Clinical Immunogenicity Evaluation of Eptinezumab, a Therapeutic Humanized Monoclonal Antibody Targeting Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) for the Preventive Treatment of Migraine

Background Eptinezumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that selectively binds calcitonin gene-related peptide and is indicated for the preventive treatment of migraine in adults. This analysis characterizes the immunogenic profile of eptinezumab using data from clinical trials of eptinezumab for migraine prevention. Methods Immunogenicity data were collected from five studies that included 2076 patients with episodic or chronic migraine treated with eptinezumab at dose levels ranging from 10 to 1000 mg, administered intravenously for up to 4 doses at 12-week intervals. Anti-drug antibody (ADA) results were available from 2074 of these patients. Four studies were randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials with ADA monitoring for up to 56 weeks; one was a 2-year, open-label, phase 3 safety study with ADA monitoring for 104 weeks. Patients who had a confirmed ADA-positive result at the end-of-study visit were monitored for up to 6 additional months. Development of ADA and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) were evaluated to explore three key areas of potential impact: pharmacokinetic exposure profile (eptinezumab trough plasma concentrations), efficacy (change in monthly migraine days), and safety (rates of treatment-emergent adverse events). These studies included methods designed to capture the dynamics of a potential humoral immune response to eptinezumab treatment, and descriptive analyses were applied to interpret the relationship of ADA signals to drug exposure, efficacy, and safety. Results Pooled across the five clinical trials, treatment-emergent ADAs and NAbs occurred in 15.8 and 6.2% of eptinezumab-treated patients, respectively. Highly consistent profiles were observed across all studies, with initial onset of detectable ADA observed at the week 8 measurement and maximal ADA frequency and titer observed at week 24, regardless of eptinezumab dose level or number of doses. After 24 weeks, the ADA and NAb titers steadily declined despite additional doses of eptinezumab. Interpretation Collectively, these integrated analyses did not demonstrate any clinically meaningful impact from ADA occurring after treatment with eptinezumab. The ADA profiles were low titer and transient, with the incidence and magnitude of ADA or NAb responses declining after week 24. Development of ADAs and NAbs did not impact the efficacy and safety profiles of eptinezumab.


INTRODUCTION
Eptinezumab, a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonist indicated for the preventive treatment of migraine in adults (1), is a humanized immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody (mAb) that binds CGRP with high affinity (2). It has demonstrated migraine preventive effects across the spectrum of migraine attack frequency, with statistically significant reduction from baseline in migraine frequency established as early as 1 day after the initial infusion and sustained throughout the 12-week dosing interval, with an acceptable safety and tolerability profile (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11).
Like almost all biological proteins, mAbs have the potential to trigger an immune response after administration (12)(13)(14)(15)(16). In most cases, associated immunogenicity is multifactorial, with intrinsic factors, systems biology, conditions of use, patientrelated factors, and product quality all potentially contributing. As with other humanized and fully recombinant human IgG1 mAbs (13), the non-human germline sequences in the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) are the structural features of eptinezumab with the greatest immunogenic potential. Eptinezumab contains a human IgG1 Fc region sequence that corresponds to the two most common allotypes, G1m1,17 and G1m3, with the single exception of position 297, which was changed from an asparagine to an alanine to prevent N-linked glycosylation of the heavy chain. The CDR sequences are derived from a parental rabbit anti-alpha CGRP antibody; the six CDR sequences from the original rabbit antibody VL and VH regions were grafted into human VL and VH framework sequences that were most similar to the rabbit framework sequence. To retain full affinity of the humanized antibody for CGRP, several amino acids in the human framework were substituted with the corresponding rabbit amino acid to preserve antigen-binding affinity. The remainder of the variable regions represent a human germline sequence.
The clinical development of eptinezumab included assessments of immunogenicity. Comprehensive evaluations were performed to detect and characterize immune responses observed within the studies and to identify any correlation of immunogenicity with pharmacokinetic (PK), pharmacodynamic, efficacy, and safety endpoints. The objective of the integrated summary of immunogenicity analysis was to pool immunogenicity data from the five clinical studies of eptinezumab conducted in patients with migraine in order to robustly characterize the immunogenic profile of eptinezumab within this population.

