Stieleriacines, N-Acyl Dehydrotyrosines From the Marine Planctomycete Stieleria neptunia sp. nov.

Bacteria of the phylum Planctomycetes occur ubiquitously in marine environments and play important roles in the marine nitrogen- and carbon cycle, for example as scavengers after phototrophic blooms. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of the planctomycetal strain Enr13T isolated from a Posidonia sp. biofilm obtained from seawater sediment close to Panarea Island, Italy. Phylogenetic tree reconstruction based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and multi-locus sequence analysis supports the delineation of strain Enr13T from characterized species part of the phylum of Planctomycetes. HPLC-MS analysis of culture broth obtained from strain Enr13T revealed the presence of lipophilic metabolites, of which the major compound was isolated by preparative reversed-phase HPLC. The structure of this compound, named stieleriacine D (1), was elucidated utilizing HRESIMS, 1D- and 2D-NMR data as a new N-acylated dehydrotyrosine derivative. Its biosynthesis was proposed based on an in silico gene cluster analysis. Through analysis of the MS/MS spectrum of 1 and its minor derivative, stieleriacine E (2), it was possible to assign the structure of 2 without isolation. 1 showed antibacterial activity, however, the wide distribution of structurally related compounds indicates a potential role as a signaling molecule.


INTRODUCTION
The bacterial phylum Planctomycetes, along with Chlamydiae, Verrucomicrobia and other sister phyla, belongs to the PVC superphylum, which has medical and biotechnological relevance (Wiegand et al., 2018). Although Planctomycetes have a cell envelope architecture similar to that of Gram-negative bacteria (Jeske et al., 2015;van Teeseling et al., 2015), certain aspects of their cell biology are unusual. Members of the class Planctomycetia, currently the largest class within the phylum Planctomycetes, divide through budding, while binary fission was observed as cell division mode in the class Phycisphaerae.
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT | Stieleriacine D, a secondary metabolite identified in the supernatant of cultures of strain Enr13 T .
All characterized Planctomycetes lack "canonical" divisome proteins including the otherwise universal FtsZ (Jogler et al., 2012;Wiegand et al., 2020). Initially, Planctomycetes were suggested to be beyond the bacterial cell plan, but with the advent of novel microscopic techniques and development of genetic tools for Planctomycetes (Jogler et al., 2011;Rivas-Marin et al., 2016), several eukaryote-like chracteristics of Planctomycetes have been reassessed. Proposed intracellular compartments turned out to be rather invaginations of the cytoplasmic membrane , and the cell envelope of Planctomycetes was reinterpreted as similar to that of Gram-negative bacteria (Devos, 2014).
Some Planctomycetes appear as free-living cells in soil, freshwater, or marine habitats, in which these heterotrophs play an important role in nitrogen fixation (Delmont et al., 2018). Others live associated with eukaryotic organisms, such as sponges and diatoms, cyanobacteria and micro-or macro-algae, frequently forming biofilms (Faria et al., 2018). Their dominance on algal surfaces is surprising given their slow growth compared with other natural competitors in this ecological niche, such as members of the Roseobacter clade (Frank et al., 2014;Wiegand et al., 2020). Thus, members of the phylum Planctomycetes are suspected to produce small molecules, possibly to compensate for the growth disadvantage in microbial communities on biotic surfaces (Lage and Bondoso, 2014).
In addition to their interesting cell biology, Planctomycetes is the bacterial phylum with the highest numbers of predicted genes of unknown function (40-55% of the annotated proteins) (Overmann et al., 2017). Employing comparative genomics, it was shown that the compartmentalization and complex life cycle of Planctomycetes are associated with a sophisticated signal transduction repertoire (Jogler et al., 2012). Their large genomes of up to 12.4 Mb contain a multitude of gene clusters putatively involved in secondary metabolite production (Jeske et al., 2013;Ravin et al., 2018;Yadav et al., 2018). While extracts of various Planctomycetes showed antimicrobial activity (Graça et al., 2016;Jeske et al., 2016) and anticancer effects , only very recently the first structures of secondary metabolites from Planctomycetes have been elucidated (Panter et al., 2019;Kallscheuer et al., 2020).
In comparison to well-investigated phyla, the phylum Planctomycetes is still under-sampled , thus, we are continuing our sampling approach for new strains belonging to the phylum. We herein present the characterization of strain Enr13 T isolated from Posidonia leaves close to a gas escape in 20 m water depth close to the island Panarea, Italy, and identified the structure of two new secondary metabolites it produces.

