A Commentary on
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy-Acute Cardiac Dysfunction Associated With Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders
by Buchmann, S. J., Lehmann, D., and Stevens, C. E. (2019). Front. Neurol. 10:917. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00917
With interest we read the review article by Buchmann et al. about Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC), an acute reversible heart failure syndrome, triggered by neurological or psychiatric disorders (1). The authors concluded that the international expert consensus document on TTC, published by Ghadri et al. (2), “should be used in the daily clinical routine to provide excellent patient care” (1). We have the following comments and concerns.
We do not agree with the notion that only disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) cause TTC (1). Also disorders of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) have been shown to trigger TTC [Table 1; (3)] although these data are mainly provided by single case reports. For example, it is well-established that patients with myasthenia gravis who experience an acute myasthenic or cholinergic crisis leading to respiratory distress, can develop TTC (3). A myasthenic or cholinergic crisis may evoke fear of dying from respiratory insufficiency and the resulting catecholamine storm is believed to trigger TTC. A combined CNS/PNS disorder which has been reported to trigger TTC is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (4). ALS is characterized by rapidly progressive muscle weakness including bulbar and axial muscles, either already at onset of the disease or during the further course, and clinically manifesting as respiratory insufficiency or swallowing dysfunction. Furthermore, these patients may be confronted with the situation to suffocate, which may trigger the catecholamine storm (4). A further PNS disease reported to be involved in the development of TTC, is autonomic neuropathy in patients with diabetes (5). TTC has been also reported in hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) (6).
We also do not agree that TTC may be triggered only by the CNS disorders subarachnoid bleeding, epilepsy, intracerebral bleeding, ischemic stroke, meningitis/encephalitis, migraine, or traumatic brain injury (1). CNS disorders other than those mentioned in the review being associated with TTC include Parkinsonism, brain tumors (7), dementia (8), multiple sclerosis, serotonin syndrome, and others (Table 1). In a review about TTC and neurological disorders these other CNS conditions need to be discussed. However, for several of these CNS conditions not included in the review by Buchmann et al. (1) data mainly derived from single case reports (9).
Concerning psychiatric disease as a trigger of TTC, not only affective disorders and anxiety disorders may trigger TTC but also in psychosis and substance abuse, particularly opiate withdrawal (10). Whether truly all TTC patients have high illness-related anxiety levels remains speculative.
The review lacks a discussion about echocardiography and cardiac MRI as a tool to diagnose TTC. Echocardiography is the imaging method of choice for detecting TTC in the acute situation. If the patient is in a stable condition and in case of uncertainty, ventriculography, or cardiac MRI may be useful alternatives, if available and applicable.
The review also does not extensively discuss the subtypes of TTC (apical, midventricular, basal, lateral, and global). Particularly, there is no discussion about the frequency of these subtypes among neurologically ill patients in relation to the triggering neurological disease.
Concerning the diagnostic criteria, it is crucial that coronary heart disease is excluded by coronary angiography or by CT-angiography of the coronary vessels.
Overall, the review by Buchmann et al. (1) has a number of shortcomings. The review does not mention PNS disorders as triggers of TTC. Also a number of CNS disorders which can trigger TTC has not been mentioned. Cardiac MRI is not discussed as diagnostic tool and the different subtypes of TTC were not considered.
Author Contributions
JF: design, literature search, discussion, first draft, and critical comments. CS: discussion and critical comments.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
References
1. Buchmann SJ, Lehmann D, Stevens CE. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy-acute cardiac dysfunction associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders. Front Neurol. (2019) 10:917. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00917
2. Ghadri JR, Wittstein IS, Prasad A, Sharkey S, Dote K, Akashi YJ, et al. International expert consensus document on takotsubo syndrome (part I): clinical characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and pathophysiology. Eur Heart J. (2018) 39:2032–46. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy076
3. Finsterer J, Stöllberger C, Ho CY. Respiratory insufficiency from myasthenia gravis and polymyositis due to malignant thymoma triggering takotsubo syndrome. Int J Neurosci. (2018) 128:1207–10. doi: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1486830
4. Choi SJ, Hong YH, Shin JY, Yoon BN, Sohn SY, Park CS, Sung JJ. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. (2017) 375:289–93. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.02.012
5. Khalid N, Ahmad SA, Umer A, Chhabra L. Role of microcirculatory disturbances and diabetic autonomic neuropathy in takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Crit Care Med. (2015) 43:e527. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001183
6. Uechi Y, Higa K. Recurrent takotsubo cardiomyopathy within a short span of time in a patient with hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy. Intern Med. (2008) 47:1609–13. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.47.1186
7. Alados Arboledas FJ, Millán-Miralles L, Millán-Bueno MP, Expósito-Montes JF, Santiago-Gutierrez C, Martínez Padilla MC. Neurogenic stunned myocardium in Pediatrics. A case report. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. (2015) 62:472–6. doi: 10.1016/j.redar.2014.10.010
8. Zuin M, Dal Santo P, Picariello C, Conte L, Zuliani G, D'Elia K, et al. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in an elderly woman with Alzheimer's disease: a rare association. case report and mini-review of the literature. J Am Geriatr Soc. (2016) 64:916–7. doi: 10.1111/jgs.14071
9. Morris NA, Chatterjee A, Adejumo OL, Chen M, Merkler AE, Murthy SB, et al. The risk of takotsubo cardiomyopathy in acute neurological disease. Neurocrit Care. (2019) 30:171–6. doi: 10.1007/s12028-018-0591-z
Keywords: Takotsubo, stunned myocardium, peripheral nervous system, heart failure, central nervous system
Citation: Finsterer J and Stöllberger C (2019) Commentary: Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy-Acute Cardiac Dysfunction Associated With Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. Front. Neurol. 10:1163. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01163
Received: 22 September 2019; Accepted: 15 October 2019;
Published: 31 October 2019.
Edited by:
Bernhard Schaller, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandReviewed by:
Pietro Enea Lazzerini, University of Siena, ItalyCopyright © 2019 Finsterer and Stöllberger. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Josef Finsterer, fifigs1@yahoo.de