Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of hospitalized unintentional injuries among children in central China from 2017–2023

Introduction

Injuries refer to tissue damage caused by energy exchange of exercise, heat, chemistry, electricity, or radiation exceeding the tolerance level of the body's tissues, as well as hypoxia caused by suffocation. Currently, injury has become one of the major causes of death and disability among children and adolescents worldwide (1). Globally, there were nearly 2,300 children and adolescents died from injuries every day (2). According to the intention of injury, it can be divided into intentional injury and unintentional injury. Unintentional injuries, which occur without predetermined intent, include road traffic injuries, burns, drowning, poisoning, falls, suffocation, and sports-related injuries, etc. (3, 4).They account for about 80% of all injury deaths worldwide with a disproportionate burden on low- and middle-income countries where access to health care is limited (5)_. In China, injuries cause approximately 65,000 deaths annually among children under 14 years of age, making them the leading cause of mortality in this age group (6, 7). In 2013, China ranked fifth in the world in the number of deaths due to unintentional injuries among children under 5 years of age (8) Road traffic injuries and drowning are the leading causes of child deaths worldwide due to unintentional injuries (9). However, the occurrence and patterns of unintentional injuries vary significantly across regions and populations, depending on their geographic environment and economic status (10–12). Most of the reports on unintentional injuries in China have focused on the southwestern (13) and southern regions (14), while Central China, which had a large population (223 million) by the end of 2017, remains largely understudied. In this study, we conducted a multi-perspective analysis of hospitalized unintentional injury among children aged 0–18 years in Central China, to explore the temporal trends, and to recommend some preventive strategies and measures based on our findings.

Methods

Subjects

We conducted a retrospective study of consecutive children with unintentional injuries aged under 18 years who were admitted to the Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University between January 2017 and December 2023. If a child was hospitalized more than once, only the first admission was counted. The enrolled patients were divided into five age groups: <1 year, 1–<4 years, 4–<7 years, 7–<11 years, and 11–18 years. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China (2024-K-007). Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Clinical information

We retrieved the hospitalization information of all patients with unintentional injuries through the Hospital Information System (HIS). We collected the demographic information of the patients, including age, sex, and region (urban/rural), as well as the clinical data, such as the mechanism and location of injury, the length of hospital stay, and the hospitalization cost.

The external cause codes were classified according to the WHO International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10). Codes used in this study were as follows: transport accidents (V01–V09), falls (W00–W19), exposure to inanimate mechanical forces (EIMF, W20–43, W46–49), exposure to animate mechanical forces (EAMF, W50–W64), drowning (W65–W74), foreign body (W44–W45), poisoning (X40–X49), burn and scald (X00–X19).

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 22.0; SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). The continuous data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median (interquartile range, IQR) according to the distribution unless otherwise specified. The categorical data represent as numbers (percentages). Comparisons according to group assignment were made with a Kruskal-Wallis test followed by nonparametric Bonferroni multiple comparison tests for continuous variables and χ² test with Yates correction was used for categorical variables. A p value of less than 0.05 (two-tailed) was considered statistically significant.

Results

Demographic data

This study recruited a total of 20,166 pediatric patients, all of whom were Han Chinese from Central China. Among these patients, 13,069 (64.8%) were males, and 7,097 (35.2%) were females, resulting in a male-to-female ratio of 1.8:1. The median age of all the patients was 2.8 (1.6, 5.1) years old. The majority of the patients (11,497 cases, 57.0%) fell within the 1–4 years age group, while the fewest cases (259 cases, 1.3%) were observed in the 11–18 years age group. The overall urban-to-rural ratio was 1.1:1 (Table 1).

Table 1

Table 1. The distribution of causes of unintentional injuries in central China, 2017–2023.

External causes of unintentional injuries

The leading cause of unintentional injury was foreign body (8,414 cases, 41.7%), followed by EIMF (5,071 cases, 25.1%), falls (4,458 cases, 22.1%), transport accidents (1,017 cases, 5.0%) and poisoning (723 cases, 3.6%) (Table 2). The external causes of unintentional injuries varied by age group. For children aged 0–1 year, the top three external causes were foreign body, falls and transport accidents. For children aged 1–10 years, they were foreign body, EIMF and falls. Lastly, for children aged 11–18 years, the primary causes were poisoning, EIMF and foreign body (Table 3).