Isolation of Strain Enr13 T and Phylogenetic Analysis
Leaves of Posidonia sp. were collected close to the island Panarea, Italy, for the targeted isolation of novel Planctomycetes from biotic surfaces. Since all known members of the phylum Planctomycetes show high tolerance against β-lactam antibiotics, likely as a result of presence of β-lactamase enzymes (Godinho et al., 2019), compounds of this class were used to direct selection. Strain Enr13 T was initially identified as a Planctomycete by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing and was then subjected to full genome sequencing. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison and multi-locus sequence analysis (MLSA, Figure 1) revealed that strain Enr13 T clusters within the family Pirellulaceae. The closest relative of strain Enr13 T is Stieleria maiorica Mal15 T , with a 16S rRNA sequence identity of 99.5% (Supplementary Table S2). Based on the proposed threshold value for delineation of species of 98.7% 16S rRNA gene similarity (Stackebrandt and Ebers, 2006), the novel strain would not represent a novel species. We already observed earlier that closely related Planctomycetes can very well belong to separate species, despite having 16S rRNA sequence identities above the threshold value (Kohn et al., 2020). Thus, we evaluated additional markers for analysis of the phylogenetic position of strain Enr13 T , such as average nucleotide identity (ANI) and identity of a partial sequence of the rpoB gene coding for the β-subunit of RNA polymerase (Bondoso et al., 2013;Kim et al., 2014). With 90.8% (Supplementary Table S2) sequence identity of the partial rpoB sequence between strain Enr13 T and S. maiorica Mal15 T , the rpoB marker supports the classification as two separate species, given that an identity of <96.3% is required to clearly differentiate between species (Bondoso et al., 2013). Concordantly, the ANI value is as small as 80.1% (Supplementary Table S2), with the species threshold usually seen at 95-96% (Kim et al., 2014). An average amino acid identity (AAI) of 81.3% and percentage of conserved proteins (POCP) of 72.8% between strains Mal15 T and Enr13 T clearly indicate the allocation to the same genus (Konstantinidis and Tiedje, 2005;Qin et al., 2014). In accordance with the abovementioned values, we propose that strain Enr13 T forms a new species within the genus Stieleria.

Morphological Characterization and Genome Information
The morphology of strain Enr13 T was assessed using light and scanning electron microscopy (Figure 2). Cells appear round to ovoid and divide by polar budding (Figure 2A). Phase-contrast micrographs show a high structural variation among the cells (Figure 2B), and individual cells are usually surrounded by a wrinkled layer or show crateriform structures ( Figure 2E). The average cell is 1.6 ± 0.1 µm in length and 1.1 ± 0.1 µm in width ( Figure 2C) and forms pink-colored colonies on solid media. Cells of strain Enr13 T have a similar shape as cells of S. maiorica Mal15 T , but are slightly smaller (Mal15 T : 1.9 × 1.4 µm). Both species do not differ in colony pigmentation. During the exponential growth phase in liquid culture, Enr13 T cells are motile swimmers, and, once sessile, start forming dense biofilms with high amounts of exopolysaccharides ( Figure 2D).
The closed genome of strain Enr13 T has a size of 10,975,817 base pairs and a G+C content of 58.9% (Supplementary Table S1). With this size, the genome was the largest recently published in a study targeting 89 planctomycetal genomes . Only Fimbriiglobus ruber SP5 T features a slightly larger chromosome (Ravin et al., 2018). The genome of strain Enr13 T is about 1.1 Mb larger than that of its closest relative, S. maiorica Mal15 T . It carries 7,797 protein-coding genes, 12% more than S. maiorica. Interestingly, the rate of hypothetical proteins is only 2% higher, implying that the high count of proteins comes with additional functionalities. As strain Enr13 T features significantly more transposable features than S. maiorica, these elements might be directly related to the elevated genome size.

Physiological Characterization
Strain Enr13 T is an aerobic heterotroph and reached a maximal growth rate of 0.054 h −1 (division time of 13 h) during laboratory-scale growth experiments in M1H NAG ASW medium, which is 40% lower compared to Stieleria maiorica Mal15 T (0.093 h −1 ). At constant agitation and optimal growth conditions at pH 7.5 and 28 • C (Supplementary Figure S1), strain Enr13 T reached the stationary phase after approximately 60-70 h (initial OD 600 of 0.05, final OD 600 of 0.6). Cultivation experiments for determination of pH and temperature optima confirmed a mesophilic growth profile from 9 • C to at least 35 • C (Supplementary Figure S1A) and demonstrated the ability to grow between pH 6.5 and 9.0 (Supplementary Figure S1B). The temperature optimum differs significantly from the optimal growth temperature of S. maiorica Mal15 T of 35 • C, while the pH optimum of both strains is identical. Additional assays demonstrated that strain Enr13 T is catalase-negative and oxidasepositive. As described previously for other Planctomycetes , a conventional Gram-staining was also not possible in case of strain Enr13 T .

