).

Figure 2

Figure 2. Result of the structural model of relationships between entrepreneurial management, social value, leadership, personal competence with the social innovation profile.

4 Discussion and conclusions

Social entrepreneurship competence in higher education students represents an essential tool for developing innovative proposals to solve different current problems. This study analyzed the relationship between entrepreneurial management, social value, leadership, communication, and social innovation in higher education students. The results confirm the adequate adjustment of the data to the theoretical model presented.

The findings of the relationships raised allow us to confirm the hypotheses; firstly, the positive relationship between entrepreneurial management, communication, and social innovation profile was confirmed; our findings are in line with what is reported in the literature, which noted that people who have management skills have a higher development in the ability to communicate effectively, as well as the ability to generate creative ideas in the face of different situations (Castro et al., 2018; Pérez-Rojas, 2020; Di Vaio et al., 2022). These results show the importance of entrepreneurial management for developing competencies such as communication and social innovation profiles in students; however, further studies are needed to strengthen this finding.

Similarly, the relationship between social value with communication and social innovation was confirmed; this is consistent with what is reported in the literature on the subject, which explains that people who have a sense of social value, i.e., who feel a commitment to develop ideas for the benefit of society, have better communication and creative skills (Abebe et al., 2020; Sotiropoulou et al., 2021) this implies that communication is a relevant competence to be able to develop innovation ideas for social change. It is necessary to analyze further the relationships raised in the study; it would be essential to include variables mediating the relationships between social value, communication, and the innovation profile of higher education students.

Finally, the positive relationship between leadership, communication, and social innovation was also confirmed; this is consistent with what is reported in the studies (Velasco-Martínez et al., 2019; García-González and Ramírez-Montoya, 2021); leadership competence in people implies that they can communicate effectively with the people who are part of the group, it is often found that people who are leaders can manage people’s time and efforts, they can analyze people’s strengths and put these efforts into operation to achieve the objectives. Likewise, leadership in people implies that they are creative and innovative in addressing social problems.

4.1 Conclusion

The results show the relevance of social entrepreneurship competency in higher education students as a fundamental training element to promote in students a profile of active social commitment to current problems. It shows the importance of entrepreneurial management, social value, leadership, and communication competencies for the social innovation profile. These findings are solid evidence for higher education institutions wishing to reformulate their study plans and programs on the social entrepreneurship competencies they want to develop in their students so that they can face the social problems of the times.

4.2 Limitations and future directions.

Despite the contributions of this study, the results must be taken with caution due to the limitations it presents; firstly, the type of cross-sectional study limits the ability to establish cause-effect relationships between the variables, so it is suggested that longitudinal studies be carried out; secondly, the self-report format with which the variables were measured, although this type of measurement is one of the most used, this may have an essential burden of social desirability, so it is suggested that other types of measurements be carried out. Finally, regarding the sample size, although a representative sample was obtained, the findings cannot be easily generalized to samples with extreme cultural differences, so it is suggested that the study be replicated in other types of contexts that make it possible to expand knowledge and understanding of the factors that enhance the student’s social innovation profile.

In general, it is suggested to continue conducting studies on the factors related to the students’ innovation profile, and teachers and decision-makers are urged to include in plans, programs, and development agendas the training in social innovation in students as a resource to face the future of education and society.

Data availability statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

Ethics statement

The studies involving humans were approved by Institute for the Future of Education, Tecnologico de Monterrey. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.

Author contributions

LG-M: Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. CA-N: Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft. SN-L: Data curation, Writing – review & editing.

Funding

The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. The authors would like to thank the financial support from Tecnologico de Monterrey through the “Challenge-Based Research Funding Program 2022.” Project ID # I005 - IFE001 - C2-T3 – T.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial and the technical support of Writing Lab, Institute for the Future of Education, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico, in the production of this work.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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