Table 2

Table 2. The variation in the ranking of causes of unintentional injuries from 2017–2023.

Table 3

Table 3. The distribution of causes of unintentional injuries by age, gender, and urban-rural location in central China, 2017–2023.^a

Foreign body was the most common external cause of unintentional injury. Among them, respiratory tract and gastrointestinal foreign body were the most frequent (4,619 cases [54.9%] and 2,869 cases [34.1%], respectively), while those in the nasal cavity, ear canal and vaginal were rare (387 cases [4.6%], 353 cases [4.2%] and 168 cases [2.0%] respectively). Respiratory tract, gastrointestinal and nasal cavity foreign body mainly occurred in children aged 1–3 years, while ear canal and vaginal foreign body mostly occurred in children aged 4–6 years. In terms of seasonal patterns for respiratory foreign bodies, 1,792 cases (38.8%) occurred during Spring (January to March), 901 cases (19.5%) during Summer (April to June), 868 cases (18.8%) during Autumn (July to September), and 1,058 cases (22.9%) during Winter (October to December).

EIMF was the second most common external cause of unintentional injury. It mainly occurred in children aged 1–6 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 2.1:1. EIMF included various causes, of which the most common was being struck by or against an object (4,534 cases, 89.4%), followed by being caught, crushed, rolled over or pinched by an object (230 cases, 4.5%).

Falls were the third most common external cause of unintentional injury. It mainly occurred in children aged 0–6 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.7:1.

Trends of unintentional injuries from 2017–2023

Overall, there were statistically significant differences in the age, gender, urban-rural distribution, and causes of injuries among unintentional injury patients across different years (p < 0.001 for each). Notably, patient age showed a gradual increase from 2017–2023. In 2019 and 2020, the proportion of male patients was significantly higher than in other years (p < 0.001 for each). Prior to 2020, unintentional injuries were more common in rural areas than in urban areas; however, this trend reversed after 2020. The total number of unintentional injuries exhibited an increasing trend from 2017–2022, followed by a decrease from 2022–2023 (Figure 1). Regarding external causes of injuries, foreign body showed a decreasing trend after 2018, while EIMF demonstrated an increasing trend from 2017–2021 (Table 1).

Figure 1

Figure 1. Distribution of different causes of unintentional injuries in central China between 2017 and 2023.

Body parts affected by unintentional injuries

The most frequently injured body parts by unintentional injuries were head (7,789 cases, 71.3%), shoulder and upper arm (796 cases, 7.3%), and wrist and hand (427 cases, 3.9%) (Table 4).

Table 4

Table 4. Body parts affected by different causes of unintentional injuries.^a

Hospitalization costs and length of stay

The total hospitalization cost for unintentional injuries was 20,810,870.4 USD, median cost of 758.7 (556.4, 1,186.2) USD. The top three external causes in terms of total cost were foreign body (7,417,598.9 USD), falls (5,677,921.5 USD) and EIMF (3,975,202.3 USD). The highest median cost was for drowning (1,542.3 USD), followed by transport accidents (1,287.2 USD). The longest average length of stay was for transport accidents (15 days) (Table 5).

Table 5

Table 5. The hospitalization cost of different causes of unintentional injuries.

Discussion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first and largest study to describe the hospitalized unintentional injuries among children in Central China from 2017–2023. Our study revealed a significant gender difference, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.8:1. This finding is in line with previous reports from various regions of the world (15–18). The most vulnerable age group for unintentional injuries was 1–6 years old; this age group also exhibited a similar trend in both national and international studies (19, 20). We speculated that this might be attributed to the higher activity level, stronger curiosity, and lower safety awareness of children under 6 years old (21). There was no significant difference between urban and rural areas in the distribution of unintentional injuries; however, rural areas had a slightly higher incidence rate than urban areas. This might be associated with the lower educational attainment of caregivers in rural areas and their lower awareness of preventing unintentional injuries (22). Nevertheless, there were divergent factors between urban and rural areas regarding the external causes of unintentional injuries. In our study, rural areas suffered more injuries caused by foreign bodies, traffic accidents, and drowning than urban areas; while urban areas encountered more injuries caused by exposure to EIMF, falls, and poisoning than rural areas. Interestingly, the urban-rural distribution reversed in our study after 2020. This might be related to the outbreak of COVID-19 in China at the end of 2019 (23). According to the control policy at that time, children with injuries were treated locally in rural areas; thus our hospital's referral number decreased significantly (24).