Strain Description
Based on the phylogenetic analysis and the physiological and morphological differences compared to S. maiorica, we propose strain Enr13 T as a member of a new species within the genus Stieleria of the family Pirellulaceae, and propose the name Stieleria neptunia sp. nov. with Enr13 T as the type strain.
Description of Stieleria neptunia sp. nov. nep.tu'ni.a. N.L. fem. adj. neptunia of Neptune; corresponding to the origin of the strain from the Neptune grass Posidonia sp.
Cells are round to ovoid (length: 1.6 ± 0.1 µm, width: 1.1 ± 0.1 µm), form aggregates and divide by polar budding. Cells show crateriform structures, whereas a stalk or holdfast structure was not observed. Cells grow over ranges of 9-35 • C (optimum 28 • C) and pH 6.5-9.0 (optimum 7.5). Colonies are pink. The genome of the type strain has a G+C content of 58.9% and a size of 10.98 Mb. The type strain is Enr13 T (DSM 100295 T = LMG 29144 T ) isolated from Posidonia sp. leaves sampled close to Panarea island, Italy.

Secondary Metabolite Screening
To examine the presence of secondary metabolites, ethyl acetate extracts of strain Enr13 T cultures were analyzed by HPLC-MS coupled with DAD/UV-Vis spectroscopy (Jeske et al., 2016). A peak corresponding to the molecular ion cluster at m/z 458.4 in positive mode and 456.3 in negative mode was detected in the lipophilic area of the chromatogram, accompanied by a minor derivative at m/z 460.4 in positive mode and 458.3 in negative mode. These data indicate the presence of metabolites with molecular weights of 457 and 459 Da, respectively.
Metabolite 2 was detected in the chromatogram of the crude extract of strain Enr13 T in proximity to stieleriacine D (1). HRESIMS data showed a molecular ion cluster of [M+H] + m/z 460.3418, corresponding to a molecular formula of C 28 H 45 NO 4 , suggesting two additional hydrogen atoms compared to 1. Isolation attempts did not yield a sufficient amount of the compound in question and therefore did not allow for a structure elucidation by NMR spectroscopy. However, the metabolite could be characterized via MS/MS analysis (Figure 4). but fragments at m/z 263.2377 and 265.2537 for fatty acids. Accordingly, we named this metabolite stieleriacine E (2).

Biological Activity
The bioactivity of stieleriacine D (1) was assessed with our standard panel of test organisms (see Supplementary Table S3). It exhibited antibiotic activity against the Gram-positive bacteria Micrococcus luteus (MIC = 16.7 µg/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 66.7 µg/mL). It did not display activity against Gram-negative bacteria and fungi, nor any cytotoxicity against tested cell lines L929 and KB3.1 up to 10 µM (data not shown).

