Is there a sex difference in mortality rates in paediatric intensive care units?: a systematic review

Introduction Mortality rates in infancy and childhood are lower in females than males. However, for children admitted to Paediatric Intensive Care Units (PICU), mortality has been reported to be lower in males, although males have higher admission rates. This female mortality excess for the subgroup of children admitted in intensive care is not well understood. To address this, we carried out a systematic literature review to summarise the available evidence. Our review studies the differences in mortality between males and females aged 0 to <18 years, while in a PICU, to examine whether there was a clear difference (in either direction) in PICU mortality between the two sexes, and, if present, to describe the magnitude and direction of this difference. Methods Any studies that directly or indirectly reported the rates of mortality in children admitted to intensive care by sex were eligible for inclusion. The search strings were based on terms related to the population (those admitted into a paediatric intensive care unit), the exposure (sex), and the outcome (mortality). We used the search databases MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science as these cover relevant clinical publications. We assessed the reliability of included studies using a modified version of the risk of bias in observational studies of exposures (ROBINS-E) tool. We considered estimating a pooled effect if there were at least three studies with similar populations, periods of follow-up while in PICU, and adjustment variables. Results We identified 124 studies of which 114 reported counts of deaths by males and females which gave a population of 278,274 children for analysis, involving 121,800 (44%) females and 156,474 males (56%). The number of deaths and mortality rate for females were 5,614 (4.61%), and for males 6,828 (4.36%). In the pooled analysis, the odds ratio of female to male mortality was 1.06 [1.01 to 1.11] for the fixed effect model, and 1.10 [1.00 to 1.21] for the random effects model. Discussion Overall, males have a higher admission rate to PCU, and potentially lower overall mortality in PICU than females. Systematic Review Registration www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=203009, identifier (CRD42020203009).

The overexploitation of sharks has become a global environmental issue in need of a comprehensive and multifaceted management response.Tracking studies are beginning to elucidate how shark movements shape the internal dynamics and structure of populations, which determine the most appropriate scale of these management efforts.
Tracked sharks frequently either remain in a restricted geographic area for an extended period of time (residency) or return to a previously resided-in area after making long-distance movements (site delity).Genetic studies have shown that some individuals of certain species preferentially return to their exact birthplaces (natal philopatry) or birth regions (regional philopatry) for either parturition or mating, even though they make long-distance movements that would allow them to breed elsewhere.More than 80 peerreviewed articles, constituting the majority of published shark tracking and population genetic studies, provide evidence of at least one of these behaviors in a combined 31 shark species from six of the eight extant orders.
Residency, site delity, and philopatry can alone or in combination structure many coastal shark populations on ner geographic scales than expected based on their potential for dispersal.This information should therefore be used to scale and inform assessment, management, and conservation activities intended to restore depleted shark populations.Expected nal online publication date for the Annual Review of Marine Science Volume 7 is January 03, 2015.and go to 1. Use the following critera then answer the question Screen tehe full text article for the following: The overexploitation of sharks has become a global environmental issue in need of a comprehensive and multifaceted management response.Tracking studies are beginning to elucidate how shark movements shape the internal dynamics and structure of populations, which determine the most appropriate scale of these management efforts.
Tracked sharks frequently either remain in a restricted geographic area for an extended period of time (residency) or return to a previously resided-in area after making long-distance movements (site delity).Genetic studies have shown that some individuals of certain species preferentially return to their exact birthplaces (natal philopatry) or birth regions (regional philopatry) for either parturition or mating, even though they make long-distance movements that would allow them to breed elsewhere.More than 80 peerreviewed articles, constituting the majority of published shark tracking and population genetic studies, provide evidence of at least one of these behaviors in a combined 31 shark species from six of the eight extant orders.
Residency, site delity, and philopatry can alone or in combination structure many coastal shark populations on ner geographic scales than expected based on their potential for dispersal.This information should therefore be used to scale and inform assessment, management, and conservation activities intended to restore depleted shark populations.The overexploitation of sharks has become a global environmental issue in need of a comprehensive and multifaceted management response.Tracking studies are beginning to elucidate how shark movements shape the internal dynamics and structure of populations, which determine the most appropriate scale of these management efforts.