In our study, we discovered that foreign body was the leading cause of unintentional injury in Central China; however, this finding diverged from previous reports both domestically and internationally. A cross-sectional survey from Egypt (25), a cohort study from Brazil (26) and a large-scale household survey involving more than one million people from Bangladesh (27) all indicated that falls were the predominant external cause of unintentional injury (13). Likewise, studies conducted in northwestern, southern, and Shanghai regions in China corroborated this finding (14, 20). The possible reasons for this discrepancy are as follows: First, Central China, especially Henan Province, is a major agricultural province, producing a variety of nuts, which increases the risk of respiratory tract foreign bodies among children. Second, we observed that the incidents of respiratory tract foreign body reached their peak during springtime (January to March), coinciding with the traditional Chinese Spring Festival. According to the custom of preparing nuts for the festival, the exposure to unintentional injury among children increased. About 75% of respiratory tract foreign bodies were diagnosed by parents who provided clear histories of aspiration, and another 25% were diagnosed due to persistent pneumonia. Studies have shown that by raising caregivers’ safety awareness and providing timely diagnosis and treatment, the incidence and mortality rates of respiratory tract foreign body can be significantly reduced (28, 29). Therefore, we recommend that education regarding foreign bodies be further strengthened. This includes emphasizing the importance of providing age-appropriate foods for young children, particularly in rural areas in Central China.

Gastrointestinal foreign bodies can occur at any age, but in our study, 68.3% of them occurred in children under 3 years of age, and 92.2% of them occurred in children under 6 years of age, which was in agreement with previous reports from Hong Kong and South Africa (30–34). The reason might be related to the lack of self-protection awareness among children in this age group who are curious about external objects and their own oral cavities (35). The high incidence of children under 3 years of age might also be related to the incomplete development of chewing ability, immature swallowing function, and inadequate ability to distinguish between edible and inedible items (36). In our study, we found that although foreign bodies were the most common cause of unintentional injury in Central China, the incidence had shown a gradual decline after 2018, due to comprehensive and continuous social education. Therefore, foreign bodies are preventable and manageable.

The second leading external cause of unintentional injury in Central China was EIMF, which was influenced by various factors, such as socio-economic status, environmental conditions, population characteristics, and behavioral habits (37). In our study, EIMF was more prevalent among children aged 1–6 years, and more frequent in urban areas. The possible reasons for this were the industrialization and urbanization processes in China, which resulted in the increased use of mechanical devices, as well as the complex interpersonal relationships and social conflicts in cities, which amplified the sources and frequency of mechanical forces. This demanded our attention and further corresponding prevention and control measures.

Falls were the third leading external cause of unintentional injury in Central China. Falls could result in head and facial injuries, traumatic spinal cord injuries and cervical spine injuries in infants and young children (38, 39), and falls were also one of the main causes of death among children. The incidence of falls among children was affected by various factors, such as age, gender, health status, environmental conditions, behavioral habits (39). A project conducted at Arkansas Children's Hospital demonstrated that implementing evidence-based interventions for children, such as providing falls prevention education to patients and families, helped lower patient falls (40). Therefore, it is crucial to enhance public education on fall prevention and improve pediatric care to reduce the incidence of falls. Additionally, emphasizing child-friendly home environment modifications and encouraging engaging activities that promote brain development and balance training is essential. Examples of such activities include yoga ball exercises, knee balance exercises, closed-eye exercises on balance tables, and one-legged standing, etc.

