Impact of a high dietary fiber cereal meal intervention on body weight, adipose distribution, and cardiovascular risk among individuals with type 2 diabetes

Objective This study sought to examine the impacts of a high dietary fiber cereal meal in comparison to conventional dietary management for diabetes on body weight, distribution of adipose tissue, and cardiovascular risk among individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods A cohort of 120 patients diagnosed with T2DM was enlisted as the study population and divided into two groups using a ratio of 2:1—namely, the W group (n=80) and the U group (n=40). The U group (control) received usual diet, while the W group (intervention) incorporated a high dietary fiber cereal meal in place of their regular staple food in addition to adhering to conventional diabetes dietary recommendations. The high dietary fiber cereal meal was based on whole grains, traditional Chinese medicinal foods, and prebiotics. A subsequent follow-up period of 3 months ensued, during which diverse parameters such as body mass index (BMI),waist-hip ratio (WHR), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c),fasting blood glucose(FBG),C-peptide levels, blood pressure, blood lipids, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP),10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, and Lifetime CVD risk were assessed before and after the intervention. Results Among the participants, a total of 107 successfully completed the intervention and follow-up, including 72 individuals from the W group and 35 from the U group. Following the intervention, both cohorts exhibited decrease in BMI, WHR, HbA1c, FBG, blood pressure, and blood lipid levels in contrast to their initial measurements. Remarkably, the improvements in BMI, WHR, HbA1c, FBG, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides(TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), the ratio of triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C), and the ratio of 2-hour C-peptide (2hCP) to fasting C-peptide (FCP) were more marked within the W group, exhibiting statistically significant disparities (P<0.05) in comparison to the U group. Furthermore, the levels of hsCRP declined among individuals in the W group, while the U group experienced an elevation.10-year CVD risk reduction were similar in the two groups. While, Lifetime CVD risk only decreased significantly in the W group. Conclusion The intervention centred on a cereal-based dietary approach showcased favourable outcomes with regard to body weight, adipose distribution, and cardiovascular risk in overweight individuals grappling with T2DM.


Introduction
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among individuals with diabetes.Diabetes itself is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, increasing the risk by 2 to 4 times compared to those without diabetes.It is worth noting that diabetes often coexists with other significant cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension and lipid abnormalities (1).The combination of clinical manifestations, including obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, is referred to as metabolic syndrome.This collection of factors significantly contributes to the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD).Research has shown that among diabetes patients, those with uncontrolled metabolic syndrome components face higher risks of adverse cardiovascular outcomes compared to those with wellmanaged components (2).Comprehensive interventions that address multiple risk factors have the potential to significantly reduce the incidence and mortality associated with cardiovascular diseases in individuals with diabetes (3).The management of body weight is an essential aspect of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) therapy.Achieving optimal weight not only improves glycemic control and reduces the need for hypoglycemic medications but also leads to improvements in other metabolic parameters among diabetic patients, including blood pressure and lipid profiles.
Obese T2DM patients often exceed their daily caloric intake, primarily attributed to disproportionate carbohydrate consumption (4).A multitude of investigations on ketogenic diets have exhibited that stringent carbohydrate reduction substantively facilitates weight management and heightens the state of metabolic syndrome constituents.However, sustaining steadfast adherence over prolonged periods remains a formidable task for patients (5).Within the context of Chinese diabetic patients' dietary habits, it is advocated that carbohydrates constitute 50% to 65% of the overall energy intake.For individuals grappling with suboptimal postprandial blood glucose control, a modest curtailment in energy sourced from carbohydrates is deemed advisable.Nevertheless, the enduring adoption of an extremely lowcarbohydrate diet is not recommended on a protracted basis (6).The findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study underscore that the nadir of mortality risk is attained when carbohydrates contribute to 50% to 55% of the overall energy intake (7).The consumption of whole grains exhibits an inverse correlation with the hazards associated with all-cause mortality, coronary heart disease,T2DM, and colorectal cancer.Similarly, dietary fiber intake manifests a negative correlation with the perils linked to all-cause mortality, coronary heart disease, T2DM, and colorectal cancer (8).Consequently, transcending the mere oversight of total carbohydrate intake, due attention ought to be devoted to the caliber of carbohydrates, with a pronounced focus on augmenting dietary fiber intake.Adults are advised to incorporate over 14 g of dietary fiber per 1,000 kcal daily (9).
In the management of diabetes patients, continuous cardiovascular risk assessment is necessary in order to timely identify individuals at high risk of cardiovascular events, and facilitate the development of personalized treatment plans by clinical doctors.The cardiovascular disease prediction model evaluates the probability of an individual developing cardiovascular disease in the future based on the levels and combinations of multiple cardiovascular risk factors.They can be divided into short-term risk prediction and long-term risk prediction.Short-term risk generally refers to a ten-year risk, while long-term risk generally refers to a risk beyond ten years or lifetime risk.There are various types of cardiovascular disease prediction models.The main cardiovascular risk assessment models in Europe and the United States include the Systematic Coronary Risk Estimation (SCORE) model (10), the QRISK score model in the UK (11, 12), and the Pooled Cohorts Equations (PCE) model ( 13) for ASCVD risk assessment.Chinese scholars have used large sample cohort data from the Prediction for ASCVD Risk in China (China-PAR) study to establish the China-PAR model for 10-year and lifetime cardiovascular risk assessment (14).
Nutritional therapy has burgeoned as a pivotal stratagem in the prevention and management of diabetes and its complications (15).The dietary intervention chosen for this inquiry, namely the high dietary fiber cereal meal, is rooted in whole grains, traditional Chinese sustenance, and prebiotics(WTP).The crux of this study resides in delving into the repercussions of the high dietary fiber cereal meal on metabolic markers among individuals grappling with T2DM.Use the China-PAR model to assess the impact of this intervention on the cardiovascular disease risk in those patients.