A Putative Biosynthetic Route to Stieleriacine D
Long-chain N-acyl amino acids such as stieleriacine D identified in this study are likely produced from the respective long-chain fatty acid and an amino acid derivative. The fatty acid serves as a substrate in form of its acyl carrier protein (ACP)-activated thioester (acyl-ACP). The amino acid residue can be a canonical or non-canonical amino acid, which can be further modified ("decorated"). Dedicated N-acyl amino acid synthases (NASs) catalyze the ligation of the fatty acid residue to the amino group of the amino acid derivative yielding an amide group in the ligation product (Brady et al., 2002). In case of stieleriacine D, the two compounds likely serving as precursors are oleoyl-ACP (the ACP-thioester of oleic acid) and O-methyl-tyrosine. Oleic acid is a naturally occuring fatty acid and is probably directly consumed from the primary metabolism of strain Enr13 T . Accordingly, the amino acid substrate is obtained by O-methylation of the aromatic amino acid L-tyrosine.
Based on an in silico constructed putative biosynthetic route for stieleriacine D (Figure 5), we searched for clusters in the genome of strain Enr13 T potentially encoding enzymes of this pathway (Figure 6). The analysis was performed manually using Blastp and InterproScan based on known FIGURE 5 | Postulated pathway for stieleriacine D biosynthesis. The proposed stieleriacine D biosynthesis pathway starting from L-tyrosine and oleic acid in strain Enr13 T is depicted. Enzymatic activities for the required reactions steps are shown in boxes. The Enr13 T gene locus tag is given for putative enzymes with the expected activities that were found in the postulated gene cluster. ACP: acyl carrier protein.
sequences of the key enzyme NAS and was additionally guided by automated prediction of biosynthesis gene clusters by AntiSMASH (in which N-acyl amino acid prediction was recently implemented). The analysis yielded three putative NASs (NasY homologs) encoded in the genome of strain Enr13 T (locus tags Enr13x_30590, Enr13x_31280, and Enr13x_41680), which were all annotated as "hypothetical proteins" by the automated annotation after genome sequencing. One of the putative NAS-encoding genes (Enr13x_31280) was found to be encoded seven genes downstream of Enr13x_31210, which was identified as the best gene candidate for the tyrosine O-methyltransferase (S-adenosyl methionine-dependent methyltransferase class I;YcgJ homolog). This finding supported the notion that FIGURE 6 | Putative stieleriacine biosynthetic gene cluster. The organization of the genes in the cluster is depicted. For encoded enzymes, the putative enzyme function/protein activity is given. Same colors do not indicate polycistronic operons (no information on the expression pattern is available).
enzymes required for biosynthesis of stieleriacine D are encoded in this cluster.
Stieleriacines can harbor a double bond in 2,3-position of the tyrosine moiety, which is also present in thalassotalic acids identified in Thalassotalea sp. PP2-459 (Deering et al., 2016). For both classes of compounds, it has not yet been elucidated how and at which stage of the biosynthetic pathway the double bond is actually introduced. Enr13x_31220, encoded immediately downstream of the methyltransferase, codes for a putative tRNA threonylcarbamoyladenosine dehydratase. The dehydratase naturally catalyzes the ATPdependent lactonization and subsequent dehydration of threonylcarbamoyladenosine.
This substrate resembles the amide group present in stieleriacines. The protein in strain Enr13 T might thus catalyze a similar reaction in the stieleriacine pathway (Figure 5). Subsequent oxidation and hydrolysis lead to the production of stieleriacine D, which could be catalyzed by the putative oxidoreductase encoded by Enr13x_31230 located downstream of the dehydratase gene. Other genes in the cluster (Enr13x_31240-70) code for putative permease and exporter proteins, which might be relevant for secretion of stieleriacines, however, we cannot provide any additional evidence at this early stage of research. Enr13x_31240 codes for a putative protein of only 88 amino acids and may thus be erroneously annotated.

Comparison to Known Secondary Metabolites
Stieleriacines D (1) and E (2) contain a 2,3-dehydrotyrosine moiety as a characteristic feature. 2,3-dehydroamino acids are naturally occurring non-coding amino acids, which were found as part of various peptides (Siodłak, 2015). These peptides were isolated primarily from bacteria and less often from fungi, marine invertebrates or higher plants. The compounds showed antibiotic, antifungal, antitumor and/or phytotoxic activity.
Besides the thalassotalic acids from the marine bacterium Thalassotalea sp. PP2-459 (Deering et al., 2016), stieleriacines have a striking similarity to N-acylated derivatives of amino acids, including tyrosine, which have previously been found by heterologous expression of environmental DNA in Escherichia coli (Brady et al., 2002;Brady and Clardy, 2005). NAS-derived products have even been found with commensal human bacteria. Their influence on G-protein-coupled receptors suggested a chemical mimicry of eukaryotic metabolites (Cohen et al., 2017).
Together with the high frequency of detection in environmental DNA libraries, this fact indicates an important role of N-acylated amino acid derivatives in signaling processes in general. Over the last few years, a number of compounds similar to stieleriacines were identified (Deering et al., 2016;Lee et al., 2019;MacIntyre et al., 2019). Previously published data together with the characterization of stieleriacines in this study will be the basis for further elucidating the Frontiers in Microbiology | www.frontiersin.org underlying biosynthetic routes including their regulation as well as the natural role of these bioactive small molecules. Since the characterization of these metabolites is often hampered by low production titers, the knowledge of MS/MS fragmentation will simplify the detection and assignment of secondary metabolites of this substance family, by facilitating MS/MS networking-guided analyses (Nguyen et al., 2013).

