Neutropthil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio as a Predictor of Postsurgical Intraabdominal Abscess in Children Operated for Acute Appendicitis
Carlos Delgado-Miguel1* 
Antonio J. Muñoz-Serrano1 Vanesa Núñez1 Karla Estefanía1 María Velayos1 Miriam Miguel-Ferrero1 
Saturnino Barrena1 Leopoldo Martínez2- 1Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- 2Institute for Biomedical Resarch La Paz (IdiPaz), Network for Maternal and Children Health (SAMID), Children's Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
Aim of the study: Postoperative intra-abdominal abscess (PIAA) is a frequent and severe complication of acute appendicitis (AA) with peritonitis. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an inflammatory marker that has been related to the development of peritonitis; however, its diagnostic role in predicting PIAA has not been evaluated. This is the first study that analyzes the usefulness of NLR as a predictor of PIAA in children operated for AA.
Material and Methods: Retrospective observational study in children operated for AA in our institution during 2017–2018. Patients aged under 5 years or with incomplete laboratory determinations at hospital admission (blood count, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen) were excluded. Demographic and laboratory parameters and the development of PIAA were analyzed. NLR was calculated by dividing the absolute number of neutrophils by the absolute number of lymphocytes. By means of ROC curves, we determined the sensitivity and specificity of the different laboratory parameters to predict the development of PIAA.
Results: A total of 388 patients aged 10.5 ± 2.9 year were included. Twenty (5.2%) developed PIAA. NLR presented an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.85, significantly higher than the determination of leukocytes (AUC 0.69, p < 0.001), neutrophils (AUC 0.74, p < 0.001), fibrinogen (AUC 0.68, p < 0.001) and C-reactive protein (AUC 0.73, p < 0.001). We estimated the optimal cut-off point of NLR > 10.5, with a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 75.2%.
Conclusions: NLR is the laboratory parameter with the highest sensitivity and specificity for predicting the development of PIAA in children operated for AA. It can be useful as a predictor of worse postoperative course.
Introduction
Acute appendicitis (AA) is the most frequent surgical emergency in all age groups (1), with an estimated annual incidence of 100 per 100,000 inhabitants, with an overall risk of 8.6% for men and 6.7% for women (2). Its diagnosis depends to a great extent on the clinical assessment of the surgeon, although in the pediatric age it is often difficult to make an early diagnosis, due to the difficulties of doctor-patient communication and the absence of classic symptoms (3). Acute appendicitis requires immediate diagnosis and treatment, as any delay may lead to complicated appendicitis (gangrenous or perforated), with or without localized collection (4). Patients who undergo appendectomy for complicated appendicitis are more likely to develop post-operative complications, such as wound infection or intra-abdominal abscess (PIAA). It is estimated that PIAA can complicate up to 4.2% of non-perforated acute appendicitis (5) and between 6.7 to 28% of perforated appendicitis (6). PIAAs entail a significant increase in morbidity and mortality (7, 8) and are responsible for longer hospitalizations and/or re-admissions (9).
The role of different laboratory parameters (such as leukocyte count, absolute and relative number of neutrophils, and C-reactive protein) as potential predictors of PIAA has been studied, without conclusive results. On the other hand, decreased levels of plasma sodium on admission have been correlated with an increased risk of developing PIAA (10).
Recently, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been postulated as an inflammatory marker in several abdominal pathologies, such as inflammatory bowel disease (11), colorectal cancer (12), and sepsis of abdominal origin (13). Likewise, its role as a predictor of complicated appendicitis in adult patients has been studied, with unconclusive results (14, 15). However, there are scarce studies that analyze the usefulness of NLR in pediatric patients (16).
The aim of this study was to examine the role of NLR in predicting the development of PIAA in children operated for AA.
Materials and Methods
A retrospective observational study was performed in patients undergoing surgery for AA in our center between January 2017 and December 2018. Demographic variables (age and sex), laboratory variables and the development of PIAA were analyzed. Laboratory variables were obtained from the blood tests performed in the emergency department at the patient's arrival (before surgery), which included blood count (leukocytes, absolute and relative values of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils and eosinophils), biochemistry (ionogram, glucose, urea, fibrinogen), and C-reactive protein. NLR was calculated by dividing the absolute number of neutrophils by the absolute number of lymphocytes. The development of intra-abdominal abscess was defined according to the criteria of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCs) of the USA as “the presence of purulent material inside the abdominal cavity” (17). Patients were divided into two study groups according to the development or not of PIAA during the first postoperative month.