Study Designs
The clinical development program of eptinezumab in migraine prevention included four randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trials and one open-label safety study (Table 1). Approval for each study was provided by the independent ethics committee or institutional review board of the study sites. All studies were conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practice guidelines, the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and all applicable regulatory requirements. Patients provided written informed consent prior to initiation of any study procedures. Each study is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01772524, NCT02275117, NCT02559895, NCT02974153, NCT02985398).
Two of the placebo-controlled trials were single-dose studies: one in patients with episodic migraine [study 1 (3)] and one in patients with chronic migraine [study 2 (4)]. The remaining three trials were multiple-dose studies: PROMISE-1 evaluated eptinezumab for up to 4 doses (1 year) in patients with episodic migraine (5,17), PROMISE-2 evaluated eptinezumab for up to 2 doses (6 months) in patients with chronic migraine (7,8), and PREVAIL evaluated eptinezumab for up to 8 doses (2 years) in patients with chronic migraine (9). Though PREVAIL included 8 doses, the integrated analyses herein only include the interim study data (i.e., the primary treatment phase, or first 4 doses), as the study was still ongoing when the integrated summary of immunogenicity report was finalized for submission of the biological licensing application. In all trials, study drug was administered by intravenous infusion lasting 30 minutes (PROMISE-2 and PREVAIL) or 1 hour (study 1, study 2, and PROMISE-1).

Assessment of Anti-Drug Antibodies
Immunogenicity sampling time points are shown in Supplemental Table 1. In each study, samples were collected prior to study drug administration on day 0 and regularly throughout each study at similar time points for analysis. Three of the studies included a 2-week time point to evaluate early seroconversion, followed by sampling at 4-week intervals to the end of study (EOS) and with all studies accounting for the half-life of eptinezumab [27 days (18)] by collecting samples at least 20 weeks (5 half-lives) after the last administration. The scheduled duration of anti-drug antibody (ADA) monitoring for the placebo-controlled studies and primary treatment phase of PREVAIL extended to 56 weeks, and for the PREVAIL secondary treatment phase extended to 104 weeks. Patients who tested positive for ADAs at the time of the last study visit were asked to provide up to two additional blood samples for immunogenicity testing at 3-month intervals to evaluate transient vs persistent ADA responses.
Immunogenicity was assessed in serum from all patients who received eptinezumab, using firstand second-generation binding antibody assays that were validated according to industry and regulatory recommendations (15,16,(19)(20)(21)(22). The first-generation assay supported study 1; the second-generation assay supported the remaining four studies and is summarized here. Validation and in-study performance data demonstrated the methods were suitable for their intended use and provided a scientifically sound framework for the immunogenicity assessment of eptinezumab.
The second-generation ADA assay was formatted as a homogeneous electrochemiluminescence (ECL) bridging assay. A sample pre-treatment step was included to improve sensitivity in the presence of residual drug and resulted in a drug-tolerant method for detection of eptinezumab-reactive ADAs of IgG, IgM, and IgA isotypes. Test samples were diluted 1:50 and, based on a surrogate positive control, the relative sensitivity was determined to be 87.34 ng/mL and 67.99 ng/mL for the screening and confirmatory steps of the method, respectively. Inter-assay precision showed a percent coefficient of variability (%CV) of 9.50%, with drug tolerances of >1000 µg/mL, >100 µg/ mL, 25 µg/mL, and 25 µg/mL for positive controls in the highcontrol set at 2500 ng/mL, mid-control set at 250 ng/mL, screening low-control set at 110 ng/mL, and confirmatory lowcontrol set at 85 ng/mL, respectively. Sample analysis was performed using a tiered approach that consisted of a screening tier to detect ADAs, a confirmatory tier to ensure detected ADAs were specific to the drug, and a third tier to serve as a semi-quantitative measurement of the amount of antibody (titer) that was present. A fourth tier was also included as a specificity assessment to characterize the epitope binding of the response to distinguish ADAs that were reactive to the antibody framework from ADAs that were reactive with the CDRs.
To complete the immunogenicity testing paradigm, a neutralizing antibody (NAb) assay was developed to characterize confirmed ADAs for neutralizing potential. The NAb assay was a qualitative ligand-binding assay, formatted as competitive inhibition method, that evaluated the ability of antieptinezumab antibodies to block binding of the drug to the target ligand, human a-CGRP. The dynamics of the humoral immune response to eptinezumab using this tiered approach were described in terms of ADA positive vs negative status, ADA titer, and NAb positive vs negative status.