Inclusion of patients and general information
During the period spanning March 2015 to April 2015, a comprehensive total of 120 patients who had received a diagnosis of T2DM were enlisted from the outpatient clinic of the Endocrinology Department at our institution.Through employment of a random allocation table, these participants were categorically divided into two distinct groups: the W group (intervention) and the U group (control), adhering to a proportion of 2:1.The inclusive criteria incorporated the following requisites: Adherence to the diabetes diagnostic parameters as stipulated by the World Health Organization (WHO).An age range of 35 to 70 years.The values of HbA1c ranged from 6.0% to 12.0%.Demonstrable compliance, indicated by negligible occurrences of travel, outdoor dining, and consistent adherence to daily routines.Weight stability within a variance of 2 kg over the course of the preceding 3 months.The exclusion criteria encompassed the following conditions: Patients diagnosed with type 1 diabetes.Individuals with intentions of pregnancy, presently pregnant, or engaged in breastfeeding during the study period.Patients afflicted by severe diabetes complications, such as diabetic nephropathy and diabetic foot.Individuals who had experienced acute episodes of mental illness within the preceding 3 months.Patients with recent history of acute occurrences of ailments like cholecystitis, gastrointestinal ulcers, and upper and lower urinary tract infections within the past three months.Uncontrolled hyperthyroidism, adrenal, or pituitary disorders.Individuals who underwent gastrointestinal surgery within the last year, with the exception of appendectomy and hernia surgery.Patients contending with severe liver ailments like chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis, or possessing abnormal liver function (serum alanine amino transferase and aspartate amino transferase levels exceeding 2.5 times the norm).Those with non-specific inflammatory conditions of the intestines.Patients suffering from acute or chronic renal insufficiency.Individuals afflicted with significant cardiovascular conditions such as tumors, coronary heart disease, and stroke.Those with infectious disorders such as tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS.Anemia indicated by hemoglobin levels below 10 g/dL.Individuals who had resorted to medication-based interventions (inclusive of appetite suppressants like fluoxetine, thyroid medications, progesterone, laxatives, and various traditional Chinese weight-loss remedies) or surgical methods for weight loss within the preceding three months.Participants unable to allocate adequate time for project involvement.Systolic blood pressure equal to or exceeding 180 mmHg, or diastolic blood pressure equal to or exceeding 110 mmHg.
The individuals participating in the study, as well as their family members, were adequately informed about the intricacies of the study and accorded their informed consent through signature.The medical ethics committee affiliated with the hospital was apprised of the study's design and granted their approval for its execution.The trial was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR-IPC-14005346).