We included all patients between 5 and 16 years of age with an intraoperative diagnosis of AA. Patients aged under 5 years were excluded, due to the important physiological differences in the leukocyte count up to that age. Other exclusion criteria were incomplete laboratory tests at hospital admission and the absence of acute appendicitis when the surgery was performed.
In our center, we perform surgical treatment of all AA, with preoperative antibiotic therapy with Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid. Post-operative antibiotic is only continued in gangrenous appendicitis (Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid for 5 days), and in appendicitis with peritonitis (Gentamicin, Metronidazole and Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid for 7 days).
Ethical approval was not required due to the retrospective nature of this study, the absence of human or animal samples and the anonymous collection of analytical data, in line with institutional guidelines.
For the statistical analysis, the continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation. To check whether the variables were normally distributed, the Kolmogorov-Smirnoff and Shapiro-Wilk tests were used. For the continuous variables normally distributed, the Student t-test of independent samples was used, and to analyze the continuous data not normally distributed, the Mann-Whitney test was used. The discrete variables were expressed as frequency and percentage, and were analyzed by the Chi square test, or Fisher's test when the first one could not be applied. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated with 95% confidence intervals. All statistical calculations were performed with two tails and the statistical significance was established with a value of p < 0.05. The sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of PIAA of the different collected laboratory parameters was determined by ROC curves. Subsequently, the cut point of maximum diagnostic accuracy for each analytical parameter was calculated using the Youden Index. The data was collected in Microsoft Excel software version 2010 (Redmond, WA, EE.UU.), and analyzed with SPSS Statistic version 22 (Chicago, IL, USA).
Results
A total of 388 patients aged 10.5 ± 2.9 year were included. Twenty (5.2%) developed PIAA during the first postoperative month. There were no differences in age and sex between both groups, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Demographic characteristics.
Regarding hemogram parameters, high values of leukocytes, neutrophils, percentage of neutrophils and eosinophils were observed in the group of patients who presented PIAA, that were significantly higher than in patients without PIAA. On the contrary, this group presented higher values of lymphocytes and basophils, without statistically significant differences in monocytes and platelet numbers. NLR was significantly higher in patients with PIAA (15.6 ± 5.5 vs. 8.3 ± 5.8; p < 0.001). C-reactive protein levels were also higher in these patients (81.8 ± 72.8 vs. 33.1 ± 43.3, p < 0.001). With regards to the biochemical variables studied, plasma fibrinogen levels were higher in patients who developed PIAA (760.1 ± 208.5 vs. 446.1 ± 198.8; p = 0.015). No significant differences were observed in blood glucose levels or urea values between both groups of patients. When we analyzed electrolyte variables, we observed that the patients with PIAA showed significantly lower plasmatic sodium levels, without differences in the plasma levels of potassium and chlorine. All laboratory variables studied are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Analytical parameters studied.
When performing the sensitivity and specificity analysis using ROC curves for the diagnosis of PIAA, it was observed that NLR presented an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.85, significantly higher than the AUC of the absolute number of leukocytes (AUC 0.69, p < 0.001), neutrophils (AUC) 0.74, p < 0.001), fibrinogen (AUC 0.68, p < 0.001) and C-reactive protein (AUC 0.73, p < 0.001). Figure 1 shows the ROC curve for the diagnosis of PIAA. It was estimated the cut-off point of NLR >10.5, with a sensitivity and specificity of 85.0 and 75.2%, respectively. Both the absolute and relative value of neutrophils showed a sensitivity of 90%, but a specificity (53 and 54.8%, respectively) significantly lower than those of NLR. C-reactive protein presented a low sensitivity for the diagnosis of PIAA (65%), with a specificity of 72%, without statistically significant differences with those of NLR (p = 0.065). Table 3 shows the AUC of the parameters analyzed for the diagnosis of PIAA, as well as the cut points obtained by the Youden index and the sensitivity and specificity determined for each of them.
Figure 1. ROC curve for the diagnosis of PIAA.
Table 3. Area under the ROC curve (AUC) for the diagnosis of intra-abdominal abcess.
Discussion
This is the first study that analyzes the usefulness of NLR as a predictor of PIAA in children operated for AA.
The incidence of intra-abdominal abscesses of the sample (5.2%) is within what was expected, and it is in accordance with the literature data (5, 6).
