Magnoflorine Alleviates “M1” Polarized Macrophage-Induced Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Through Repressing the HMGB1/Myd88/NF-κB Pathway and NLRP3 Inflammasome

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is related to the deterioration of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells due to hypertrophic differentiation and calcification. The imbalance of pro-inflammatory (M1 type) and anti-inflammatory (M2 type) macrophages contributes to maintaining tissue integrity. Here, we aimed to probe the effect of Magnoflorine (MAG) on NP cell apoptosis mediated by “M1” polarized macrophages. THP-1 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce “M1” polarized macrophages. Under the treatment with increasing concentrations of MAG, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-18), high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1), as well as myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes in THP-1 cells were determined. What’s more, human NP cells were treated with the conditioned medium (CM) from THP-1 cells. The NP cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated. Western blot (WB) was adopted to monitor the expression of apoptosis-related proteins (Bax, Caspase3, and Caspase9), catabolic enzymes (MMP-3, MMP-13, ADAMTS-4, and ADAMTS-5), and extracellular matrix (ECM) compositions (collagen II and aggrecan) in NP cells. As a result, LPS evidently promoted the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and HMGB1, the MyD88-NF-κB activation, and the NLRP3 inflammasome profile in THP-1 cells, while MAG obviously inhibited the "M1″ polarization of THP-1 cells. After treatment with “M1” polarized THP-1 cell CM, NP cell viability was decreased, while cell apoptosis, the pro-inflammatory cytokines, apoptosis-related proteins, and catabolic enzymes were distinctly up-regulated, and ECM compositions were reduced. After treatment with MAG, NP cell damages were dramatically eased. Furthermore, MAG dampened the HMGB1 expression and inactivated the MyD88/NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome in NP cells. In conclusion, this study confirmed that MAG alleviates “M1” polarized macrophage-mediated NP cell damage by inactivating the HMGB1-MyD88-NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome, which provides a new reference for IDD treatment.