Applying inclusion and exclusion criteria
Tracked sharks frequently either remain in a restricted geographic area for an extended period of time (residency) or return to a previously resided-in area after making long-distance movements (site delity).Genetic studies have shown that some individuals of certain species preferentially return to their exact birthplaces (natal philopatry) or birth regions (regional philopatry) for either parturition or mating, even though they make long-distance movements that would allow them to breed elsewhere.More than 80 peerreviewed articles, constituting the majority of published shark tracking and population genetic studies, provide evidence of at least one of these behaviors in a combined 31 shark species from six of the eight extant orders.
Residency, site delity, and philopatry can alone or in combination structure many coastal shark populations on ner geographic scales than expected based on their potential for dispersal.This information should therefore be used to scale and inform assessment, management, and conservation activities intended to restore depleted shark populations.Expected nal online publication date for the Annual Review of Marine Science Volume 7 is January 03, 2015.Loading time: 0.369 seconds overexploitation of sharks has become a global environmental issue in need of a comprehensive and multifaceted response.Tracking studies are beginning to elucidate how movements shape internal dynamics and structure of populations, which determine the most appropriate of Tracked sharks frequently remain restricted geographic area for an extended period time return a previously resided-in area after making long-distance movements (site delity).Genetic studies have shown that some individuals of certain species preferentially return to their exact birthplaces (natal philopatry) or birth regions (regional philopatry) for either parturition or mating, even though they make long-distance movements that would allow them to breed elsewhere.More than 80 peerreviewed articles, constituting the majority of published shark tracking and population genetic studies, provide evidence of at least one of these behaviors in a combined 31 shark species from six of the eight extant orders.

Risk and Odds Ratios
Residency, site delity, and philopatry can alone or in combination structure many coastal shark populations on ner geographic scales than expected based on their potential for dispersal.This information should therefore be used to scale and inform assessment, management, and conservation activities intended to restore depleted shark populations.Expected nal online publication date for the Annual Review of Marine Science Volume 7 is January 03, 2015.

Geographic Locations
Instructions to review coordinator.Edit initial locations lists as appropriate.The overexploitation of sharks has become a global environmental issue in need a comprehensive multifaceted management response.Tracking studies are beginning to how shark movements shape internal dynamics and structure of populations, which determine the most appropriate scale of these management efforts.
Tracked sharks frequently either remain a area for an extended period of time (residency) or return to a previously resided-in area after making long-distance movements (site delity).Genetic studies shown that some individuals of certain species preferentially return to their exact birthplaces (natal philopatry) or birth regions (regional philopatry) for either parturition or mating, even though they make long-distance movements that would allow them to breed elsewhere.More than 80 peerreviewed articles, constituting the majority of published shark tracking and population genetic studies, provide evidence of at least one of these behaviors in a combined 31 shark species from six of the eight extant orders.
Residency, site delity, and philopatry can alone or in combination structure many coastal shark populations on ner geographic scales than expected based on their potential for dispersal.This information should therefore be used to scale and inform assessment, management, and conservation activities intended to restore depleted shark populations.
Enter the LOS for females/male.See examples below: All Rights Reserved | Release (https://www.manula.com/manuals/evidence-partners/release-notes/1/en/topic/distillersr) description If there are inclusion and exclusion criteria that are not already collected in this form add them here .no. males Relative Risk = (a/b)/(c/d) Odd Ratio = (a*(d-c))/((b-c)*c) Risk Difference = (a/b)-(c/d) RR = (a/b) / (c/d) Risk) (Automatically Calculated) -In nity SE ln(Relative Risk) (Automatically Calculated) below, add answere if provided in the paper 46.Calculated estimates such as adjusted or unadjusted OR, There and Back Again: A Review of Residency and Return Migrations in Sharks, with Implications for Population and Management.Chapman DD, KA, Papastamatiou Y, Hueter RE RefID: 1, There and Back Again: A Review of Residency and Return Migrations in Sharks, with Implications for Population Structure and Management.Chapman DD, Feldheim KA, Papastamatiou Y, Hueter RE Study design is used to determine which Risk of Bias Assessment type is used.RCTs, Controlled Trials, Controlled Before and After trials, and N-of-1 trials are assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool.Cohort and case control studies are assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale.Other study designs are generally considered to be at high risk of bias and so a simple summary form is used to note exceptional factors.You may develop additional risk of bias forms for particular designs.
Expected nal online publication date for the Annual Review of Marine Science Volume 7 is January 03, 2015.Examples of low risk of bias:No missing outcome data Reasons for missing outcome data unlikely to be related to true outcome (for survival data, censoring is unlikely to introduce bias) Missing outcome data balanced in numbers across intervention groups, with similar reasons for missing data across groups For dichotomous outcome data, the proportion of missing outcomes compared with observed event risk is not enough to have a important impact on the intervention effect estimate For continuous outcome data, plausible effect size (difference in means or standardized difference in means) among missing outcomes is not large enough to have an important impact on the observed effect size Missing data have been imputed using appropriate methodsExamples of high risk of bias:Reason for missing outcome data likely to be related to true outcome, with either imbalance in numbers or reasons for missing data across intervention groups For dichotomous outcome data, the proportion of missing outcomes compared with observed event risk is enough to induce important bias in intervention effect estimate For continuous outcome data, plausible effect size (difference in means or standardized difference in means) among missing outcomes is large enough to clinically relevant bias in the observed effect size Most or all relevant co-interventions that might in uence the outcome of interest are documented to be similar in the exposed and unexposedExamples of risk of bias:or no relevant co-interventions that might in uence the outcome interest are documented to be similar in the exposed and unexposed (Automatically Generated)