Editorial: RNA and RNA modification in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of cancers, Volume II

COPYRIGHT © 2023 Lu, Wang, Zhang and Yang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. TYPE Editorial PUBLISHED 10 March 2023 DOI 10.3389/fonc.2023.1164399

and other pathways. Peng et al. revealed the role of METTL3 in GC cells by employing m6A microarray and quantitative proteomics to explore its potential effect and mechanism. This study showed that METTL3 induced significant alterations in the protein and m6A modification profile in gastric cancer (GC) cells, and downregulated proteins, which were enriched in intracellular mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), were significantly associated with oxidative phosphorylation in METTL3 overexpressing GC cells. Highly expressed and highly methylated molecules regulated by METTL3 exhibited a worse prognosis in GC patients with three (AVEN, DAZAP2, DNAJB1) genes.
In another research on RNA modification in gastric cancer (Jing et al.), the authors focus on the role of RNA modification in the tumor microenvironment and its mechanism of how different RNA modifications directly affect the tumor microenvironment. The study reveals RNA-modified signatures that may have a potential role in the TME and in predicting clinicopathological features by identifying three distinct RNA modification clusters and their role in different biological pathways and starkly correlate with the clinicopathological characteristics, immune cell infiltration, and prognosis of GC patients. An RM score system used to quantify and predict the prognostic value of RNA modification in GC was developed by conducting the principal component analysis, and it shows that patients with a high RM_Score were characterized by a higher tumor mutational burden, mutation frequency, and microsatellite instability which were more susceptible to immunotherapy and had a favorable prognosis.
Non-coding RNA (ncRNA), including microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), circular RNA (circRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which can regulate gene transcription and translation and their dysregulation, has been associated with cancer development and progression (3). Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a soft tissue sarcoma of skeletal muscle differentiation that predominantly occurs in children and adolescents (4). ncRNA plays a specific role in muscle growth and differentiation, and even small amounts of dysregulation would determine muscle differentiation. Ramadan et al. introduced a brief and general overview of the different classes of ncRNA implicated in RMS and discussed how the dysregulation of ncRNA associated with incomplete myogenic differentiation characterizes RMS cells as well as their enhanced proliferation and metastatic propensity. Extensive research indicates a potential application of ncRNA among disease diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic targets in RMS.
Another lncRNA study by Ye et al. investigated the relationship between lncRNA and gefitinib metabolism in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Metabolized in the liver by cytochrome P450, gefitinib is effective in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic EGFR-mutated NSCLC patients (5). In this research, the authors screen out gefitinib metabolism-related lncRNAs and explore their prognostic effects, immune microenvironment, and drug sensitivity in NSCLC. Univariate, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and multivariate regression screening significant genes were used to construct prognostic models. The TME and drug susceptibility were investigated based on risk score data. Differentially expressed lncRNAs were selected for GO/KEGG analysis. The IMvigor210 cohort was used to validate the prognostic model. Finally, the differences in stemness indexes were analyzed. Overall, 13 gefitinib metabolism-related lncRNAs were identified for the construction of prognostic models for NSCLC patients.
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains the leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is another common malignancy with poor outcomes worldwide. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are evolutionarily conserved proteins that can bind their RNA targets through their functional RNA-binding domains which regulate mRNA metabolic processes including pre-mRNA splicing, capping, polyadenylation, RNA modification, transportation, localization, translation, and degradation as well as transcription control by binding to chromatin (6). Xu et al. aimed to construct a prognostic model based on the RBP-related mRNAs for HBV-related HCC patients through the application of Kaplan-Meier survival, univariate, LASSO, and multivariate Cox regression analyses, and five RBP-related mRNAs were found out. Among them, F11, FBP1, and SLC6A13 were downregulated in HBV-related HCC which acted as the protective factors for the prognosis of HBV-related HCC patients, while NXPH4 and PSRC1 were downregulated in HBVrelated HCC that served as prognostic risk factors.
The maintenance of efficient translation and stability of mRNA is very important in the development of solid tumors, and it is also of great significance in hematological tumors. N-acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10) is an important regulator of mRNA acetylation involved in the regulation of telomerase activity, DNA damage repair, apoptosis resistance, and cell cycle regulation (7). Zhang et al. found that a high expression of NAT10 was associated with poor prognosis in MM patients. BCL-XL (BCL2L1) was screened out as a significant downstream target of NAT10, and the increase of NAT can improve the stability of BCL-XL mRNA and promote protein translation to suppress cell apoptosis via activating the PI3K-AKT pathway.
In conclusion, this Research Topic "RNA and RNA modification in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of cancers volume II" highlights multiple studies for developing RNA and novel therapeutics for cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Author contributions
QL wrote the first draft. LW, JZ, and D-HY revised the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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