Marketing Mix of Energy Companies of EnergyTech From the Positions of Their Contribution to Sustainable and Environmental Development of Energy Economics

If natural monopolies dominated the world energy markets in the past century, in recent years, due to the emergence and mass availability of alternative and clean energy, competition has been increasing in these markets. Global competitiveness requires energy companies to actively use the marketing tools of business management. Marketing support for the corporate environmental responsibility of energy companies also plays an important role. Marketing penetrates from the outside into the activities of traditional players in the energy markets—oil and gas companies—with the artificial creation of competition in natural monopolies (Li et al., 2022; Wei et al., 2022). Against their background, new players that have entered the energy markets, in connection with the development of sustainable territories and responsible communities, are clearly distinguished—“clean” energy companies (EnergyTech). Marketing is deeply integrated into their activities (rooted in their nature) (Dai et al., 2022). According to the calculations of the International Energy Agency (2022), the share of “clean” (renewable) energy in the world energy markets was 29% in 2020, which is an increase compared to 2019, when it was 27%. In 2021, its growth continued, which was estimated to be 8%. The largest producers of “clean” energy are China (almost 300 TW), the United States (100 TW), and the European Union (70 TW), where wind energy prevails. They are followed by India (40 TW), where solar energy prevails. In the rest of the world, hydropower is the dominant source of energy, and the share of bioenergy is quite large. Taking into account the domination in the global energy markets by oil and gas companies, the existing literature reports by Nuseir and El Refae (2021) and Shukla et al. (2021) focus on the marketization of these companies. The growing level of environmental awareness and responsibility of energy consumers, as well as the launch and implementation of economic decarbonization strategies in countries around the world, contributes to rethinking the activities of energy companies from the standpoint of their contribution to sustainable and environmental development of energy economics. The problem is that the activities of oil and gas companies make a small contribution, while the activities of clean energy companies (EnergyTech), which make the greatest contribution to sustainable and environmental development of energy economics, have not been properly considered in the existing literature. Their marketing mix is poorly understood, while this article hypothesizes that it is marketing that helps to achieve this contribution. This article is aimed at researching the marketing mix of clean Edited by: Elena G. Popkova, Moscow State Institute of International Relations, Russia


INTRODUCTION
If natural monopolies dominated the world energy markets in the past century, in recent years, due to the emergence and mass availability of alternative and clean energy, competition has been increasing in these markets. Global competitiveness requires energy companies to actively use the marketing tools of business management. Marketing support for the corporate environmental responsibility of energy companies also plays an important role.
Marketing penetrates from the outside into the activities of traditional players in the energy markets-oil and gas companies-with the artificial creation of competition in natural monopolies (Li et al., 2022;Wei et al., 2022). Against their background, new players that have entered the energy markets, in connection with the development of sustainable territories and responsible communities, are clearly distinguished-"clean" energy companies (EnergyTech). Marketing is deeply integrated into their activities (rooted in their nature) (Dai et al., 2022).
According to the calculations of the International Energy Agency (2022), the share of "clean" (renewable) energy in the world energy markets was 29% in 2020, which is an increase compared to 2019, when it was 27%. In 2021, its growth continued, which was estimated to be 8%. The largest producers of "clean" energy are China (almost 300 TW), the United States (100 TW), and the European Union (70 TW), where wind energy prevails. They are followed by India (40 TW), where solar energy prevails. In the rest of the world, hydropower is the dominant source of energy, and the share of bioenergy is quite large.
Taking into account the domination in the global energy markets by oil and gas companies, the existing literature reports by Nuseir and El Refae (2021) and Shukla et al. (2021) focus on the marketization of these companies. The growing level of environmental awareness and responsibility of energy consumers, as well as the launch and implementation of economic decarbonization strategies in countries around the world, contributes to rethinking the activities of energy companies from the standpoint of their contribution to sustainable and environmental development of energy economics.
The problem is that the activities of oil and gas companies make a small contribution, while the activities of clean energy companies (EnergyTech), which make the greatest contribution to sustainable and environmental development of energy economics, have not been properly considered in the existing literature. Their marketing mix is poorly understood, while this article hypothesizes that it is marketing that helps to achieve this contribution. This article is aimed at researching the marketing mix of clean energy companies (EnergyTech) in terms of their contribution to the sustainable and ecological development of the energy economy.