INTRODUCTION
The intervertebral disc consists of the nucleus pulposus (NP), annulus fibrosus, and cartilaginous endplate, which is located in and attached to the conus (Raj, 2008). Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a major cause of back, neck, and nerve root pain, and it is related to changes in the structure, cell number, and composition of the intervertebral disc (Risbud and Shapiro, 2014;Kos et al., 2019). With the acceleration of population aging, the incidence of IDD increases year by year, which not only affects people's quality of life but also causes a certain economic burden (Vergroesen et al., 2015). Current IDD treatments mainly focus on reducing symptoms and cannot reverse the process of IDD, which leads to a high recurrence rate (Jiang and Lu, 2016). Therefore, it is necessary to develop new therapies for IDD.
Magnoflorine (MAG) is a quaternary aporphine alkaloid widely distributed within the representatives of several botanical families like Berberidaceae, Magnoliaceae, Papaveraceae, or Menispermaceae (Okon et al., 2020). Over the years, multiple studies have manifested that MAG has various pharmacological activities, such as antiinflammatory, anti-oxidant, and immunoregulatory activities (Xu et al., 2020). Hence, MAG has received increasing attention and researches. For instance, MAG has been confirmed to abate inflammatory response in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury in mice, possibly through inhibition of the Toll like receptor 4-mediated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways (Guo et al., 2018). Furthermore, it has been revealed that MAG has therapeutic effects on peri-implant osteolysis caused by worn debris and diseases caused by chronic inflammation and the overactivation of osteoclasts (Sun et al., 2020). These findings demonstrate the medicinal value of MAG. Nevertheless, the function and potential mechanism of MAG in IDD remain to be further investigated.
As a vital member of the High Mobility Group-box superfamily, High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) functions as a nuclear DNA-binding protein and regulates transcription, and is involved in organization of DNA. Notably, multiple studies have revealed that HMGB1 plays a role in several cellular processes, including inflammation, cell differentiation and tumor cell migration (Andersson et al., 2018;Yang et al., 2020). For instance, it has been shown that the inflammatory response induced by periodontal infection stimulates the secretion of HMGB1, while inhibition of HMGB1 attenuates the levels of inflammatory cytokines in the mouse periodontitis model (Yoshihara-Hirata et al., 2018). Other reports have claimed that HMGB1 is highly expressed in osteoarthritis (OA) and is targeted by miR-140-5p. Further researches revealed that miR-140-5p reduces the expression of IL-1β-induced inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloprotease and cell apoptosis by down-regulating HMGB1 in chondrocytes . Notably, several reports have confirmed that HMGB1 is overexpressed in IDD, and high levels of HMGB1 suppress NP cell proliferation, induce cell apoptosis and promote the degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), thus leading to IDD (Fu et al., 2020). Nevertheless, it is unclear whether MAG influences IDD progression through repressing HMGB1.
Myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) belongs to an adaptor molecule of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling that initiates innate immunity by mediating inflammatory cytokines expression through the intracellular inflammatory signaling cascades such as the Jun kinase and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways (Lawrence, 2009;Deguine and Barton, 2014;Ju et al., 2018). Following the upregulation of MyD88, NF-κB p65 phosphorylation is increased and translocases into the nuclear and eventually promotes the generation of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (Jiang et al., 2020). On the other hand, the NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is an oligomeric complex comprised of the NOD-like receptor NLRP3, the adaptor apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), and caspase-1. Under pathological conditions, extracellular HMGB1 is recognized by TLR4 and promotes NF-κB p65 phosphorylation and the formation of NLRP3 inflammasome, thus enhancing the releasing of IL-1β and IL-18 and enhancing apoptosis (Xie et al., 2021). Additionally, the NLRP3 inflammasome activation also facilitates HMGB1 production (Chi et al., 20152015). Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) knockdown attenuated matrix degradation induced by TNF-α in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells through repressing NLRP3 inflammasome activity and NF-κB signaling (Shang et al., 2020). However, whether MAG exerts protective effects in NP cells via targeting HMGB1, MyD88/NF-κB signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome is less understood.
Macrophages are a heterogeneous group of cells found in most vertebrate tissues. They maintain homeostasis and regulate the immune system, serving as the body's first line of defense against external damage (Dos Anjos Cassado, 2017). As the surrounding microenvironment changes, resting macrophages (M0) exhibit two different phenotypes, namely polarized "M1" and "M2" phenotypes, and play different roles. "M1" polarized macrophages can promote the production of inflammatory cytokines and exert anti-bacterial and anti-tumor effects. In contrast, "M2" polarized macrophages have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects (Artyomov et al., 2016;Essandoh et al., 2016;Verdeguer and Aouadi, 2017). A previous study has demonstrated that chronic inflammation of IDD is related to increased "M1" macrophages as there are accumulated CCR7+ and CD163 + cells in unhealthy nucleus pulposus (NP), annulus fibrosus (AF), and end plate (EP) regions exhibiting structural irregularities and defects (Nakazawa et al., 2018). However, the interaction and mechanism between proinflammatory macrophages and human NP cells remain elusive.

Quantitative Real-Time PCR
THP-1 and NP cells treated with different factors were collected, and the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, United States) was employed to isolate the total RNA. Then, the purity and concentration of total RNA were detected using ultraviolet spectrophotometer (UV-1600PC, Mapada). Next, 2 μg RNA in each group was reversely transcribed into cDNA with the ReverTra Ace qPCR RT Kit (TOYOBO, Osaka, Japan). Later, the specific primers of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-18 were used for PCR amplification with the SYBR Green method (SYBR GreenRealtime PCR Master Mix, Code No.QPK-201, QPK-201T, TOYOBO, Tokyo, Japan) using cDNA as a template. The internal reference of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-18 was β-Actin, and their relative expression was calculated with the 2 −ΔΔCT method. The primer sequences were as follows:

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
THP-1 and NP cells treated with LPS, or IL-1β or different doses of MAG were plated into 6-well plates, and three repetitive wells were set in each group. After 24 h of culture, the cells were centrifuged at 4°C for 10 min at 1000 RPM, and the supernatant was taken. The HMGB1 content in the supernatant was measured by the HMGB1 ELISA kit (Cat.No. ARG81351, Arigo Biolaboratories Corp., The expression of apoptosis-related proteins and catabolic enzymes was determined by WB. n 3. ANOVA p < 0.01. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 (vs control group). +p < 0.05, ++p < 0.01, +++p < 0.001 (vs CM LPS group).