Assessment of Pharmacokinetic Exposure, Efficacy, and Safety
Blood plasma samples for pharmacokinetic evaluation in eptinezumab-treated patients were collected at the same time points outlined in Supplemental Table 1. Trough plasma concentration (C trough ) values were based on the sample taken just prior to the next dose administration for treatment visits and at each scheduled visit when available for the PK population. The plasma concentration values used represent all analytically valid plasma concentration results reported.
In all studies, patients recorded migraine and headache data daily using an eDiary. The efficacy outcome used for this analysis was defined as the change from baseline in monthly migraine days (MMDs).
Adverse events were collected from the time of informed consent through the final patient visit. Verbatim descriptions of adverse events were mapped to the Medical Dictionary for Total 2074 *In analyses included in this paper, data from only the first 4 doses of PREVAIL are included due to the fact that PREVAIL was ongoing and the interim analysis of the primary treatment phase (first 4 doses) was planned for inclusion in these analyses. ADA, anti-drug antibody; CM, chronic migraine; DB/R/PC, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled; EM, episodic migraine; Epti, eptinezumab.
Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) thesaurus terms and converted to the same version (version 20.1) for all studies. A treatmentemergent adverse event (TEAE) was defined as an adverse event with a start date and time on or after the date and time of first dose of study drug administration. For the current analysis, impact on the incidence of TEAEs and adverse events of special interest (AESIs) was evaluated. AESIs are listed in Supplemental Table 2.

Statistical Analysis
Analysis populations included the safety population (all patients who received eptinezumab; summarized by the treatment they received), the full analysis population (all patients who received treatment; summarized by the treatment to which they were randomized), and the PK population (all patients in the safety population who also had the PK parameters required for the analysis). For this analysis, summary statistics, including the number of patients (n), mean, standard deviation, median, minimum, and maximum were evaluated for continuous variables. Generally, the minimum and maximum values were presented to the same decimal precision as the raw values, the mean and median values to one more, and the standard deviation to two more decimal places than the raw values. For categorical variables, per category, the absolute counts (n) and percentages (%) of patients with data and, if appropriate, the number of patients with missing data, were presented. Percentages are presented to one decimal place.
Details of the missing data rules used for the individual studies are used for these analyses with the exception of the migraine data for study 1, which was re-calculated to match the other studies. A brief summary of these rules is provided here with additional details reported in the respective study publications. For TEAE, PK, ADA, and NAb data, no missing data imputation was used. For the analysis of MMDs, missing data were imputed using either normalization or a weighted estimate. If migraine day data were missing for ≤7 days in a 28-day interval, the results were normalized to 28 days by multiplying the observed results by the inverse of the completion rate. If migraine day data were missing for >7 days in a 28-day interval, a weighted estimate based upon the results of the current and previous months was used, with greater weight being applied to the current month as the completion rate increased. For the pivotal phase 3 studies (PROMISE-1 and PROMISE-2) MMD change from baseline, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed to estimate the mean, the mean difference from ADA-negative, 95% confidence interval (95%CI), and p-value for the ADA-positive subpopulation.
ADA incidence data from study 1 were excluded from the pooled analysis due to the different assessment methodology (first-generation vs second-generation assay) used. The antieptinezumab antibody titer values were not pooled across the studies to evaluate titer by indication; results were summarized separately for each study.

ADA/NAb Response Dynamics
The incidence of treatment-emergent ADA across study 2, PROMISE-1, PROMISE-2, and PREVAIL was 15.9% (316/ 1993), with 6.2% (124/1993) of subjects with ADA results exhibiting antibodies with neutralizing potential ( Table 2). The time course of ADA/NAb development was highly consistent across all four clinical studies ( Figure 1), with initial onset of positivity observed at the week 8 measurement and maximal ADA-positive frequency at week 24, regardless of eptinezumab dose level or number of doses. A total of 11 (13.6%) patients who received a single 1000-mg dose in study 1 had treatmentemergent anti-eptinezumab immunoreactivity results (firstgeneration assay); 4 (4.9%) had confirmed NAb.
The time-course of evolution of ADA titer by treatment group across study 2, PROMISE-1, PROMISE-2, and PREVAIL are illustrated in Figure 2. In all studies, mean ADA titer was maximal at the week 24 measurement, declining thereafter; there was no clear dose-response relationship between the distribution of ADA titer values and the eptinezumab dose administered.
The fourth tier of the ADA assay, the specificity tier, represents a competitive inhibition format of the ADA screening assay, using ALD306, a Pichia-expressed monoclonal antibody that has the same framework and similar glycosylation profile as ALD403 (eptinezumab), but different CDRs, and CHO-derived ALD403, an antibody molecule produced in CHO cells with the same CDRs as Pichia-derived ALD403 (eptinezumab). Confirmed ADA positive samples were characterized for specificity. The aggregated results for all sample timepoints were summarized for each study where the signals were mainly reactive with the CHO-expressed eptinezumab, demonstrating specificity for the CDRs of eptinezumab rather than the IgG1 framework region.