NOOSPHERIC APPROACH TO MARKETING OF ENERGYTECH COMPANIES
This article is based on the noospheric approach to the study of economic activity in the unity of its economic (profitability and effectiveness of "green" investment projects of energy companies), social (benefits to society in the form of corporate environmental responsibility), and environmental (contribution of energy companies to the conservation of natural resources for future generations and the fight against climate change) components.
In the existing literature, much attention is paid to the contribution of energy companies to sustainable and environmental development of energy economics. A whole layer of scientific research is devoted to the best practices of the European Union (EU), which enables us to note that this contribution is achieved mainly through regulatory measures. For example, EU legislation is actively fighting against natural monopolies.
The requirement of securing competition contributes to the marketization of the activities of oil and gas companies (Menegaki, 2012), but obviously, this is not enough since it has already been announced that a carbon tax will be introduced in the near future (Jiménez-Marín et al., 2021). Consequently, the contribution of energy companies to sustainable and environmental development of energy economics is determined by government regulation of their operations (Kagiannas et al., 2003). The marketing of oil and gas companies is described in detail in the works of Cheah and Low (2022) and Krishnan and Butt (2022), which note the insignificant role of marketing in ensuring the contribution of these companies to the sustainable and environmental development of energy economics.
At the same time, the marketing of "clean" energy companies (EnergyTech) is poorly studied, and its role in ensuring their contribution to sustainable and environmental development of energy economics is unknown, which is a research gap. Some issues in the marketing of "clean" energy companies are considered in the works of Kratschmann and Dütschke (2021), Wei et al. (2021), and Das et al. (2022). This article is designed to fill this gap, i.e., to identify the features of the marketing mix of EnergyTech companies, as well as to determine the role of marketing in their contribution to achieving sustainable and environmental development of energy economics.

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE MARKETING MIX EXPERIENCE OF THE WORLD'S LARGEST ENERGY COMPANIES SPECIALIZING IN "CLEAN" ENERGY IN 2021
To clarify the causal relationships of the contribution of EnergyTech companies to sustainable and environmental development of energy economics, their marketing activities are being investigated. The research methodology is based on the 7P marketing mix model. Using this method, we will conduct a review and critical analysis of the marketing mix experience of the world's largest energy companies specializing in "clean" energy in 2021, in accordance with the materials of "New Energy Giants Are Renewable Companies" Bloomberg (2022). The study was conducted on the example of the so-called "clean supermajors" Enel, Iberdrola, NextEra, and Orsted, which have overtaken oil and gas companies by market capitalization (in particular, Exxon, Eni, Repsol, and BP). Next, we will consider these results through the prism of the elements of the marketing mix.
P1: product. The range of directions of product quality management of EnergyTech companies is very wide. For example, Iberdrola (based in Spain and operating in the United States, Great Britain, Mexico, Brazil, and Australia) invests in new technologies such as "green" hydrogen and ammonia, as well as in electric vehicle charging stations in order to improve environmental friendliness (as a key quality factor). The volume of investments in the "green" innovations of this company in the period from 2020 to 2025 is estimated to be $ 89 billion.
P2: price. Owing to the large volume of financial resources, EnergyTech companies charge a price premium to the price for the environmental friendliness of their products. According to Bloomberg (2022), in order to avoid an environmental crisis in the period up to 2050, $11 trillion of investments in EnergyTech will be required. This will inevitably lead to an increased cost of "clean" energy compared to oil and gas analogs.
P3: place of sale. EnergyTech companies are strongly dependent on the infrastructure. For example, NextEra (the world's largest investor-producer of solar and wind energy) operates in the United States and Canada, where it invested $60 billion in pipelines from 2019 to 2022 and plans to create another 30 million new solar panels by 2030.
P4: promotion. EnergyTech companies pay great attention to loyalty management programs toward their activities not only on the part of state regulatory authorities but also representatives of businesses and local communities. For example, the company Orsted (based in Denmark and operates in Denmark, Great Britain, Germany, United States, Netherlands, and Taiwan) divested fossil fuels and expanded its clean energy business to develop projects around the world. P5: people. Human resources are critically important for EnergyTech companies, and they are more human-capitalintensive industries than those of oil and gas companies. For example, the number of employees of the oil and gas company Eni is 31 thousand people, and the company EnergyTech Iberdrola is 67 thousand people. Similarly, the number of employees of the oil and gas company Repsol is 24 thousand people, and the number of staff of the company EnergyTech Orsted is 36 thousand people. At the same time, the capitalization of all these companies is the same.
P6: process. All processes of EnergyTech companies are flexible-they are constantly being transformed in accordance with changes in demand, the environment, and many other factors. As noted in the materials of Bloomberg (2022), "clean" energy cannot yet completely replace fossil fuels. As an example, the experience of another EnergyTech company is noteworthy, Tesla Inc., which provides solar energy for about half of the energy in the grid during the day in South Australia.
P7: physical evidence. EnergyTech companies consider the environment as their physical evidence. For example, Enel (based in Italy) conducts business in more than 30 countries and presents itself as an EnergyTech company seeking to support countries around the world to switch to "clean" energy. To achieve this, the company plans to invest $190 billion in "clean" energy by 2030.