Gene
Primer sequence (

Cell Counting Kit-8 Assay
NP cells treated with IL-1β/MAG or conditional medium from THP1 cells were plated into 96-well plates (2×10 3 cells/well). Then, 10 μL CCK-8 solution (MedChem Express, NJ, United States) was supplemented 24, 48, and 72 h after the culture, and the cells were further incubated for 4 h. The optical density (OD) at 450 nm was observed with a microplate reader (Multiskan Spectrum, Thermo Scientific Microplate Reader, Shanghai, China), and the cell growth curve was plotted to evaluate the proliferative ability of the cells.

Flow Cytometry
NP cells treated with IL-1β/MAG or conditional medium from THP1 cells were digested with 0.25% trypsin and collected by centrifugation (at 1,000 RPM for 4 min). After the cells were rinsed with the buffer solution 3 times, they were resuspended with the binding buffer and adjusted to reach a density of 1×10 6 cells/mL. Subsequently, FITC-Annexin V and PI solution (BD Biosciences, NJ, United States) were added and incubated in the dark for 15 min, and FCM was utilized to verify cell apoptosis on BD FACSCelesta ™ Flow Cytometer (BD company).

Cellular Immunofluorescence
THP-1 cells were seeded in 24-well plate (5×10 5 cells per well). After being treated with LPS, MAG or EP, the cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (room temperature, 15 min). Next, the cells were washed with PBS for 3 times (5 min each time) and 5% goat serum was used for blocking the cells. Followed by that, the cells were incubated with primary antibodies, including p-NF-κB (1:150, ab76302, Abcam) and anti-NLRP3 (1:100, ab263899, Abcam) for 15 h at 4°C. Then the cells were washing 3 times with PBS, and incubated with the secondary antibodies, including the Cy3-conjugated goat antirabbit IgG (A0562, Beyotime, Shanghai, China) at room temperature for 1 h. Next, the nucleus of cells was stained by DAPI (1:4, Beyotime, Shanghai, China). Finally, the immunofluorescence signals were observed using an Olympus-IX71 fluorescent microscope (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan).

Statistical Analysis
Prism 8.02 (GraphPad Software, United States) was applied to analyze the experimental results, and the measurement data was present as mean ± SD (x ± s). t test was adopted for comparison between two groups, and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test was employed for comparison between multiple groups. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

MAG Repressed the Inflammatory Response of "M1@ Polarized Macrophages THP1 Cells
After the treatment with different dose of LPS (25-1,000 ng/ ml) for 24 h, the inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB pathway expressions in THP-1 cells were determined. As the data shown, LPS significantly promoted IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-18 mRNA expression, NF-κB phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of phosphorylated NF-κB ( Figures 1A-C). Next, THP1 cells treated with different concentrations of MAG (12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml) were dealt with or without LPS (100 ng/ml) for 24 h. Next, the inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-18) in THP-1 cells were examined by RT-PCR. The results manifested that compared with the control group, MAG had no significant effect on the expression of inflammatory cytokines (p > 0.05), however, LPS increased the expression of inflammatory cytokines. In contrast, higher doses of MAG (50, 100 μg/ml) impeded the levels of inflammatory cytokines (vs LPS group) (p < 0.05, Figures  1D-G). ELISA results illustrated that the HMGB1 content in the culture medium of THP-1 cells was distinctly increased after LPS treatment, but the HMGB1 expression was inhibited by MAG compared with that of the LPS group (p < 0.05, Figure  1H). Furthermore, Western blot and immunofluorescence were conducted to evaluate MyD88-NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome in THP1 cells. As the results showed, LPS facilitated the expression of MyD88 and p-NF-κB p65 in the whole cells ( Figure 1I) as well as nucleus translocation of p-NF-κB p65 ( Figure 1J), but not altered p-NF-κB p65 level in the cytoplasm (Figures 1K,L). In addition, LPS also enhanced the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome in THP1 cells ( Figure 1M). However, the treatment of MAG signficantly reduced MyD88-NF-κB pathway activation and NLRP3 inflammasome in THP1 cells (vs the LPS group, p < 0.05, Figures 1I-M). These findings suggested that MAG had an inhibitory effect on LPS-induced "M1" polarized macrophage inflammation.
Frontiers in Pharmacology | www.frontiersin.org July 2021 | Volume 12 | Article 701087 After 24 h of IL-1β treatment, NP cells were treated with different concentrations (50, 100 μg/ml) of MAG for 24 h qRT-PCR demonstrated that compared with the control group, IL-1β elevated the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and 1L-18, while MAG decreased inflammation after IL-1β treatment (p < 0.05, Figure 2C). Additionally, FCM demonstrated that the apoptosis rate of NP cells was strengthened after IL-1β treatment, while it was repressed by MAG (vs the IL-1β group) (p < 0.05, Figures 2D,E). WB was implemented to determine the expression of apoptosis-related proteins. As exhibited in Figures 2F,G, IL-1β enhanced the expression of apoptosis-related proteins (Bax, Caspase3, Caspase9), but MAG inhibited their expression (vs the IL-1β group) (p < 0.05). As shown in Figures 2H,I, the expression of catabolic enzymes (including MMP-3, MMP-13, ADAMTS-4, and ADAMTS-5) were increased, while the expression of ECM compositions (including udigncollagen II and aggrecan) were decreased in NP cells after IL-1β treatment. However, their expression in IL-1β-treated NP cells was partially reversed when MAG was added (p < 0.05, Figures 2F-I). These findings indicated that MAG had an inhibitory effect on IL-1β-mediated NP cell damage.