Sample Collection and Preparation
Strain Enr13 T was isolated from the biofilm of a Posidonia sp. leaf collected close to the island Panarea, Italy (exact location 38.6457 N 15.0772 E). Sampling took place on the 9th of September 2013. A Posidonia leaf was cut off from the plant, placed in a Falcon tube and stored at 4 • C until further processing. In the laboratory, the leaf was washed with 0.5x artificial seawater (ASW). ASW (1x) contained 46.94 g/L NaCl, 7.84 g/L Na 2 SO 4 , 21.28 g/L MgCl 2 · 6 H 2 O, 2.86 g/L CaCl 2 · 2 H 2 O, 0.384 g/L NaHCO 3 , 1.384 g/L KCl, 0.192 g/L KBr, 0.052 g/L H 3 BO 3 , 0.08 g/L SrCl 2 · 6 H 2 O, and 0.006 g/L NaF. Subsequently, the biofilm was scraped off from the leaf surface using a single-use scalpel and the biofilm was resuspended in 20 µL 0.5x ASW. The suspension was thoroughly mixed and streaked on a plate containing M1H NAG ASW medium solidified with 8 g/L gellan gum , additionally supplemented with 500 mg/L streptomycin, 200 mg/L carbenicillin and 20 mg/L cycloheximide. The plate was cultivated at 20 • C for 6 weeks and was regularly inspected for growth of bacterial colonies.

Morphological Analysis
Enr13 T cells were immobilized on a 1% agarose-pad in MatTek Glass Bottom Microwell Dishes (35 mm dish, 14 mm microwell with No. 1.5 cover-glass P35G-1.5-14-C) and were imaged with phase-contrast (Phaco) illumination using a NikonTi microscope at 100x magnification with a Nikon N Plan Apochromat λ 100x/1.45 oil objective and the Nikon DS-Ri2 camera (blue LED).
To determine the cell size of the novel strain, 500 individual cells were measured using the object count tool of NIS-Elements software V4.3 (Nikon Instruments).
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed as previously described (Rast et al., 2017). Briefly, samples were placed onto poly-L-lysine-coated cover slips (12 mm) for 10 min, then fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde in TE buffer (10 mM TRIS, 1 mM EDTA, pH 6.9) and dehydrated with a graded series of acetone (10,30,50,70,90, 100%) on ice 10 min for each step. After critical point drying with CO 2 , samples were mounted onto aluminum stubs with adhesive tape, sputter coated with gold-palladium and examined in a Zeiss Merlin field emission scanning electron microscope. Images were taken with the SEM software version 5.05 at an acceleration voltage of 5 kV with the Inlens SE-detector and HESE2 SE-detector in a 75:25 ratio.

Physiological Tests
Physiological tests such as cultivations for determination of pH and temperature tolerance were performed in M1H NAG ASW. Cells were inoculated 1:10 from early stationary phase cultures in glass tubes and incubated under constant agitation. To determine the pH optimum, M1H NAG ASW medium was adjusted to pH values of 5.0, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, and 10.0 (Supplementary Figure S1) using 100 mM MES, HEPES, HEPPS and CHES buffers, corresponding to their individual buffer range. Cultivations were done at a constant temperature of 28 • C (variation of pH) or at pH 8.0 (variation of temperature). Measurements were performed in triplicates and each tube served as its own blank prior to inoculation. Growth was detected by monitoring the optical density at 600 nm (OD 600 ) using a Photometer Ultrospec II (LKB Biochrom). Growth rates (in h −1 ) were obtained as the slope from the linear range of a plot of ln(OD 600 ) against the cultivation time.
Catalase activity was determined by bubble formation with fresh 3% H 2 O 2 solution. Cytochrome oxidase activity was determined using Bactident Oxidase test stripes (Merck Millipore) following the manufacturer's instructions.