A global burden of disease study for children in 188 countries in 2013 reported that road injuries were the primary cause of death for children aged 5–9 years in North America, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Oceania, while drowning was the most common cause of death in most Eastern European, East Asian, and Southeast Asian countries (41). Drowning was closely associated with temperature, environmental risks, and water-related risk activities, and it occurred more frequently in rural areas with abundant water resources (42). There were fewer drowning patients in our study, and the possible reasons were that Central China is located in a plain area with few lakes and swamps. Moreover, the Chinese government emphasizes the public education on drowning prevention, for example, the safety education platform for primary and secondary schools in China includes drowning protection, which aims to educate students, parents, and teachers to reduce the occurrence of drowning. Therefore, it is very important to strengthen the publicity and education on unintentional injuries.

However, our study has some limitations, such as the lack of data on the severity and outcomes of unintentional injuries, and the risk factors associated with unintentional injuries, such as the physical and mental health status of children, family income and parents' education level. Future research should address these issues and investigate the underlying mechanisms and determinants of unintentional injuries among children, to guide the development of relevant policies to prevent these injuries. Since there were no electronic records for outpatient cases prior to 2020, our analysis of potential trends in unintentional injuries is limited to the data from hospitalized patients during the study period and does not include outpatient cases.

In conclusion, we analyzed the unintentional injuries among hospitalized children aged 0–16 years from 2017–2023 in Central China. Firstly, we found that unintentional injuries imposed a heavy burden on society and families, in terms of the total number of cases, length of hospital stay, and hospital expenses. However, the number of cases and the urban-rural distribution showed significant trend changes from 2017–2023. Secondly, the most common external causes were foreign bodies, EIMF and falls. Moreover, the external causes varied by age group, gender, and region. Finally, we found that unintentional injuries among children were preventable and manageable. Our study provides valuable insights into the epidemiology and economic impact of unintentional injuries among children in Central China, and indicates the need for more effective prevention and control measures, especially for EIMF.

Data availability statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Ethics statement

The studies involving humans were approved by Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent for participation was not required from the participants or the participants’ legal guardians/next of kin in accordance with the national legislation and institutional requirements.

Author contributions

MW: Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. YC: Data curation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. HW: Data curation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. LL: Data curation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. YS: Writing – review & editing, Conceptualization.

Funding

The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

This work was supported by National Regional Medical Center Opening Project (NRMC0107).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher's note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

References

1. Li C, Jiao J, Hua G, Yundendorj G, Liu S, Yu H, et al. Global burden of all cause-specific injuries among children and adolescents from 1990–2019: a prospective cohort study. Int J Surg. (2024) 110(4):2092–103. doi: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000001131

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

2. Salam RA, Arshad A, Das JK, Khan MN, Mahmood W, Freedman SB, et al. Interventions to prevent unintentional injuries among adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Adolesc Health. (2016) 59(4S):S76–87. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.07.024

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

3. Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans DB, et al. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. 2nd edn Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank (2006).

Google Scholar

4. Paleczny S, Osagie N, Sethi J. Validity and reliability international classification of diseases-10 codes for all forms of injury: a systematic review. PLoS ONE. (2024) 19(2):e0298411. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298411

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

5. de Ramirez SS, Hyder AA, Herbert HK, Stevens K. Unintentional injuries: magnitude, prevention, and control. Annu Rev Public Health. (2012) 33:175–91. doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031811-124558

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

6. Li Y, Pu M, Wang Y, Feng T, Jiang C. Analysis of the reduction in injury mortality disparity between urban and rural areas in developing China from 2010–2016. BMC Public Health. (2020) 20(1):903. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-09027-3

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

7. Ye PP, Wang Y, Er YL, Deng X, Zhu X, Huang XN, et al. Occurrence of injuries among left-behind children from 27 poor rural areas in 12 provinces of China, 2016. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. (2019) 40(11):1369–75. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2019.11.006

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

8. Liu L, Oza S, Hogan D, Perin J, Rudan I, Lawn JE, et al. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2000–13, with projections to inform post-2015 priorities: an updated systematic analysis. Lancet. (2015) 385(9966):430–40. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61698-6