Impacts of MAG on NP Cell Damage Mediated by "M1" Polarized Macrophage Activation
To explore the interaction between NP cell and THP1 cell, we treated THP1 cells with LPS an/or MAG, then the culture medium of THP1 cells were added into NP cells. QRT-PCR results showed that CM LPS increased the expression of IL-1β, (G-H). Cell immunofluorescence was performed to detect p-NF-κB and NLRP3 in the TBP1 cells (×200). n 3. ANOVA p < 0.01. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 (vs CM Control group). +p < 0.05, ++ p < 0.01 (vs CM IL−1β group).
Frontiers in Pharmacology | www.frontiersin.org July 2021 | Volume 12 | Article 701087 IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-18 in NP cells, while MAG obviously decreased their expression compared with that of the CM group (vs CM LPS group, p < 0.05, Figure 3B). The CCK-8 assay confirmed that NP cell viability was decreased after CM LPS treatment However, MAG enhanced NP cell proliferation (vs the CM intervention alone) (vs CM LPS group, p < 0.05, Figure 3C). FCM exhibited that CM promoted NP cell apoptosis, while MAG treatment in THP1 cells repressed NP cell apoptosis (vs CM LPS group, p < 0.05, Figures 3D,E). WB results showed that CM LPS facilitated the expression of Bax, Caspase3, Caspase9, MMP-3, MMP-13, ADAMTS-4, and ADAMTS-5 and suppressed the expression of collagen II and aggrecan in NP cells. However, the effect of CM LPS on NP cells was partially reversed by treating the THP1 cells with MAG (vs CM LPS group, p < 0.05, Figures 3F-I). These findings illustrated that the condition medium from "M1" polarized THP-1 cells damaged NP cells, while MAG partially reversed this damage.
Frontiers in Pharmacology | www.frontiersin.org July 2021 | Volume 12 | Article 701087 reversed by MAG (p < 0.05, Figures 4B-E). On the other hand, the NP cells were dealt with the culture medium from THP1 cells (CM control , CM LPS , CM LPS+ MAG ) ( Figure 4F). ELISA results manifested that CM LPS strengthened the HMGB1 production in NP cells (vs the CM control group), whereas MAG dampened the HMGB1 production (vs the CM LPS group) (p < 0.05, Figure 4G). WB was implemented to monitor the expression of MyD88, NF-κB (in nucleus and cytoplasm) and NLRP3 inflammasome at protein level. The results testified that CM LPS promoted the expression of MyD88, p-NF-κB p65 in the whole NP cells, nucleus translocation of p-NF-κB p65, and NLRP3-ASC-Caspase1 inflammasome, but their expressions were repressed by treating the THP1 cells with MAG (vs CM LPS group, p < 0.05, Figures 4H-J). Overall, these results confirmed that MAG inactivated the CM-mediated HMGB1-MyD88-NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome in IL-1β-mediated or "M1" polarized THP-1 cells in NP cells.
IL-1β-Mediated NP Cells Activated "M1" Polarized THP-1 Macrophage NP cells were treated with IL-1β with/without MAG, then the condition medium of NP cells was used for treating THP1 cells ( Figure 5A). qRT-PCR results exhibited that CM IL−1β promoted the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-18 in THP-1 cells (vs the CM Control group), while CM IL−1β+MAG(100 μg/ml) repressed the levels of these inflammatory cytokines (vs the CM IL−1β group) (p < 0.05, Figure 5B). ELISA results illustrated that CM IL−1β elevated the HMGB1 profile (vs the CM Control group). However, compared with the CM IL−1β group, CM IL−1β+MAG(100 μg/ml) abated the HMGB1 production (p < 0.05, Figure 5C). The expression of the MyD88-NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome was monitored by WB and cell immunofluorescence. The results turned out that MyD88, p-NF-κB (both in the whole and nucleus) and NLRP3 were up-regulated after CM IL−1β treatment. However, their expression was reduced by CM IL−1β+MAG (100 μg/ml) (vs the CM Control group) (p < 0.05, Figures 5D-G). These findings suggested that IL-1β-mediated NP cells strengthened the activation of "M1" polarized THP-1 macrophages.
Inhibiting HMGB1 in NP Cells Weakened the NP Cell-Mediated Activation of "M1" Polarized THP-1 Macrophages After IL-1β treatment, NP cells were treated with EP and a concentration (100 μg/ml) of MAG. Then, THP-1 cells were treated with CM of NP cells (CM Control , CM IL−1β , CM IL−1β+EP , and CM IL−1β+EP+MAG ) for 24 h ( Figure 6A). ELISA showed that EP declined the HMGB1 level compared with that of the IL-1β group, and MAG intervention on the basis of EP treatment further decreased the HMGB1 expression (vs the IL-1β+EP group) (p < 0.05, Figure 6B). WB results illustrated that the expression of MyD88, p-NF-κB p65 (in the whole cell and nucleus) and NLRP3 was reduced after EP or MAG treatment (vs the IL-1β group), while the expression of these proteins was further weakened after MAG treatment on the basis of EP treatment (vs IL-1β+EP group, p < 0.05, Figures 6C-E). qRT-PCR revealed that EP repressed the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-18 in THP1 cells compared with that of the CM IL−1β group, and the expression of these inflammatory cytokines was decreased after MAG treatment based on EP treatment (vs the CM IL−1β+EP , p < 0.05, Figure 6F). ELISA confirmed that the HMGB1 expression in THP-1 cells was lower than that of the CM IL−1β group after CM IL−1β+EP treatment, and the production of HMGB1 was impeded by high concentrations of MAG (vs the CM IL−1β+EP Frontiers in Pharmacology | www.frontiersin.org July 2021 | Volume 12 | Article 701087 group) (p < 0.05, Figure 6G). The MyD88-NF-κB pathway in THP1 cells were detected. As shown in Figures 6H-J, CM IL−1β+EP repressed the expression of MyD88, p-NF-κB p65 (in the whole cell and nucleus) and NLRP3-ASC-Caspase1 inflammasome in THP-1 cells, and CM IL−1β+Ep+MAG further declined the expression of these proteins (vs the CM IL−1β+EP group, p < 0.05, Figures 6H-J). These results testified that inhibiting HMGB1 in NP cells weakened the NP cell-mediated "M1" polarized THP-1 macrophage activation.

