TY - JOUR AU - Keane, Colm AU - Coalter, Matthew AU - Martin-Loeches, Ignacio PY - 2021 M3 - Review TI - Immune System Disequilibrium—Neutrophils, Their Extracellular Traps, and COVID-19-Induced Sepsis JO - Frontiers in Medicine UR - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2021.711397 VL - 8 SN - 2296-858X N2 - Equilibrium within the immune system can often determine the fate of its host. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the pathogen responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Immune dysregulation remains one of the main pathophysiological components of SARS-CoV-2-associated organ injury, with over-activation of the innate immune system, and induced apoptosis of adaptive immune cells. Here, we provide an overview of the innate immune system, both in general and relating to COVID-19. We specifically discuss “NETosis,” the process of neutrophil release of their extracellular traps, which may be a more recently described form of cell death that is different from apoptosis, and how this may propagate organ dysfunction in COVID-19. We complete this review by discussing Stem Cell Therapies in COVID-19 and emerging COVID-19 phenotypes, which may allow for more targeted therapy in the future. Finally, we consider the array of potential therapeutic targets in COVID-19, and associated therapeutics. ER -