Methods and implementation
Throughout the entirety of the experimental process, all patients diligently adhered to their existing antihypertensive and lipid-lowering therapeutic regimens.As a measure to uphold patient well-being during the study, endocrinologists cautiously adjusted glucose-lowering medications when patients encountered extreme blood glucose values.Considering that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors have a more significant impact on patient weight, these two types of medications were not initiated during the follow-up period.
Patients assigned to the U group received conventional diabetes dietary guidance, aligned with the tenets outlined in the Chinese Diabetes Dietary Guidelines.Conversely, participants in the W group were furnished with a high dietary fibre cereal meal, intended to supplant their routine daily staple foods.This cereal meal, presented as a prepackaged product, was fashioned from two integral components: pre-packaged porridge (Component 1) and blending agents (Component 2 and 3), provided by Perfect (China) Co., Ltd.Component 1, encompassing the pre-packaged porridge, was formulated through the amalgamation of nine precooked constituents sourced from whole grains and traditional Chinese food crops.Abounding in dietary fibre, its composition encompassed ingredients such as barley, buckwheat, oats, Chinese yam, lentils, red beans, soybeans, corn, red dates, goji berries, lotus seeds, and peanuts.Each canister weighed 360 grams when wet. Component 2, with a content of 10 grams per packet, predominantly featured bitter melon powder and a blend of lowmolecular-weight oligosaccharides.Component 3, amounting to 15 grams per packet, contained kudzu starch, inulin, and resistant dextrin.Individuals allocated to the W group were instructed to consume a minimum of 360 grams of pre-packaged porridge from Component 1 during each meal, in conjunction with one packet each of Component 2 and Component 3. In addition, a suitable quantity of vegetables, legumes, and fruits could be integrated as accompaniments.Table 1 shows the nutritional composition of high dietary fibre cereal meal.Figure 1 shows flow chart of the study population.Both groups of patients were asked to record their daily diet and medication usage in a logbook.Patients in Group W exchanged empty packaging bags of intervention food at the end of each month for the next month's intervention food.

Observation parameters
Prior to and after the 3-month treatment interval, an assortment of vital metrics were meticulously observed and documented.These included the patients' stature, mass, blood pressure readings, waist circumference(WC), hip circumference, comprehensive blood count, HbA1c levels, FBG, FCP, liver and kidney functionality, blood lipid profiles (TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 2hCP, and levels of hsCRP.
The China-PAR risk assessment model includes gender, age, place of residence (urban or rural), region (north or south, with the Yangtze River as the boundary), WC,TC,HDL-C, current blood pressure level, use of antihypertensive medication, presence of diabetes, current smoking status, and family history of cardiovascular disease.

Sample size
The sample size was calculated based on a previous study conducted by Zhao et al. (16).In Zhao et al.'s study,49 participants were randomly assigned to the intervention or control group in a 2:1 ratio.There was a mean HbA1cdifference of 0.61 mmol/L between the intervention group and the control group.To get 90% of power using a two-tailed hypothesis, the intervention group would require 26 patients.Considering a 20% dropout rate, a sample of 49 patients divided into 2 groups would be necessary in order to detect a difference.The sample size of this study was sufficient.

Statistical analysis
The statistical analysis was executed using SPSS 22.0 software.Enumeration data were displayed as N/% and subjected to scrutiny through the x2 test.Continuous data were expressed as x ± s and analyzed using the t-test, provided they conformed to a normal distribution.For data that deviated from the normal distribution, changes observed before and after the study period were presented as a median (interquartile range) and subsequently compared across groups using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test.The statistical significance was defined as a P -Value of less than 0.05.

