AUTHOR=Zicari Roberto V. , Brusseau James , Blomberg Stig Nikolaj , Christensen Helle Collatz , Coffee Megan , Ganapini Marianna B. , Gerke Sara , Gilbert Thomas Krendl , Hickman Eleanore , Hildt Elisabeth , Holm Sune , Kühne Ulrich , Madai Vince I. , Osika Walter , Spezzatti Andy , Schnebel Eberhard , Tithi Jesmin Jahan , Vetter Dennis , Westerlund Magnus , Wurth Renee , Amann Julia , Antun Vegard , Beretta Valentina , Bruneault Frédérick , Campano Erik , Düdder Boris , Gallucci Alessio , Goffi Emmanuel , Haase Christoffer Bjerre , Hagendorff Thilo , Kringen Pedro , Möslein Florian , Ottenheimer Davi , Ozols Matiss , Palazzani Laura , Petrin Martin , Tafur Karin , Tørresen Jim , Volland Holger , Kararigas Georgios TITLE=On Assessing Trustworthy AI in Healthcare. Machine Learning as a Supportive Tool to Recognize Cardiac Arrest in Emergency Calls JOURNAL=Frontiers in Human Dynamics VOLUME=3 YEAR=2021 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-dynamics/articles/10.3389/fhumd.2021.673104 DOI=10.3389/fhumd.2021.673104 ISSN=2673-2726 ABSTRACT=

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to greatly improve the delivery of healthcare and other services that advance population health and wellbeing. However, the use of AI in healthcare also brings potential risks that may cause unintended harm. To guide future developments in AI, the High-Level Expert Group on AI set up by the European Commission (EC), recently published ethics guidelines for what it terms “trustworthy” AI. These guidelines are aimed at a variety of stakeholders, especially guiding practitioners toward more ethical and more robust applications of AI. In line with efforts of the EC, AI ethics scholarship focuses increasingly on converting abstract principles into actionable recommendations. However, the interpretation, relevance, and implementation of trustworthy AI depend on the domain and the context in which the AI system is used. The main contribution of this paper is to demonstrate how to use the general AI HLEG trustworthy AI guidelines in practice in the healthcare domain. To this end, we present a best practice of assessing the use of machine learning as a supportive tool to recognize cardiac arrest in emergency calls. The AI system under assessment is currently in use in the city of Copenhagen in Denmark. The assessment is accomplished by an independent team composed of philosophers, policy makers, social scientists, technical, legal, and medical experts. By leveraging an interdisciplinary team, we aim to expose the complex trade-offs and the necessity for such thorough human review when tackling socio-technical applications of AI in healthcare. For the assessment, we use a process to assess trustworthy AI, called 1Z-Inspection® to identify specific challenges and potential ethical trade-offs when we consider AI in practice.