DISCUSSION
It has been reported that IDD is accompanied by an increase in the expression of inflammatory factors, indicating that the occurrence and development of IDD are closely related to inflammation (Navone et al., 2017). The antifungal effect of MAG has been demonstrated (Kim et al., 2018). Additionally, MAG has antitumor activity. For example, MAG strengthens the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to doxorubicin, which represses cell proliferation and metastasis and induces cell apoptosis and autophagy (Wei et al., 2020). In the present study, we found that MAG relevels the NP cells damaged caused by activated macrophages via controlling the inflammatory responses both in NP cells and THP1 cells. IDD is associated with reduced cell proliferation, impaired self-repair, increased inflammation, and catabolism (Wang et al., 2016). NP cells were damaged under the stimulation of inflammatory mediators, including IL-1β. Therefore, IL-1β was used to construct an in-vitro model of IDD on NP cells . Our study showed that cell proliferation was decreased, cell apoptosis was increased, the expression of inflammatory factors and catabolic enzymes was facilitated, and ECM enzymes were impeded after IL-1β treatment. These findings suggested that IL-1β damaged NP cells and promoted cell catabolism. Notably, the treatment of MAG reversed these damages on NP cells. Thus, we conclude that MAG has an inhibitory effect on IL-1β-mediated NP cell damage.
To understand the relationship between NP cells and immune regulation, we introduce THP-1 cells (Qin, 2012;Chanput et al., 2014), a mononuclear cell line that can differentiate into various types of macrophages in vitro (Chanput et al., 2015). A review of previous studies has found that THP-1 macrophages can get polarized into "M1" state with LPS treatment, thereby regulating inflammation (Chanput et al., 2010;Chanput et al., 2013). Here, THP-1 cells were treated with 100 ng/ml LPS, and the results showed that LPS enhanced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and HMGB1 and activated the MyD88-NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome. These indicators testified that LPS induced the "M1" polarization of THP-1 cells. To further define the interaction between NP cells and "M1" polarized macrophages, we treated NP cells with a high concentration (100 μg/ml) of MAG on the basis of treatment with CM of "M1" polarized macrophages. As a result, MAG inactivated "M1" polarized macrophage-mediated NP cell damage. Furthermore, we treated "M1″ polarized macrophages with NP cell medium treated by different factors. It was discovered that CM IL−1β+MAG(100 μg/ml) attenuated "M1" polarized THP-1 macrophage activation induced by CM IL−1β . These findings are consistent with the anti-inflammatory effects of MAG.
As reported, HMGB1 is a pro-inflammatory mediator. The extracellular release of HMGB1 is induced when cells are stimulated, and HMGB1 is considered an important new target for treating various inflammatory diseases, including brain injury and cancer (Sun and Chao, 2005;Das et al., 2021). Some other studies revealed that Paeonol reduces sepsis by promoting the miR-339-5p expression to repress the HMGB1 and IKK-β-mediated inflammation (Mei et al., 2019). During the process of IDD, HMGB1 is significantly upregulated in the intervertebral disc (IVD) and promotes the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) (Rajan et al., 2013;Fang and Jiang, 2016). Presently, we discovered that LPS and IL-1β facilitated the release of HMGB1 in THP-1 and NP cells, while MAG exhibited an inhibitory effect of HMGB1 release. Therefore, it believed that MAG restrains THP1-mediated injury of NP cells via repressing HMGB1 from NP cells.
The NLRP3 inflammasome has been found to contribute to the pathological process and aggravates the disease under external stimuli (Haneklaus and O'Neill, 2015). Data show that the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) can alleviate systemic inflammation by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome (Yan et al., 2015). Recently, accumulating studies have found that inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome relieves the progression of IDD. For instance, Morin mitigates thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP)/NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling pathwaymediated pyroptosis in nucleus pulposus cells and ameliorates intervertebral disc degeneration (Zhou et al., 2021). In the current study, we discovered that MAG hampered the expression of the NLRP3-ASC-Caspase1 inflammasome, which suggested that the anti-inflammatory effect of MAG was partially related to the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome.
Overall, our in-vitro study manifested that MAG eased IDD by repressing the inflammatory response. LPS induced the "M1" polarization of THP-1 cells, while "M1" polarized macrophages induced NP cell damage and thus led to IDD. MAG attenuated inflammation by down-regulating the HMGB1/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome, thereby alleviating the "M1" polarized macrophage-mediated in-vitro IDD model (Figure 7). However, further in-vivo experiments were needed to confirm the protective and antiinflammatory effects of MAG in IDD.

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

ETHICS STATEMENT
Our study was approved by the Ethics Committee in the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University.