Although AA is the most common surgical condition amongst children, diagnosis can be difficult sometimes due to the high prevalence of atypical symptoms and presentations. Therefore, it is important to find objective parameters that can help us to diagnose the disease and to prevent possible complications (18). Serradilla et al. studied retrospectively the risk factors for the development of PIAA in acute gangrenous appendicitis in children, determining as independent predictors hyponatremia at the time of diagnosis, perforation of the appendix and infection of the surgical wound, without finding conclusive results for other laboratory parameters studied (10).
The involvement of NLR as a diagnostic tool in AA has been previously studied in the adult population. Ishizuka et al. analyzed the relationship between NLR and the presence of gangrenous and perforated appendicitis in 314 adult patients, establishing a cut-off point> 8, with a sensitivity and specificity of 73 and 39%, respectively, which were lower than those obtained in our study (19).
At the time of our research, we only found one study that analyzes the usefulness of NLR in pediatric patients (16). Yazici et al. compared laboratory parameters in children with AA vs. children with non-specific abdominal pain. They determined a NLR cut-off point of 3.5 for the diagnosis of AA with a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 88%. However, the presence of peritonitis or the development of subsequent postoperative complications were not analyzed.
Our study has demonstrated the involvement of NLR as a predictor of PIAA in pediatric patients operated for acute appendicitis, with a sensitivity and a specificity superior to those of the laboratory parameters routinely studied, such as leukocytosis, neutrophilia and C-reactive protein. The pediatric surgeon should know its relevance as a tool to help in early diagnosis and treatment of PIAA, in order to decrease the high morbidity and mortality it generates. Due to its high availability in almost all pediatric emergency departments, it should be considered a fundamental diagnostic tool. In children with a high clinical suspicion of PIAA, with symptoms such as diarrhea (8), fever and non-tolerating a regular diet (20), high values of NLR prior to surgery (as determined by our study) should encourage the performance of an imaging test as soon as possible.
We are aware that this study presents several limitations, such as being an unicenter study and its retrospective design. Although the sample size allowed us to detect significant differences, studies with a greater number of patients are recommended in order to achieve higher statistically power. Finally, due to the physiological differences in the values of hemogram parameters in patients under 5 years of age, the results cannot be extrapolated to this population (21).
Our results should inspire new prospective studies, in order to develop strategies that could prevent the development of PIAA. For example, by adjusting the presurgical antibiotic protocol in patients with high risk of developing a PIAA. Children diagnosed of AA and with high levels of NLR on admission, could benefit from initiating a pre-surgical antibiotic treatment of a wider spectrum than those patients with low NLR values. A prospective study in children with AA, comparing different antibiotics protocols according to the risk of developing PIAA, based on presurgical NLR values, is about to be started in our center.
Conclusions
NLR is the laboratory parameter with the highest sensitivity and specificity for predicting the development of PIAA in children operated for AA. It can be useful as a predictor of worse postoperative course.
Data Availability Statement
All datasets generated for this study are included in the manuscript/supplementary files.
Author Contributions
CD-M and AM-S contributed to the design, data collection, and statistical analysis of the study. KE and MV contributed to the data collection. VN, SB, and LM contributed in the analysis of the results. MM-F contributed to the revision of the manuscript.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
References
1. Zhang S, Du T, Jiang X, Song C. Laparoscopic appendectomy in children with perforated appendicitis: a meta-analysis. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. (2017) 27:262–6. doi: 10.1097/SLE.0000000000000411
2. Rothrock SG, Pagane J. Acute appendicitis in children: emergency department diagnosis and management. Ann Emerg Med. (2000) 36:39–51. doi: 10.1067/mem.2000.105658
3. Alvarado A. How to improve the clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis in resource limited settings. World J Emerg Surg. (2016) 11:16. doi: 10.1186/s13017-016-0071-8
4. Papandria D, Goldstein SD, Rhee D, Salazar JH, Arlikar J, Gorgy A, et al. Risk of perforation increases with delay in recognition and surgery for acute appendicitis. J Surg Res. (2013) 184:723–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.12.008
5. Hughes MJ, Harrison E, Paterson-Brown S. Post-operative antibiotics after appendectomy and post-operative abscess development: a retrospective analysis. Surg Infect. (2013) 14:56–61. doi: 10.1089/sur.2011.100
6. Fike FB, Mortellaro VE, Juang D, Sharp S, Ostlie DJ, St. Peter SD. The impact of postoperative abscess formation in perforated appendicitis. J Surg Res. (2011) 170:24–6. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.03.038
7. Kearney D, Cahill RA, O'Brien E, Kirwan WO, Redmond HP. Influence of delays on perforation risk in adults with acute appendicitis. Dis Colon Rectum. (2008) 51:1823–7. doi: 10.1007/s10350-008-9373-6
8. Fraser JD, Aguayo P, Sharp SW, Snyder CL, Holcomb GW III, Ostlie DJ, et al. Physiologic predictors of postoperative abscess in children with perforated appendicitis: subset analysis from a prospective randomized trial. Surgery. (2010) 147:729–32. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2009.10.057
9. Forgues D, Habbig S, Diallo AF, Kalfa N, Lopez M, Allal H, et al. Postappendectomy intra-abdominal abscesses – can they sucessfully be managed with the sole use of antibiotic therapy? Eur J Pediatr Surg. (2007) 17:104–9. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-965015
10. Serradilla J, Bueno A, De la Torre C, Domínguez E, Sánchez A, Nava B, et al. Predictive factors of gangrenous post-appendectomy intra-abdominal abscess. A case-control study. Cir Pediatr. (2018) 31:25–28.
