TY - JOUR AU - Karasalo, Ilkka AU - Östberg, Martin AU - Sigray, Peter AU - Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka AU - Johansson, Lasse AU - Liefvendahl, Mattias AU - Bensow, Rickard PY - 2017 M3 - Original Research TI - Estimates of Source Spectra of Ships from Long Term Recordings in the Baltic Sea JO - Frontiers in Marine Science UR - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2017.00164 VL - 4 SN - 2296-7745 N2 - Estimates of the noise source spectra of ships based on long term measurements in the Baltic sea are presented. The measurement data were obtained by a hydrophone deployed near a major shipping lane south of the island Öland. Data from over 2,000 close-by passages were recorded during a 3 month period from October to December 2014. For each passage, ship-to-hydrophone transmission loss (TL) spectra were computed by sound propagation modeling using bathymetry data from the Baltic Sea Bathymetry Database (BSBD),sound speed profiles from the HIROMB oceanographic model,seabed parameters obtained by acoustic inversion of data from a calibrated source, andAIS data providing information on each ship's position.These TL spectra were then subtracted from the received noise spectra to estimate the free field source level (SL) spectra for each passage. The SL were compared to predictions by some existing models of noise emission from ships. Input parameters to the models, including e.g., ship length, width, speed, displacement, and engine mass, were obtained from AIS (Automatic Identification System) data and the STEAM database of the Finnish Metereological Institute (FMI). ER -