Relationship to Drug Exposure
Within each study, relationships between ADA or NAb status and mean eptinezumab plasma concentrations were evaluated at C trough , the most sensitive area of the exposure profile.
In both pivotal phase 3 studies (PROMISE-1 and PROMISE-2), mean C trough concentrations were lower for the ADA-and NAbpositive subpopulations than for the ADA-and NAb-negative subpopulations at all evaluated doses and timepoints. At the week 24 visit, where the maximal incidence and titer of the ADA response was observed, mean C trough plasma concentrations in the ADA-positive subgroups were 49.0 to 61.5% compared to that of the ADA-negative subgroups for eptinezumab 100 mg and 67.0 to 81.1% compared to that of the ADA-negative subgroups for  eptinezumab 300 mg in PROMISE-1 and PROMISE-2, respectively. In spite of the decrease observed in the mean C trough plasma concentrations in the ADA-positive subgroups in both studies, mean C trough levels at week 24 following eptinezumab 100 mg or 300 mg remained above established plasma concentrations that support the 90% maximal efficacy (EC 90 ) thresholds (18). In PROMISE-2, mean C trough levels at week 24 were ≥6% above the established EC 90 for CM patients (0.98 mg/mL), at 3.47 mg/mL and 10.18 mg/mL in the eptinezumab 100-and 300-mg groups, respectively. Similar observations were found in the PROMISE-1 study, where the drug levels remained above the EC 90 for EM patients (1.65 mg/mL), even among the highest ADA titers. These data support the observed absence of a negative influence on efficacy with a conclusion that ADA-positive status is not associated with a clinically meaningful change in the extent of drug exposure following the intravenous administration of eptinezumab 100 or 300 mg every 12 weeks.

Relationship to Efficacy
Despite the presence of ADA or NAb, the migraine preventive efficacy of eptinezumab was maintained. The change in MMDs by ADA status was remarkably consistent for ADA-positive vs ADAnegative patients in the three studies in which this relationship was evaluated (Study 2, PROMISE 1, and PROMISE 2; Figure 3). Similar results were obtained for the NAb-positive vs NAbnegative subpopulations ( Table 5). Additionally, ADA titer had no apparent impact on efficacy in the 100-or 300-mg eptinezumab treatment groups, indicating that increased ADA titer did not result in a decrease in the eptinezumab efficacy.
The ANCOVA analysis of data from the full analysis population (i.e., all patients treated with eptinezumab, including 30, 100, and 300 mg) showed a highly comparable reduction in frequency of migraine days for the weeks 1-12 and weeks 13-24 treatment periods ( Table 6), as well for the overall weeks 1-24 treatment period, for the ADA-positive vs ADA-negative subpopulations. There was no apparent relationship between efficacy (reduction in frequency of MMDs for weeks 1-24) with ADA-positive status, ADA titer, or NAb-positive status for the 100-mg or 300-mg treatment groups.

Relationship to Safety
Across the five studies, the incidences of TEAEs were in general similar in ADA ever-positive patients (ever-positive meaning a confirmed positive result at any single visit) and ADA-negative patients, and no clear differences were seen between the eptinezumab doses. Similarly, there were no clear differences of AESI incidences between ADA ever-positive patients and ADAnegative patients (Tables 7 and 8).
There were no cases of anaphylaxis or severe hypersensitivity reactions observed in study 1, study 2, PROMISE-1, or PROMISE-2. There was 1 serious treatment-emergent adverse event of special interest of anaphylactic reaction of Grade 2 severity reported in PREVAIL, where the serious criteria of medically important was reported by the investigator. The Sponsor assessed the event using clinical diagnostic criteria as outlined by the second symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis (23) and determined the adverse event may have been better described by the preferred term (PT) of allergic reaction under the system organ class (SOC) of immune system disorders (9).
Within the safety populations for study 2, PROMISE-1, PROMISE-2, and PREVAIL, 24/1995 (1.2%) eptinezumabtreated patients experienced mild or moderate adverse events that were coded to the PT of hypersensitivity. There was no apparent relationship to pre-existing or treatment-emergent ADA-or NAb-positive status or ADA titer category.

