AUTHOR=Tahamtan Alireza , Tavakoli-Yaraki Masoumeh , Mokhtari-Azad Talat , Teymoori-Rad Majid , Bont Louis , Shokri Fazel , Salimi Vahid 

TITLE=Opioids and Viral Infections: A Double-Edged Sword

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=7

YEAR=2016

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00970

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00970

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=<p>Opioids and their receptors have received remarkable attention because they have the ability to alter immune function, which affects disease progression. <italic>In vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> findings as well as observations in humans indicate that opioids and their receptors positively or negatively affect viral replication and virus-mediated pathology. The present study reviews recent insights in the role of opioids and their receptors in viral infections and discusses possible therapeutic opportunities. This review supports the emerging concept that opioids and their receptors have both favorable and unfavorable effects on viral disease, depending on the type of virus. Targeting of the opioid system is a potential option for developing effective therapies; however caution is required in relation to the beneficial functions of opioid systems.</p>