DISCUSSION
The article contributes to the development of the theory of sustainable energy through the justification of the key role of marketing in achieving the contribution of EnergyTech companies to sustainable and environmental development of energy economics. A comparative analysis of the marketing mix of "clean" energy companies and oil and gas companies is presented in Table 1.
As can be seen from Table 1, the difference between oil and gas companies and EnergyTech companies is observed at the marketing level, and the difference is manifested in each element of the marketing mix. P1: product. For oil and gas companies, product marketing is aimed at reducing environmental risks and environmental damage as criteria (preventing quality degradation). The product marketing of EnergyTech companies is aimed at improving quality through eco-design of energy infrastructure and unique environmental properties as components of the quality of energy resources.
P2: price. The pricing of oil and gas companies is based on world prices for energy resources. EnergyTech companies have a premium on the price for environmental friendliness, but they do not have a link to world prices.
P3: place of sale. Oil and gas companies ensure their presence in the global energy markets. EnergyTech companies, due to the peculiarities of the "clean" energy infrastructure, are strictly tied to the target local energy market.
P4: promotion. Oil and gas companies promote their activities in government circles as deals for the supply of their products are concluded at the state level. EnergyTech companies carry out the systematic promotion of their activities and their products in the state, business, and society as the approval of local communities is important for them. P5: people. Oil and gas companies have interchangeable personnel, low knowledge intensity of production, and low market power of consumers. EnergyTech companies are characterized by the valuable and indispensable personnel, high knowledge intensity of production, and large market power of consumers.
P6: process. Oil and gas companies have linear business processes, and they are focused on high productivity; the energy supply is continuous and does not depend on the environment. EnergyTech companies have circular business processes, and they are focused on sustainability and stability; energy supply depends on the environment.
P7: physical evidence. The physical evidence for oil and gas companies is their energy infrastructure, and it is a natural landscape or a favorable environment in the case of EnergyTech companies.
Thus, in contrast to Kagiannas et al. (2003), Cheah and Low (2022), and Krishnan and Butt (2022), it has been found that the contribution to the sustainable and environmental development of energy economics is provided not through government regulation, but through the marketing of EnergyTech companies. Rethinking the activities of energy companies from the standpoint of the Noospheric approach revealed that the economic component prevails in the activities of oil and gas companies. In contrast, marketing contributes to the fact that the economic, social, and environmental components in the activities of EnergyTech companies are balanced, which contributes much more (compared to oil and gas companies) to the sustainable and environmental development of energy economics. 1 | Comparative analysis of the marketing mix of "clean" energy companies and oil and gas companies.

Element of marketing mix
Oil and gas companies "Clean" energy companies (EnergyTech) P1: product Environmental risks and environmental damage as criteria that reduce the quality Ecodesign of the energy infrastructure, unique eco-friendly properties as components of the quality of energy resources, and wide opportunities for quality improvement P2: price Price formation based on world prices for energy resources A price premium to the price for environmental friendliness and lack of binding to world prices P3: place of sale World energy markets High degree of attachment to the target local energy market P4: promotion Promotion in government circles and making deals at the state level Systematic promotion at the level of the state, business, and society P5: people Staff interchangeability, low knowledge intensity of production, and low market power of consumers Importance and indispensability of personnel, high knowledge intensity of production, and large market power of consumers P6: process Linear business processes, continuous energy supply, no dependence on the environment, and processes are focused on high productivity Cyclical business processes, dependence of energy supply on the environment, and processes focused on sustainability and stability P7: physical evidence Energy infrastructure Natural landscape and favorable environment Source: developed and compiled by the authors.