Phylogenetic Analysis, Genome Information and Genome-Based Analysis
Novel isolates were identified by direct sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene after amplification with the optimized universal primers 8f (5 AGA GTT TGA TCM TGG CTC AG-3 ) and 1492r (5 -GGY TAC CTT GTT ACG ACT T-3 ) modified from Wiegand et al. (2020). PCR reactions were performed directly on single colonies for identification or on liquid cultures to check for purity, using the Taq DNA Polymerase Kit (Qiagen) with one reaction of 25 µL containing 11 µL PCR-grade H 2 O, 2.5 µL 10x CoralLoad buffer, 2.5 µL Q-Solution, 0.5 µL dNTPs (10 mM each), 1 µL sterile bovine serum albumin solution (20 mg/mL), 0.5 µL MgCl 2 solution (25 mM), 0.125 µL Taq-Polymerase (1 U/µL) and 1 µL of each primer (10 pmol). The employed protocol consisted of two steps, the first step with an initial denaturation at 94 • C, 5 min, 10 cycles of denaturation at 94 • C, 30 s, annealing at 59 • C, 30 s, elongation at 72 • C, 1 min, followed by the second step with 20 cycles denaturation at 94 • C, 30 s, annealing at 54 • C, 30 s, elongation at 72 • C, 1 min and a final elongation step at 72 • C, 7 min. All PCRs were carried out in an Applied Biosystems Veriti thermal cycler (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and PCR products were stored at 4 • C until Sanger sequencing.
The genome of strain Enr13 T was previously published  and is available from GenBank under accession no. CP037423. The accession no. of the 16S rRNA gene used for the phylogenetic analysis is MK559971. 16S rRNA gene sequence-and MLSA-based phylogeny was computed for strain Enr13 T , the type strains of all described planctomycetal species (as in January 2020) and all isolates recently published . Proteins putatively involved in the stieleriacine biosynthesis pathway were analyzed using InterProScan (Jones et al., 2014). Blastp analysis was performed using proteins with known function. Blastp and InterproScan were used with 'default parameters'. AntiSMASH analysis (bacterial version 5.1.2) was performed based on GenBank accession no. CP037423 with relaxed strictness and the following extra features enabled: KnownClusterBlast, ActiveSiteFinder and SubClusterBlast (Blin et al., 2019).

Fermentation and Isolation of Metabolites
For the isolation of secondary metabolites from strain Enr13 T , the slightly nutrient-richer medium M3H NAG ASW was used, containing an extra 1.0 g/L peptone (Bacto), and 1.0 g/L yeast extract (Bacto). Enr13 T cultures were incubated in six 2 L baffled flasks, each containing 800 mL culture solution, and cultivated at 28 • C and 80 rpm. After 1 day, 2% (v/v) purified adsorbent resin XAD-16N (Rohm and Haas) was added and the cultures were incubated for another 7 days. Afterward, the XAD was harvested through separation and extracted with acetone (Jeske et al., 2013). The obtained crude extract was evaporated to dryness (36 • C), re-suspended in methanol/water (1:1) and filtered through a Strata-X 33 mm, Polymeric Reverse Phase Solid-Phase cartridge (Phenomenex, Aschaffenburg, Germany). The filtrate was disposed and the solid-phase eluted with acetone and hexane yielding 129.5 mg of crude product. The crude product was fractionated using preparative RP-HPLC (Gilson, Middleton, WI, United States). A Luna C 18 (2) column (250 × 21 mm, 7 µm [Phenomenex, Aschaffenburg, Germany]) served as stationary phase. Deionized water (MilliQ, Darmstadt, Germany) with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA; solvent A), and acetonitrile with 0.05% TFA (solvent B), were used as mobile phases. The elution gradient started at 10% B for 10 min, increasing to 100% B within 50 min; followed by 10 min at 100% B. UV detection was carried out at 220 and 300 nm. Fractions were collected and combined yielding 1.0 mg of stieleriacine D (1).

Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Analysis
Stieleriacine D (0.5 mg) was saponified using 0.9 mL methanolic NaOH (MeOH : NaOH 15%, 1:1) at 100 • C for 1 h. Afterward, 1.8 mL methanolic HCl (MeOH : HCl 37%; 10:2) was added at room temperature and heated for 10 min at 80 • C, followed by immediate cooling on ice. 0.9 mL hexane/methyl-tert-butyl ether (1:1; v:v) were added and mixed for 30 s. The organic layer was then transferred into a new vial and the extraction step repeated twice. 2.5 mL of a 0.5 M NaOH solution were subsequently added to the organic phase and mixed for 30 s. The organic layer was then transferred into a GC vial, evaporated and re-suspended in 500 µL octane and measured using the Agilent 6890N GC with FID (flame ionization detector). Separation of the fatty acid methyl esters was achieved with an Optima 5 column (5% phenyl, 95% dimethylpolysiloxane; 50 m length; 0.32 mm inner diameter; 0.25 µm film thickness; Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany). Individual fatty acid methyl esters were identified by comparison of their retention time with standards.

Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations
Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) were investigated in a serial dilution assay in 96-well microtiter plates in YM medium for yeasts and filamentous fungi and BD TM Difco TM Müller-Hinton Broth for bacteria, as previously published (Surup et al., 2015).