TY - JOUR AU - Li, Suling AU - Symonds, Alistair L. J. AU - Miao, Tizong AU - Sanderson, Ian AU - Wang, Ping PY - 2014 M3 - Review TI - Modulation of Antigen-Specific T-Cells as Immune Therapy for Chronic Infectious Diseases and Cancer JO - Frontiers in Immunology UR - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2014.00293 VL - 5 SN - 1664-3224 N2 - T-cell responses are induced by antigen presenting cells (APC) and signals from the microenvironment. Antigen persistence and inflammatory microenvironments in chronic infections and cancer can induce a tolerant state in T-cells resulting in hyporesponsiveness, loss of effector function, and weak biochemical signaling patterns in response to antigen stimulation. Although the mechanisms of T-cell tolerance induced in chronic infection and cancer may differ from those involved in tolerance to self-antigen, the impaired proliferation and production of IL-2 in response to antigen stimulation are hallmarks of all tolerant T cells. In this review, we will summarize the evidence that the immune responses change from non-self to “self”-like in chronic infection and cancer, and will provide an overview of strategies for re-balancing the immune response of antigen-specific T cells in chronic infection and cancer without affecting the homeostasis of the immune system. ER -