DISCUSSION
In this integrated analysis of data from five clinical studies of eptinezumab for the preventive treatment of migraine, the overall incidences of treatment-emergent ADA (15.9%) and NAb (6.2%) were slightly higher than other anti-CGRP mAbs indicated as migraine preventives (24); however, the presence of ADA and NAb did not appear to influence treatment efficacy or safety. Efficacy for migraine prevention was comparable in ADApositive and ADA-negative subpopulations. There were no cases of severe hypersensitivity reactions and only 1 serious AESI of anaphylactic reaction, which did not fulfill the clinical diagnostic criteria for anaphylactic reactions as outlined by the second symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis (23). There was no evidence for a risk of immune complexrelated hypersensitivity, consistent with the relatively low ADA titers observed for all eptinezumab dose levels, and there was no relationship between the ADA or NAb status and the incidence or severity of other adverse events of special interest. As the incidence of treatment-emergent ADAs in these studies consistently peaked at week 24, it is likely that any potential negative effects of immunogenicity would have manifested by this timepoint. Thus, these findings reduce uncertainty about the possible impact of immunogenicity on the sustainability of the treatment response and the potential for treatment-related hypersensitivity reactions with long-term administration. Overall, the ADA frequency and titer profiles indicate the maximum amplitude of the treatment-emergent ADA response is attained following the second of the 3-monthly dose administrations regardless of the eptinezumab dose level. After 24 weeks the ADA titer declined, consistent with the half-life of endogenous human IgG (21-25 days). The reason for this decline is likely due to a combination of moderate to low titer levels, minimal boosting, and a natural clearance mechanism. ADA would be expected to be eliminated after approximately 5 halflives, which amounts to about 16 weeks. Based on these data, the dynamics (in terms of both frequency and magnitude) were highly comparable for the 100-and 300-mg eptinezumab treatment   groups through the complete time-course for each clinical study. Characterization of the ADA responses showed reactivity was directed toward the primary amino acid sequence (CDRs) of eptinezumab, which is typical for most therapeutic mAbs (13). Although the analysis of potential relationships between ADA/NAb and drug exposure revealed differences in C trough plasma concentrations between ADA-positive and ADAnegative patients, it did not identify any associated clinical impact. Though a decrease in serum concentration was observed, the drug levels remained above EC 90 , even among the highest ADA titers, supporting the conclusion that ADApositive status is not associated with a clinically meaningful change in the extent of drug exposure.
The molecular design of eptinezumab effectively minimized product-related factors known to be associated with increased immunogenicity among mAbs. As demonstrated in the specificity evaluation of ADA, the responses were mainly reactive with the CHO-expressed ALD403, which has the same CDRs as ALD403 but is produced in mammalian cells rather than yeast cells, resulting in differences in the IgG1 framework region, IgG1 Fc region, or Pichia-derived glycans. Using the CHO ALD403 antibody with the same amino acid sequence as eptinezumab, expressed from a different host expression system, enabled pinpointing of the response directly to the CDRs of eptinezumab. Thus treatment-emergent ADAs associated with eptinezumab administration are not likely to enhance responses toward subsequent treatment with other therapeutic mAb products.
The clinical studies included in this analysis were designed to capture the dynamics of a potential humoral immune response to eptinezumab treatment, and descriptive analyses were applied to interpret the relationship of ADA/NAb signals to drug exposure, efficacy, and safety. Limitations of this analysis include the clinical trial population, which does not reflect all patients with episodic or chronic migraine, and long-term effects, which were only reported up to 1 year here. Further studies in a broader population with migraine and longer-term studies could further elucidate the efficacy and safety of eptinezumab (25).
In conclusion, the results of this analysis suggest that the clinical benefits and safety of eptinezumab for the preventive treatment of migraine are not impacted by immunogenicity.

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
In accordance with EFPIA's and PhRMA's "Principles for Responsible Clinical Trial Data Sharing" guidelines, Lundbeck is committed to responsible sharing of clinical trial data in a manner that is consistent with safeguarding the privacy of patients, respecting the integrity of national regulatory systems, and protecting the intellectual property of the sponsor. The protection of intellectual property ensures continued research and innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. Deidentified data are available to those whose request has been reviewed and approved through an application submitted to https://www.lundbeck.com/global/ourscience/clinical-data-sharing.

ETHICS STATEMENT
Approval for each study was provided by the independent ethics committee or institutional review board of the study sites. All studies were conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practice guidelines, the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and all applicable regulatory requirements. Patients provided written informed consent prior to initiation of any study procedures.