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

9. Global Burden of Disease Child and Adolescent Health Collaboration, Kassebaum N, Kyu HH, Zoeckler L, Olsen HE, Thomas K, et al. Child and adolescent health from 1990–2015: findings from the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors 2015 study. JAMA Pediatr. (2017) 171(6):573–92. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0250

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

10. Burrows S, Auger N, Lo E. Language and unintentional injury mortality in Quebec, Canada. Inj Prev. (2016) 22(1):72–5. doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2014-041456

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

11. Matzopoulos R, Prinsloo M, Pillay-van Wyk V, Gwebushe N, Mathews S, Martin LJ, et al. Injury-related mortality in South Africa: a retrospective descriptive study of postmortem investigations. Bull World Health Organ. (2015) 93(5):303–13. doi: 10.2471/BLT.14.145771

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

12. Lin Y, Chen M, Chen G, Wu X, Lin T. Application of an autoregressive integrated moving average model for predicting injury mortality in Xiamen, China. BMJ Open. (2015) 5(12):e008491. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008491

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

13. Hu J, Luo M, He L, Zhao Z. Analysis of characteristics and forecast of unintentional injury deaths of children under age 5 from 2013–2019 in Sichuan, China. BMC Public Health. (2022) 22(1):2133. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-14600-z

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

14. Yin X, Dai W, Du Y, Li D. The injury mechanisms and injury pyramids among children and adolescents in Zhuhai city, China. BMC Public Health. (2021) 21(1):436. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-10425-4

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

15. Gardner AR, Diz DI, Tooze JA, Miller CD, Petty J. Injury patterns associated with hypotension in pediatric trauma patients: a national trauma database review. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. (2015) 78(6):1143–8. doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000000658

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

16. Garay M, Hess J, Armstrong D, Hennrikus W. Pediatric ATV injuries in a statewide sample: 2004–2014. Pediatrics. (2017) 140(2):e20170945. doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-0945

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

17. Aoki M, Abe T, Saitoh D, Oshima K. Epidemiology, patterns of treatment, and mortality of pediatric trauma patients in Japan. Sci Rep. (2019) 9(1):917. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37579-3

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

18. Gyedu A, Nakua EK, Otupiri E, Mock C, Donkor P, Ebel B. Incidence, characteristics and risk factors for household and neighbourhood injury among young children in semiurban Ghana: a population-based household survey. Inj Prev. (2015) 21(e1):e71–9. doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2013-040950

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

19. Halawa EF, Barakat A, Rizk HI, Moawad EM. Epidemiology of non-fatal injuries among Egyptian children: a community-based cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health. (2015) 15:1248. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-2613-5

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

20. Jiang X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang B, Xu Y, Shang L. An analysis of 6215 hospitalized unintentional injuries among children aged 0–14 in northwest China. Accid Anal Prev. (2010) 42(1):320–6. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2009.08.012

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

21. Esteban E, Bujaldon E, Esparza M, Jordan I, Esteban ME. Sex differences in children with severe health conditions: causes of admission and mortality in a pediatric intensive care unit. Am J Hum Biol. (2015) 27(5):613–9. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.22709

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

22. Jin Z, Han B, He J, Huang X, Chen K, Wang J, et al. Unintentional injury and its associated factors among left-behind children: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry. (2023) 23(1):478. doi: 10.1186/s12888-023-04964-w

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

23. Rong-feng Z, Kai S, Fang X, Hong-zhou L. Development of COVID-19 pandemic prevention and control policies in China. Fudan Univ J Med Sci. (2024) 51(1):109–14. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2024.01.016

Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

24. Yanjie W, Weicun R, Min Z, Yuming R. Discussion on public health emergency response mechanism of rural grassroots in Henan province against the background of novel coronavirus pneumonia. Henan Med Res. (2021) 30(17):3175–8. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-437X.2021.17.033

Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

25. Barcelos RS, Santos IS, Matijasevich A, Barros AJ, Barros FC, França GV, et al. Falls, cuts and burns in children 0–4 years of age: 2004 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort. Cad Saude Publica. (2017) 33(2):e00139115. doi: 10.1590/0102-311x00139115