FIGURE 1
Flow chart of the study population.b.Component 2 and 3 are dry powder.The concentration of each nutrient is per100 g dry weight.

Results
A total of 107 participants successfully completed the intervention and the subsequent follow-up phase, with the W group including 72 individuals and the U group including 35 participants.

The foundational data of the patients
There were no statistically significant differences between the two patient groups in terms of average age, BMI, and glycated hemoglobin levels (P >0.05).The proportion of female patients in the W group was slightly higher than that in the U group.Additionally, the W group had slightly higher mean HDL-C levels compared to the U group Table 2.All patients followed local dietary habits and consumed relatively stable amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats daily.Based on the patients' dietary records and the recycling statistics of empty packaging bags of intervention food, the compliance of Group W patients with a high-fiber diet was approximately estimated to be 90%.Patients in Group W reported feeling fuller and experiencing a decrease in appetite compared to before the intervention, while patients in Group U reported no significant changes in appetite before and after the intervention.

The comparative evaluation of clinical efficacy between the two patient groups
It was observed that the improvement in weight, BMI, waist-hip ratio, glycated hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, TC, TG, LDL-C, TG/HDL-C, and 2hC-peptide/fasting C-peptide was better in the W group compared to the U group, with statistically significant differences (P <0.05).hsCRP decreased in the W group and increased in the U group.There were no significant differences in WC, HDL-C, and blood pressure changes between the two groups Table 3.

Both groups of patients used
China-PAR model(the Prediction for ASCVD Risk in China) for risk prediction of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, evaluating the 10-year and lifetime CVD risk The results are shown in Table 4.Both groups showed a decrease in 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk after the intervention, with the W group experiencing a significant reduction in lifelong CVD risk, while the U group showed less noticeable improvement.

Discussion
In this investigation, the intervention group experienced a notable substitution of their primary dietary sources with a grainbased meal.Upon preliminary computation, the cumulative daily energy contribution furnished by the grain-based regimen within Group W approximates 646 kcal, wherein carbohydrates comprise 70% of the energy allotment.This equates to a comprehensive dietary fiber content of 23.76 g/day, encompassing 8.97 g/day of soluble dietary fiber and 14.79 g/day of insoluble dietary fiber.This estimation encompasses the supplementary intake derived from vegetables, legumes, and fruits.The approximated proportion of daily energy intake sourced from carbohydrates conveniently adheres to the range of 50% to 65%.The results elicited from this approach showcased marked decrease in several crucial parameters, encompassing BMI, WHR, FBG, HbA1c, TC, LDL-C, and hsCRP, vis-à-vis the conventional dietary management group.A meticulous analysis of the nutritional composition characterizing this grain- based dietary regimen holds promise for illuminating its influence on metabolic constituents and conferring cardiovascular benefits.
To commence, the grain-based meal exhibits a notable elevation in dietary fiber content, a component that remains impervious to digestion and showcases robust water-absorption attributes.Upon ingestion, dietary fiber interacts with water, expanding in volume and eliciting a sensation of satiety, thus curbing food intake (17).This decline in food consumption leads to a commensurate reduction in overall energy intake, consequently fostering a favourable milieu for weight reduction.
Dietary fiber and resistant starch, in their incompletely hydrolyzed state within the small intestine, undergo subsequent breakdown by the colonic microbiota.A pivotal outcome of this fermentation process is the generation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), encompassing butyrate, propionate, and acetate.SCFAs are markedly associated with mitigating the impact of T2DM (18).Numerous investigations have underscored the propensity of butyrate salts to diminish appetite and weight by interacting with and activating G-protein-coupled free fatty acid receptors (FFAR) within intestinal enteroendocrine cells (19).This activation instigates the release of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY).GLP-1 augments insulin secretion while inhibiting glucagon release, whereas PYY curbs appetite and retards gastric emptying (20).Furthermore, butyrate occupies a substantial role in modulating the expression of genes pivotal to adipocyte differentiation.Specifically, it orchestrates the augmentation of the messenger ribonucleic acid of Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein-1c (SREBP-1c), a cardinal regulator of adipogenesis and de novo fatty acid synthesis.Additionally, it elevates the expression of key adipocyte  differentiation markers, including the peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor g (PPARg) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPa), within adipocytes (21,22).The soluble dietary fibers used in this study, such as oligofructose and oligogalactose, can lead to higher abundance of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, as well as increased fecal butyrate levels (23,24).The ascendancy of insoluble dietary fiber prompts heightened excretion of bile acids, while its soluble counterpart dissolves within gastrointestinal fluids to engender a gel-like consistency that impedes fat absorption (25).Simultaneously, the trajectory of weight loss precipitates a decrement in plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations (26, 27).This curtailment in free fatty acid levels consequently instigates a reduction in hepatic gluconeogenesis.Further alterations materialize in the form of amplified the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) activity, pertaining to insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and augmented type 4 glucose transporter (GLUT-4) translocation to the muscle surface, culminating in an augmented glucose uptake that serves to alleviate insulin resistance.This cascade serves to diminish pancreatic b-cell vulnerability to lipotoxicity, thus forestalling the deterioration of pancreatic function (28).Plasma FFA reduction can decrease cholesterol ester and triglyceride (TG) synthesis, reduce HDL clearance, and increase its concentration (28).In this study, the intervention group showed a significant decrease in TG/HDL-C levels and an increase in 2hC-peptide/fasting C-peptide levels compared to before the intervention, with significant statistical differences compared to the control group, suggesting that this grain-based nutritional meal is beneficial for improving insulin resistance.The inclusion of dietary fiber can restore the vigour of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/serine kinase pathway, in turn normalizing serum leptin levels.This normalization cascade culminates in an amelioration of insulin resistance and an augmentation of insulin sensitivity (29).
Chen et al.'s exploration yielded the noteworthy discovery of a substantial reduction in the levels of serum inflammatory chemokines (IL-1b, IL-6) among patients grappling with T2DM subsequent to high-fiber diet intervention (30).Within the present study, the W group exhibited a palpable decline in hsCRP levels relative to the baseline, thus unveiling a statistical distinction relative to the control group.Notably, hsCRP stands as a pivotal risk indicator for untoward cardiovascular consequences within the context of coronary artery disease (31).An assemblage of evidence advances the proposition that in the realm of coronary artery disease patients following guideline-directed medical therapy, the embrace of a vegetarian diet can evoke a reduction in hsCRP levels (32).This outcome underscores the anti-inflammatory potential of the cereal-based nutritional meal, a facet that bears significant import within the context of coronary artery disease.
