AUTHOR=Eckel Barbara A. , Guo Ruijian , Reinhardt Klaus 

TITLE=More Pitfalls with Sperm Viability Staining and a Viability-Based Stress Test to Characterize Sperm Quality

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution

VOLUME=Volume 5 - 2017

YEAR=2017

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/ecology-and-evolution/articles/10.3389/fevo.2017.00165

DOI=10.3389/fevo.2017.00165

ISSN=2296-701X

ABSTRACT=Sperm viability (SV) is a widely applied measure of sperm quality but our review of the ecological literature revealed that previously identified methodological pitfalls have not been overcome, including low cross-study standardisation of protocols, inadequate statistical treatment, and unaccounted for within-sample heterogeneity. SV is additionally affected by biological variation such as between species, reproductive organs, or sperm age cohorts. Using SV per se as a surrogate for sperm quality may, therefore, be problematic.
Sperm viability (SV), the proportion of live sperm in a sample, is a widely applied measure of sperm quality but few studies test its robustness. At least three reasons make SV problematic as a surrogate for sperm quality. First, reviewing the ecological literature revealed that previously identified methodological pitfalls have not been overcome, including low cross-study standardisation of protocols, inadequate statistical treatment, and unaccounted for within-sample heterogeneity. Second, SV is affected by biological variation such as between species, reproductive organs, or sperm age cohorts. Third, the proportion of live sperm extracted from males appears more related to male than to sperm quality in the sense of the future performance of sperm. We propose an alternative method to assess sperm quality by characterising the temporal decrease of SV in a stressor medium and illustrate in two species, the common bedbug (Cimex lectularius) and the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) how some common methodological pitfalls may be circumvented. Our data empirically support the well-known but little-considered facts that i) non-blind measurements alter SV and ii) that SV frequently have non-significant repeatability within one sample. iii) Cross-sectional sampling of ejaculates showed that this heterogeneity even masked a biological pattern - the sperm stratification within males. We show iv) that this shortcoming can be overcome by following the temporal decline of SV of a sperm subsample in a stress test. To measure sperm quality, we advocate analysing the temporal decline in SV in a stressor medium over current protocols that use SV per se and blinding samples for SV measurements. As cell viability is widely used in biological and medical laboratory studies, our protocol may be useful to characterise cell quality beyond