Editorial: Impacts of Habitat Transformation on Species, Biodiversity and Ecosystems in Asia

Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China, Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, Division for Ecology & Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, China, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China, 6 State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China, Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China


PRESENT AND FUTURE OF BIODIVERSITY IN ASIA
Asia is a land of contrasts. This is the largest and most populated continent of the world, it is where urbanization is increasing at the highest rate (Seto et al., 2012). At the same time, it is extremely biodiverse (Myers et al., 2000), so that promoting harmonious human-wildlife coexistence is complex. This complexity is not recent. Ancient civilizations populating this area have left a lasting impact on its nature (Ellis et al., 2021), and recent impacts add to these historical effects. This issue is acknowledged by governments across Asia, who have recently developed numerous initiatives to protect their biodiversity (Ghosh-Harihar et al., 2019;Wu et al., 2019). Yet, despite increasing regional conservation efforts, not all species will make it. For instance, millions-year old species are still being led to extinction (Zhang et al., 2020). In a recent positive development, the United Nations' Convention for Biodiversity (COP-15) will set a 30% threshold of protected areas of terrestrial land (Zhu et al., 2021). But, to achieve such an ambitious biodiversity conservation goal, urgent action is needed.
This Research Topic aimed to assess the impacts that human-driven habitat transformation has on species, biodiversity, and ecosystems in Asia, and to envision ways in which these impacts can be minimized. Moreover, our intention was to bring together research works from around Asia (and the rest of the world) which address this issue. We gathered papers authored by researchers from 8 countries, i.e., India, China, Singapore, Australia, Pakistan, Brunei, Sri Lanka, and United States. We are convinced that collaboration among Asian nations is an essential condition for any meaningful biodiversity conservation targets to be achieved (Chen et al., 2019;Bawa et al., 2020). We are also convinced that biodiversity conservation should develop interdisciplinary approaches outside the boundaries of traditional academic disciplines, and that it should be science that addresses people's and nature's needs (Kremen and Merenlender, 2018). This collection of 12 papers is our humble contribution to achieve these conservation targets in Asia.

IMPACTS AND SOLUTIONS
Due to the broad and ambitious goal of this Research Topic, its papers are heterogeneous in their scopes and aims. In this volume, you will find works focusing on landscape ecology, ecological restoration, human-wildlife conflict, and investigating animal behavior in response to habitat transformation.
Human infrastructure construction is a key driver of biodiversity loss. For instance, hydropower stations are very impactful infrastructures that can profoundly disrupt ecosystem dynamics (Anderson et al., 2015). Here, we are presenting two studies examining the consequences of hydropower station construction for ecosystem dynamics in upstream systems. For instance, using the Lancang River (also known as the Mekong River) Valley (SW China) as a case study, Liu S. et al. showed that forest connectivity decreased after the construction of the station, particularly upstream, in small forest patches and in large patches in the edge of the study area. In another study, Jelil et al. illustrated mammal persistence in upstream riparian forests at Koyna Reservoir (W India) 55 years after the construction of a hydropower station. They show that ungulates were particularly abundant close to the river body, that small body-sized ungulates had higher extinction risk, and that distance to the river was the main factor explaining species detection.
Also from a landscape ecology perspective, Wang et al. quantitatively examined landscape change patterns in the Yancheng National Nature Reserve in the coast of East China to show that newly built artificial landscapes (such as farmland and aquaculture ponds) grew at the expense of natural habitats, and report an overall steep increase in the surface of these humanmade landscapes. Landscape structure plays a fundamental role in shaping biodiversity patterns (Tscharntke et al., 2012). Wu et al. showed that flowering ground cover and the proportion of semi-natural habitats correlated positively with wild bee abundance and diversity, which in turn had a positive impact in apple orchards in the Northern China Plain. Interestingly, in tropical rainforest buffer zones of Sri Lanka, Hanle et al.
showed that traditional small-holder tree gardens harbored greater abundance of species of high conservation interest than forest fragments or tea plots. This study is a nice example of how traditional farmlands managed by indigenous peoples can harbor almost as much biodiversity as natural habitats (Bhagwat and Rutte, 2006;Ranganathan et al., 2008).
From landscape to local scales, plant species play a fundamental role in animal conservation and this can be true even for invasive species, which can have in certain instances neutral and positive effects on animal species (Houlahan and Findlay, 2004;Szigeti et al., 2020). Jain et al. showed that tropical butterfly populations of Singapore were highly dependent on non-native host plants. Yet, invasive plants also have wellknown negative effects and can disrupt ecosystem functioning (Simberloff et al., 2013). Two additional studies in this collection focused on plant ecology. Chen et al. tested several hypotheses that could explain patterns of exotic plant invasions in natural reserves of China and found that human activities are the main facilitators of these invasion processes. Hayyat et al. conducted a study in Pakistan showing the potential for plant restoration in quarry sites using limestone quarry waste to promote the growth of two woody Angiosperm species.
Another key aspect of wildlife conservation in our region is to investigate ways to promote dispersal of large mammals and ameliorate conflicts with humans (Goswami and Vasudev, 2017).

COP-15: BUILDING AN ECOLOGICAL CIVILIZATION
The years 2021 and 2022 will be crucial for biodiversity conservation across countries in the world, as the United Nations' Convention for Biodiversity (COP-15) on-site meeting is scheduled to take place in October, 2021 in Kunming, Yunnan (SW China). As an area where our lack of knowledge of the effects of human-driven habitat transformation is laid bare, Asia has large areas of intense human concentration and has experienced rapid changes. Therefore, we believe this collection of works serves as an example of how landscape ecology and biodiversity conservation have progressed in Asia in recent decades. This is crucial as Asian countries continue to grow, both economically and population wise, which has the potential to impact its extremely diverse ecosystems. From a broader perspective, it seems clear that the events taking place in this continent will strongly determine the future of our shared Earth-for both people and biodiversity.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
EP-N wrote a first draft. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.