WC persists as an autonomous risk determinant impinging upon cardiovascular afflictions and all-cause mortality (33).Simultaneously, WHR assumes the mantle of an efficacious indicator for evaluating central obesity.In accordance with the benchmarks stipulated by the World Health Organization, a WHR surpassing 0.90 for males and 0.85 for females flags the advent of central obesity (34).A clinical trial was conducted on 64 overweight and obese adolescents.Half of them were required to supplement daily with chitosan.Chitosan is a dietary fiber.After 12 weeks of follow-up, chitosan supplementation had greater improvement in BMI and WC compared with the placebo group.Differences were significant(P< 0.05) (35).Within the ambit of this study's findings, both the intervention and control groups evinced post-treatment reductions in WC relative to the baseline.Nevertheless, no substantive statistical disparity surfaced between the two groups on this parameter.However, a conspicuous advantage manifested within the change in WHR within the intervention group as compared to the control group.This variance could potentially be ascribed to the demographic composition disparity across the groups, with the control group skewing slightly towards males while the intervention group encompassed a higher proportion of females.Gender exerts a discernible influence upon body fat distribution.Furthermore, a noteworthy facet arises from the recognition that the sole reliance on WC measurements might inadvertently introduce measurement imprecisions.In this regard, the employment of the WHR proves instrumental in mitigating the repercussions of measurement discrepancies.Conclusively, it is believed that grain-based meals have a certain role in improving central obesity.
Noteworthy evidence underscores that tailored dietary patterns, typified by the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, when synergistically married with other lifestyle modifications like physical exercise and weight reduction, can furnish efficacious reductions in blood pressure (36).Within the compass of this study, both the intervention and control cohorts exhibited a decline in blood pressure levels post-treatment vis-à-vis the baseline, yet without the emergence of a marked statistical distinction between the groups.This deficiency in statistical significance in inter-group juxtaposition might be ascribed to parallel interventions in sodium salt consumption.Moreover, the mean age bracket of the study populace approximated 60 years, thereby propelling age-related vascular degeneration to manifest as an immutable trigger, delineating a state of decreased responsiveness to blood pressurelowering interventions akin to the DASH diet (37).Further complexity arises from the recognition that around 40% of patients within both groups had a history of hypertension, a backdrop that substantiates a more accentuated vascular impairment in comparison to their counterparts without such a history.This suggests a noticeable impact of vascular senescence upon the outcomes of interventions (37).
The Mediterranean diet, revered for its composition abundant in b-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, natural folate, flavonoids, selenium, and other essential minerals, plays a crucial role.The antioxidative attributes inherent to these constituents engender a mitigation of acute cardiac afflictions.Indicative evidence highlights the capacity of carotenoids to protract the progression of atherosclerotic plaques (38).Included in this cereal-based meal is an array of constituents, encompassing lentils, red beans, soybeans, corn, red dates, goji berries, lotus seeds, and peanuts.Among these, legumes serve as significant sources of unsaturated fatty acids, red dates are rich in vitamin C, while goji berries are endowed with a profusion of goji polysaccharides, b-carotene, vitamin E, selenium, and flavonoids.Together, they possess significant antioxidative properties.
This study utilized the China-PAR risk assessment model to evaluate changes in 10-year and lifelong CVD risk before and after intervention in both groups, offering a clearer indication of the differences in cardiovascular benefits.The results showed a decrease in 10-year CVD risk for both groups after intervention, with a significant reduction in lifetime CVD risk for the W group, while the reduction in the U group was not statistically significant.This study supports the beneficial effects of the cereal-based nutritional intervention on cardiovascular disease.
The strengths of this study include a placebo control and a randomized design.However, some limitations should also be acknowledged.Firstly, it was not a very large sample study, but rather a study with a small sample size conducted at a single center.The gender composition ratio between the two groups and the use of hypoglycemic drugs were not completely balanced.We hope to conduct a larger study with a larger sample size in multiple centers in the future.Secondly, the follow-up period for this study was relatively short, and there may have been some imbalance in the use of treatment medications between the two groups, which could have led to a lack of significant intergroup differences in certain cardiovascular risk factors at the end of the follow-up.Gong Q et al. conducted a 30-year follow-up study and found that lifestyle interventions can reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (39).Therefore, the current presentation of some negative results does not necessarily mean that there is no significant difference, but perhaps our observation time is not sufficient.

Conclusions
In conclusion, this study demonstrates the beneficial effects of a high-fiber grain-based meal on weight, body fat distribution, various metabolic indicators, and cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes.Embracing a backdrop of myriad targets and minimal untoward effects, natural food therapy has emerged as an important area of study for improving cardiovascular health (40).Encompassing a stratum of society caught up in the fast-paced nature of modern life, notably the working professionals, the rise in diabetes among younger people has coincided with an increase in fast food consumption.There is a need for effective dietary interventions for this group.Within this spectrum, cereal-based nutritional meals, offering both convenience and multiple cardiovascular benefits, have the potential to be a practical approach in advocating for diabetes dietary management.

TABLE 1
Nutritional composition of high dietary fibre cereal meal.
a. Component 1 is a pre-cooked food.The concentration of each nutrient is per 100 g wet weight.

TABLE 2
General data of patients.

TABLE 4
Comparison of CVD Risk Assessment Between the Two Groups Before and After Intervention in China PAR Model.

TABLE 3
Comparison of Metabolic Parameters in T2DM Patients with and without High Dietary Fiber Intervention.