11. Acarturk G, Acay A, Demir K, Ulu MS, Ahsen A, Yuksel S. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in inflammatory bowel disease - as a new predictor of disease severity. Bratisl Lek Listy. (2015) 116:213–7. doi: 10.4149/BLL_2015_041
12. Galizia G, Lieto E, Zamboli A, De Vita F, Castellano P, Romano C, et al. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio is a strong predictor of tumor recurrence in early colon cancers: a propensity score-matched analysis. Surgery. (2015) 158:112–20. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2015.02.006
13. Reyes-Gálvez JA, Gracida-Mancilla NI, Enríquez-Santos D, Carrillo-Esper R. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as predictor of severity and mortality in patients with abdominal sepsis. Med Int Méx. (2016) 32:41–47.
14. Kahramanca S, Ozgehan G, Seker D, Gökce EI, Seker G, Tunç G, et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a predictor of acute appendicitis. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. (2014) 20:19–22. doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2014.20688
15. Beecher SM, Hogan J, O'Leary DP, McLaughlin R. An Appraisal of Inflammatory Markers in Distinguishing Acute Uncomplicated and Complicated Appendicitis. Dig Surg. (2016) 33:177–81. doi: 10.1159/000444101
16. Yazic M, Ozkisacik S, Oztan M, Gürsoy H. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in the diagnosis of childhood appendicitis. Turk J Pediatr. (2010) 52:400–3.
17. CDC/NHSN. Procedure-associated Module. Surgical Site Infection (SSI) Event. (2016). Available online at: http://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/PDFs/pscManual/9pscSSIcurrent.pdf (accessed June 10, 2019).
18. Peyvasteh M, Askarpour S, Javaherizadeh H, Besharati S. Modified alvarado score in children with diagnosis of appendicitis. Arq Bras Cir Dig. (2017) 30:51–2. doi: 10.1590/0102-6720201700010014
19. Ishizuka M, Shimizu T, Kubota K. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio has a close association with gangrenous appendicitis in patients undergoing appendectomy. Int Surg. (2012) 97:299–304. doi: 10.9738/CC161.1
20. Dickinson CM, Coppersmith NA, Luks FI. Early predictors of abscess development after perforated pediatric appendicitis. Surg Infect. (2017) 18:886–889. doi: 10.1089/sur.2017.134
Keywords: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), acute appendicitis, abdominal abscess, children, appendectomy
Citation: Delgado-Miguel C, Muñoz-Serrano AJ, Núñez V, Estefanía K, Velayos M, Miguel-Ferrero M, Barrena S and Martínez L (2019) Neutropthil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio as a Predictor of Postsurgical Intraabdominal Abscess in Children Operated for Acute Appendicitis. Front. Pediatr. 7:424. doi: 10.3389/fped.2019.00424
Received: 26 June 2019; Accepted: 04 October 2019;
Published: 29 October 2019.
Edited by:
Francesco Morini, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital (IRCCS), ItalyReviewed by:
Paola Midrio, Ca' Foncello Hospital, ItalySanja Miodrag Sindjic Antunovic, University of Belgrade, Serbia
Copyright © 2019 Delgado-Miguel, Muñoz-Serrano, Núñez, Estefanía, Velayos, Miguel-Ferrero, Barrena and Martínez. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Carlos Delgado-Miguel, carlosdelgado84@hotmail.com