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

26. Wadhwaniya S, Alonge O, Ul Baset MK, Chowdhury S, Bhuiyan AA, Hyder AA. Epidemiology of fall injury in rural Bangladesh. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2017) 14(8):900. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14080900

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

27. Seah R, Lystad RP, Curtis K, Mitchell R. Socioeconomic variation in injury hospitalisations in Australian children ≤16 years: a 10-year population-based cohort study. BMC Public Health. (2018) 18(1):1336. doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-6242-7

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

28. Powers KF, Reese AD, Carr MM. Pediatric bronchoscopy for airway foreign bodies in the ACS NSQIP-P: morbidity and mortality 2014–2019. Laryngoscope. (2023) 133(3):689–93. doi: 10.1002/lary.30170

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

29. Johnson K, Linnaus M, Notrica D. Airway foreign bodies in pediatric patients: anatomic location of foreign body affects complications and outcomes. Pediatr Surg Int. (2017) 33(1):59–64. doi: 10.1007/s00383-016-3988-9

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

30. Sugawa C, Ono H, Taleb M, Lucas CE. Endoscopic management of foreign bodies in the upper gastrointestinal tract: a review. World J Gastrointest Endosc. (2014) 6(10):475–81. doi: 10.4253/wjge.v6.i10.475

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

31. Panieri E, Bass DH. The management of ingested foreign bodies in children–a review of 663 cases. Eur J Emerg Med. (1995) 2(2):83–7. doi: 10.1097/00063110-199506000-00005

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

32. Cheng W, Tam PK. Foreign-body ingestion in children: experience with 1,265 cases. J Pediatr Surg. (1999) 34(10):1472–6. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3468(99)90106-9

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

33. Fung BM, Sweetser S, Kee W, Song LM, Tabibian JH. Foreign object ingestion and esophageal food impaction: an update and review on endoscopic management. World J Gastrointest Endosc. (2019) 11(3):174–92. doi: 10.4253/wjge.v11.i3.174

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

34. Oliva S, Romano C, De Angelis P, Isoldi S, Mantegazza C, Felici E, et al. Foreign body and caustic ingestions in children: a clinical practice guideline. Dig Liver Dis. (2020) 52(11):1266–81. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2020.07.016

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

35. Hesham A-Kader H. Foreign body ingestion: children like to put objects in their mouth. World J Pediatr. (2010) 6(4):301–10. doi: 10.1007/s12519-010-0231-y

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

36. Orsagh-Yentis D, McAdams RJ, Roberts KJ, McKenzie LB. Foreign-body ingestions of young children treated in US emergency departments: 1995–2015. Pediatrics. (2019) 143(5):e20181988. doi: 10.1542/peds.2018-1988

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

37. Qian Z, Wang M, Xu T. Application of emergency specialist nursing combined with green channel mode in patients with limb amputation. Appl Bionics Biomech. (2022) 2022:3838928. doi: 10.1155/2022/3838928

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

38. Yang RT, Li Z, Li ZB. Maxillofacial injuries in infants and preschools: a 2.5-year study. J Craniofac Surg. (2014) 25(3):964–7. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000000760

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

39. Brown CW, Akbar SP, Cooper JG. Things that go bump in the day or night: the aetiology of infant head injuries presenting to a Scottish paediatric emergency department. Eur J Emerg Med. (2014) 21(6):447–50. doi: 10.1097/MEJ.0000000000000125

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

40. Benning S, Webb T. Taking the fall for kids: a journey to reducing pediatric falls. J Pediatr Nurs. (2019) 46:100–8. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2019.03.008

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

41. Global Burden of Disease Pediatrics Collaboration, Kyu HH, Pinho C, Wagner JA, Brown JC, Bertozzi-Villa A, et al. Global and national burden of diseases and injuries among children and adolescents between 1990 and 2013: findings from the global burden of disease 2013 study. JAMA Pediatr. (2016) 170(3):267–87. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.4276

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

42. Zhu Y, Xu G, Li H, Huang Y, Ding K, Chen J. Epidemiology and risk factors for nonfatal drowning in the migrant children. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. (2015) 46(6):1112–23.26867370

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar