A comprehensive review of Shengdeng in Tibetan medicine: textual research, herbal and botanical distribution, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology

“Shengdeng”, a group of Tibetan medicines with diverse biological origins, has long been utilized in Tibet for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It showcases remarkable efficacy in alleviating rheumatism, reducing swelling, and relieving pain. This study aimed to clarify the plant species used as “Shengdeng” and summarize their botanical distribution, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology to promote its utilization and development. “Shengdeng” is derived from a remarkable collection of 14 plant species belonging to six distinct families. Extensive phytochemical investigations have led to the identification of 355 chemical constituents within “Shengdeng”. Pharmacological studies conducted on “Shengdeng” have revealed a wide range of beneficial properties, including antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-arthritic activities. Notably, flavonoids and triterpenoids emerge as the predominant groups among these constituents, contributing to the therapeutic potential and diverse applications of “Shengdeng”. The present review provides a concise summary of the recent advancements in textual research concerning the herbal and botanical distribution, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of “Shengdeng”. It is crucial to note that future research on “Shengdeng” should prioritize the analysis of its active ingredients and the establishment of rigorous quality standards. These aspects are essential for ensuring consistency, efficacy, and safety in its clinical application.


GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT 1 Introduction
Tibetan medicine stands out for its distinctive theories and treatment methods, which have been refined and perfected through extensive clinical practice by the Tibetan people over centuries.Due to the unique Tibetan medical theory, diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis are considered areas of expertise in Tibetan medicine.In particular, the Tibetan medicine "Shengdeng" has shown significant efficacy in treating rheumatoid arthritis.However, there are numerous alternative names for "Shengdeng", and its origin is complex, leading to a significant issue of adulteration and improper usage.Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a systematic review and study on the varieties of "Shengdeng" and summarize the current research status.
"Shengdeng", a collection of herbal medicines with diverse biological origins, holds a significant place in traditional Tibetan medicine.The records of "Shengdeng" can be found in the Crystal Beads.Renowned for its efficacy in treating rheumatoid arthritis, "Shengdeng" has attracted considerable attention.The wide distribution of "Shengdeng" in Tibetan regions, coupled with the varying descriptions found in different Tibetan materia medica texts throughout history, has led to confusion regarding its origin.Additionally, the abundance of alternative substitutes further complicates the understanding of Shengdeng's true source (Zou et al., 2020).In this comprehensive review, we present a meticulous exploration of the herbal and botanical distribution, traditional applications, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of "Shengdeng".By analyzing the therapeutic potential of this remarkable material in improving human health, our findings contribute valuable insights to guide future research endeavors.This review aims to facilitate a deeper understanding of "Shengdeng" and its multifaceted role in traditional Tibetan medicine, serving as a valuable resource for both researchers and practitioners in the field.

Textual research of the herbal
Through meticulous textual analysis of historical Tibetan botanical drug records, a fascinating revelation emerges-the authentic Tibetan botanical drug products "Shengdeng" primarily comprise leguminous plant catechins cultivated in subtropical regions encompassing India, Myanmar, Africa, Guangdong, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Guangxi, and Taiwan.Remarkably, the origin, botanical morphology, taste, nature, and therapeutic efficacy of these medicinal materials harmonize impeccably with the corresponding descriptions elucidated in the "Tara Materia Medica".According to the descriptions, the Crystal beads can be categorized into three distinct groups based on their colors: "Tanhong Shengdeng", "Bihuang Shengdeng" and "Songbai Shengdeng".These categories encompass a total of 14 plant species (Li, 2020).In the present review, a series of surveys of herbal texts and research literature was conducted to explore the source of "Shengdeng" and associated plants.The results are summarized in Table 1.The original plant pictures are in Figure 1.(A is quoted from Tibetan Medicine Records.B is quoted from Chinese Tibetan medicine.C, L, and M are quoted from Chinese Materia Medica.D and F are quoted from Atlas of Chinese Higher Plants.E, H, I, J, K, and N are quoted from Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae.G is quoted from Chinese Union of Botanical Gardens.)(The full botanical plant names have been checked with http://www.theplantlist.org).

Botanical distribution
The "Shengdeng" species primarily inhabit the middle and lower altitude regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China.The "Tanhong Shengdeng" variety is primarily distributed in highaltitude regions, notably Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, and other areas.In contrast, the "Bihuang Shengdeng" type exhibits a wide distribution and is commonly found along the hillside edges of forests.It predominantly flourishes in sub-montane to montane regions.Lastly, the "Songbai Shengdeng" variety thrives at relatively lower altitudes and can be found throughout the entirety of the country (Zou et al., 2020).This group of herbal medicines can be found in up to 12 countries and regions worldwide.In China specifically, the resources of "Shengdeng" are abundant, with presence documented in at least 20 provinces.Notably, the provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan exhibit significant concentrations of these valuable resources (Table 2).

Traditional uses
In accordance with traditional Tibetan medicine theory, "Shengdeng" holds significant therapeutic value in the treatment of various conditions.It is commonly employed for addressing ailments such as rheumatoid arthritis, high-altitude polycythemia, and "Huangshui disease" in Tibetan medicine (Zou et al., 2020).Some prescriptions containing "Shengdeng" have been clinically tested and modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated their significant anti-inflammatory effects.Several clinical studies have reported the effectiveness of Ershiwuwei ErCha Wan in treating rheumatoid arthritis, highlighting its high application value (Huang et al., 2001;Zha et al., 2017;Liu et al., 2023).These medicinal properties have made "Shengdeng" a prominent ingredient in traditional Tibetan healing practices.We organize the details in Tables 3, 4.

Phytochemistry
In the last few decades, extensive research has led to the isolation and identification of approximately 355 chemical constituents found in the 14 plant species used as "Shengdeng".These constituents encompass various compound types, including flavonoids, triterpenoids, protosappanin, brazilin, and taxanes.For further details, including the names of the metabolites, their Frontiers in Pharmacology frontiersin.org03 Ma et al. 10.3389/fphar.2023.1303902corresponding plant sources, and the references, please refer to Supplementary Table S1.

Botanical name
Growth altitude Distribution area/Country The pharmacological studies conducted on "Shengdeng" have consistently shown its remarkable properties, including antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiparasitic, antiinflammatory, and anti-arthritic activities, alongside other beneficial characteristics (Figure 11).

Anti-cancer activity
Natural molecules have shown promise in providing potential solutions for combating cancer (Greenwell and Rahman, 2015).
Study demonstrated that C. sappan extract can inhibit cancer cell growth by inducing apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in A549 cells (Widodo et al., 2022).The effect of 3deoxysappanchalcone (273) on colon cancer cell growth revealed its inhibitory potential on the activity of T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK).The compound inhibited colon cancer cell proliferation and anchorageindependent cell growth, and it promoted G2/M cell phase arrest and programmed cell death (Zhao et al., 2019b).The apoptotic effect of brazilin (195) was confirmed in an in vitro model of breast cancer using the MCF-7 cell line.The automated docking tool also demonstrated the therapeutic effect of the brazilin A molecule on the apoptosis inhibitor B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) protein.This calcium-dependent pathway was mediated through the upregulation of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 2 (LC3-II) and downregulation of P62/SQSTM1 in osteosarcoma cells (Bukke et al., 2018).Using the MG-63 cell line, Kang examined the induction of autophagy by basilicin in osteosarcoma cell cultures and found that this effect was mediated through the Ca 2+ forkhead box O3A protein (FOXO3A) pathway.In addition, brazilin (195) caused autophagic cell death in MG-63 cells by activating phosphorylation at the FOXO3A Ser7 site, initiating nuclear translocation of FOXO3A, and increasing its reporter gene activity, which results in the expression of autophagy-related genes and cell death (Kang et al., 2018).The IC 50 value of Phanginin R (346) from C. sappan was detected in the range of 5.3 ± 1.9 to 12.3 ± 3.1 μM, indicating that it has evident cytotoxic effects on lung cancer A549 cells and ovarian cancer cells, as well as A2780 cells.Furthermore, phaginins exhibited the expression of the tumor suppressor protein p53, arrest of the cell cycle in the G1 phase, and initiation of apoptosis in A2780 cells, reflecting their anti-cancer properties (Bao et al., 2016).
Metabolites (351-354) exhibited significant inhibition against HL-60 cells (Tran et al., 2015).Studies have shown that brazilin (195) isolated from C. sappan inhibits BAF phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo.The results show that brazilin (195) is directly related to BAF.The inhibition of BAF phosphorylation leads to abnormal nuclear envelope re-organization and cell death, indicating that the disruption of nuclear envelope re-organization may be a novel anticancer therapy.Brazilin (195) could be a new cancer drug (Kim et al., 2015b).In another study, various botanical metabolites obtained from ethyl acetate extracts of C. sappan showed better anti-cancer activity than the isolated metabolites, indicating that the crude extract was more effective in relieving cancer than molecular extracts (Zhang et al, 2014a).
Recent research has shed light on the potential of metabolites derived from T. yunnanensis, such as AgNPs, heteropolysaccharide, and α-conidendrin, in the development of novel anti-cancer therapies (Yan et al., 2013;Xia et al., 2016;Hafezi et al., 2020).
In another study, from the heartwood of C. sappan, numerous neuraminidase inhibitory molecules were isolated, and the maximum inhibitory activity against three types of viral NAs (H1N1, H3N2, and H9N2) was exhibited by a homoisoflavonoid, namely, sappanone A (70), with IC 50 values of 0.7, 1.1, and 1.0 mM, respectively.The viral neuraminidase (H1N1, H3N2, and H9N2) inhibitory activity of isolated sappanone A (70) did not significantly differ from than that of the standard drug oseltamivir with IC 50 values of 5.8, 5.6, and 1.2 nM, respectively (Jeong et al., 2012).Caesalsappanin G (332) and Caesalsappanin H (333) isolated from C. sappan had a potent antimalarial activity with selectivity indices of 17.6 and 16.4, as well IC 50 values of 0.78 and 0.52 mM, respectively, which are comparable to the standard compound chloroquine, with IC 50 value of 0.37 ± 0.02 (Ma et al., 2015).In another study, two novel cassane diterpenes isolated from the seeds of mulberry C. sappan extracts were screened for their anti-plasmid activity against the chloroquine-resistant strain K1 of P. falciparum.The extracted metabolites Caesalsappanin R (324) and Caesalsappanin S (325) had a potent antimalarial activity with IC 50 values of 3.6 and 25.1 mM, respectively, and the standard drug chloroquine has an IC 50 value of 0.19 ± 0.05.However, the difference was not significant (Zhu et al., 2017).

Anti-inflammatory activity
In a study, it was demonstrated that the heat-70% EtOH and microwave-70% EtOH extracts of C. sappan exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effects.Metabolites derived from C. sappan, such as episappanol (105), brazilin (195), prosapogenin B (348), sappanol (349), and protosappanin C ( 347), have shown promising potential for treating inflammation (Mueller et al., 2016;Chowdhury et al., 2019).Hematoxylin A, a isoflavonoid derived from C. sappan, induces anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the production of IL-6, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and NO in mouse macrophages.Saponin A inhibits the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in LPStreated RAW264.7 cells.Furthermore, saponin A exhibits antiinflammatory effects in vivo and protects c57bl/6 mice from LPSinduced death by modulating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and NF-κB signaling pathways (Lee et al., 2015).In a related study, brazilin could induce an anti-inhibitor of the active groove of NF-κB (IkB) kinase, which targets upstream signaling elements of IkB kinase, thereby promoting formation by disrupting NF-κB activation and signaling complexes at the proximal IL-1 receptor (Jeon et al., 2014).Another study found that NO produced in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells was scavenged by brazilin and sabanchalcone with IC 50 values of 10.3 and 31.0 mM, respectively.The results showed that the inhibitory effect of brazilin

FIGURE 8
The structure of the code names in the Supplementary Table S1.
Frontiers in Pharmacology frontiersin.organd saponins on NO production was better than that of indomethacin (IC 50 value of 46.5).The production of TNF-α and PGE2 was also inhibited by brazilin with IC 50 values of 87.2 and 12.6 mM, respectively.Hence, the downregulation of the mRNA expression level of TNF-α, iNOS, and COX-2 genes was involved in the anti-inflammatory mechanism of brazilin (Tewtrakul et al., 2015).The anti-inflammatory potential of 3deoxysappanchalcone (273) (3-DSC) in RAW264.7 cells was confirmed.3-DSC enhances the expression of hemooxygenase-1 (HO-1) at the translational level, thereby activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase mammalian target of the rapamycin (AKT/mTOR) pathway, which contributes to its antiinflammatory properties.Based on the concept that HO-1 has antiinflammatory properties, 3-DSC inhibited NO and IL-6 production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells (Kim et al., 2014).

Anti-arthritic activity
Rheumatoid arthritis is a prevalent human health problem worldwide.Traditional medicines for RA worldwide have yielded some positive results.Overcoming osteoclastogenesis is considered as an active strategy for the treatment of bone-destroying diseases, RA, and osteoporosis.Brazilin could exhibit anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective effects in chondrocytes and human osteoarthritis cartilage.The antiarthritic effect of brazilin (195) was assessed using IL-1b-treated primary chondrocytes, TNF-α, and IL-1b-treated cartilage explants.The loss of glycosaminoglycan from cartilage explants stimulated with IL-1b and TNF-α reduced after Brazilin (195) treatment, and the anti-inflammatory activity was evident through the regulation of NFKB1/p50.In chondrocytes, basilicin inhibited the IL-1b-induced inhibition of osteoarthritis markers by inducing NFKB1/p50, indicating a chondroprotective effect (Weinmann et al., 2018).The acute inflammatory paw edema and arthritis index were found to be reduced by brazilin (195) in an in vivo model of arthritis using CIA mice (Jung et al., 2015a).Microstructural studies have shown that brazilin (195) treatment significantly increases bone density, prevents joint destruction and surface wear, and improves bone formation.In addition, serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1b, and TNF-α were attenuated by brazilin (195) treatment.In another study, the anti-inflammatory, bone-protective, and anti-RA activities were proven by evaluating the effect of Sappanchalcone (272) in CIA-presented male DBA/1J mice.Based on the aforementioned studies, the anti-arthritic activity of brazilin (195) (10 mg/kg) and Sappanchalcone (272) (10 mg/kg) was similar to that of standard drug methotrexate (3 mg/kg) (Jung et al., 2015a;Jung et al., 2015b).The opposite effect of brazilin (195) on osteoclast differentiation confirmed that brazilin (195) dose-dependently inhibited the receptor activator of nuclear factor Kpa-B ligand (RANKL) to promote osteoclast differentiation of RAW264.7 cells without signs of cytotoxicity.Brazilin (195) reduced RANKL-induced NF-κB p65 phosphorylation, extracellular signal- regulated kinases, and the appearance of inflammatory negotiator genes (TNF-α, INOS, IL-6, and COX-2) in RAW264.7 cells, indicating its therapeutic effect in avoiding bone loss (Kim et al., 2015a).Another study has proposed that the anti-rheumatoid arthritis effect of the ethyl acetate extract of R. gilgitica (RGEA) may be linked to its capacity to promote apoptosis and inhibit the inflammatory response, potentially by modulating the JAK-STAT pathway (Su et al., 2021).A study showed that the Tibetan medicine Qi-Sai-Er-Sang-Dang-Song Decoction inhibits TNF-α-induced rheumatoid arthritis in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes via regulating NOTCH1/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway (Su et al., 2023).

Neuroprotective activity
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, present a significant health challenge in industrialized countries.These diseases are characterized by microglial activation and subsequent neuroinflammatory responses (Rajput et al., 2020;Singh and Devasahayam, 2020).The ethanolic extract of C. sappan has demonstrated neuroprotective and anti-cerebral ischemic effects in an experimental model (Wan et al., 2019).Protosappanin A (186) reversed the neuroinflammatory effect of BV2 cells under the action of LPS by significantly inhibiting the production of IL-1β and TNFα.In addition, Protosappanin A (186) dose-dependently decreased the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), IL-1β, and IL-6.Moreover, Protosappanin A (186) inhibited the inflammatory pathway of LPS treatment by downregulating JAK2 and STAT3 phosphorylation and STAT3 nuclear translocation (Wang et al., 2017a).In vitro studies using the thioflavin-T fluorescence assay and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that hematoxylin significantly reduced the cytotoxicity induced by Aβ42 by inhibiting the formation of Aβ42 fibrils (Tu et al., 2016).Brazilein (203) has been shown to reverse the elevated expression of TNF-α and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) induced by cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in mice (Xiao et al., 2016).

Hepatoprotective activities
Study showed that ethyl acetate extract of A. catechu (250 mg/kg) can inhibit the toxicity of liver injury in tetrachloride-induced albino rat using biochemical (measurement of serum transaminases, serum alkaline phosphatase, and serum bilirubin) and histopathological assessment (Jayasekhar et al., 1997).A. catechu herbal extracts were demonstrated as hepatoprotective with IC 50 of 114.8 μg/mL on HepG2 cells toxified with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BH).The anti-oxidant potential of this plant is attributed to its hepatoprotective activity by reducing lipid peroxidation and cell damage (Hiraganahalli et al., 2012).Similarly, plant ethyl acetate extract showed significant hepatoprotective ability in an in vivo model (Ray et al., 2006).Moreover, in a Wistar rat model experiment, A. catechu seed and bark extracts exhibited hepatoprotective effects, which were related to the decrease of the activity of liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and aspartate aminotransferase) by reducing lipid peroxidation, and enhanced anti-oxidant activity by increasing glutathione and increasing the activity of peptides and superoxide dismutase (Lakshmi et al., 2018).
The hypoglycemic effect of C. sinensis leaves was studied in STZ-induced diabetic rats.The results show that C. sinensis leaf extract is a potential drug for treating diabetes, and its active ingredients include flavonoids (Li et al., 2007c) Furthermore, previous investigation suggested that C. sinensis extract has good hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects, which may be beneficial to hyperglycemia and may decrease HDL (Muhammad et al., 2013).

Toxicity
The historical use of "Shengdeng" as a traditional medicine for thousands of years indicates its long-standing reputation as a safe therapeutic option.Ancient texts documenting the use of "Shengdeng" do not mention any instances of toxicity associated with its usage.

Other effects
A study has found the phenols from the leaves of X. sorbifolia could be used as natural neuroinflammation inhibitors (Li et al., 2016).Another study has shown that barrigenol-like triterpenoids derived from X. sorbifolia husks exhibited s significant inhibitory activity against the proliferation of three human tumor cell lines, namely, HepG2, HCT-116, and U87-MG (Wang et al., 2017b).Furthermore, a study indicated that the husk of X. sorbifolia might prevent inflammation-related neurodegenerative disorders by controlling the expression of the nuclear NF-κB signaling pathway, which clearly inhibited LPS-induced NO production in BV-2 cells (Zhao et al., 2022).
C. sinensis extracts have the potential to be developed into herbal products with hepatoprotective and nephroprotective properties (Saeed et al., 2008).Some fundings suggest that the aqueous extract of A. catechu has immunomodulatory effects on both cell-mediated and humoral immunity (Ismail and Asad, 2009).

Conclusion and perspectives
According to Tibetan medical documents, a total of 14 species were used as "Shengdeng".Extensive phytochemical investigations have resulted in the identification of 355 chemical constituents within "Shengdeng".The pharmacological studies conducted on "Shengdeng" have unveiled a diverse array of beneficial properties, including potent antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-arthritic activities.However, it is important to acknowledge that there are still several unresolved issues that require further investigation and clarification in future research endeavors.These areas of focus will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action of "Shengdeng".
Firstly, as a representative multi-origin Tibetan medicine, "Shengdeng" exhibits inherent variations in chemical composition among different plant sources, leading to heterogeneity in the content of active constituents.This inherent variability may significantly impact the therapeutic efficacy and safety profiles of the medication (Kelsang et al., 2023).Secondly, although "Shengdeng" derived from different plant sources may share similar pharmacological effects, the inherent variations in botanical origin and growth conditions can give rise to nuanced pharmacodynamic profiles or even distinct therapeutic outcomes.Consequently, the evaluation of Shengdeng's therapeutic efficacy and the design of its optimal formulations are confronted with intricate challenges.Thirdly, the research on multi-origin "Shengdeng" confronts the critical issue of establishing harmonized and comprehensive standards.The diverse array of plant species and their inherent differences necessitate the development of standardized methodologies and evaluation frameworks that can accommodate the unique characteristics of multi-origin plants.Achieving such standardization is pivotal to ensure consistent quality control and efficacy assessment.Lastly, Ancient texts documenting the use of "Shengdeng" do not mention any instances of toxicity associated with its usage.Modern pharmacological studies have not reported any side effects or toxicity at present.Therefore, further research on "Shengdeng" in this direction would be worthwhile.
Given the aforementioned challenges in the research of multiorigin Tibetan medicine "Shengdeng", future investigations should focus on the following key areas.Firstly, it is crucial to conduct comprehensive chemical analysis and comparative studies on "Shengdeng" derived from different plant sources to identify the major bioactive metabolites and assess their quantitative variations.Innovative approaches such as multidimensional separation techniques like comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) should be employed to achieve improved separation and qualitativequantitative analysis of the complex constituents in multiorigin "Shengdeng" (Bo et al., 2023).Secondly, establishing scientific quality control methods for "Shengdeng" is essential to ensure the herbal material's quality.This involves developing standards and protocols for collection, storage, processing, and strengthening regulatory oversight and management of the entire herbal production process to ensure the stability of Shengdeng's quality (Peng et al., 2022).Thirdly, conducting clinical research and experimental pharmacological evaluations are necessary to gain a deeper understanding of the variations and consistency in the pharmacological effects of multi-origin plants.Based on the research findings, suitable dosage forms and treatment regimens can be designed for different plant sources to enhance the consistency and controllability of therapeutic efficacy (Wang et al., 2022).Fourthly, it is imperative to establish standardized methods and evaluation systems specific to multi-origin plants like "Shengdeng" to ensure comparability and reproducibility in research and application.Developing a unified set of standards and guidelines encompassing plant collection, quality assessment, component analysis, and pharmacological evaluation is essential (Zhong et al., 2022).Lastly, Toxicity and side effects were evaluated using modern pharmacological methods in relevant animal models.These include safety pharmacology, genetic toxicology, acute and subchronic toxicology, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) studies, reproductive and developmental toxicity, and carcinogenic potential assessments (Cai and Suo, 2023).
This review presents a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in the textual research of "Shengdeng", encompassing its herbal and botanical distribution, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities.As an integral component of Tibetan medicine, "Shengdeng" holds significant medicinal value and is widely employed in clinical settings.By providing a comprehensive understanding of the plant species utilized as "Shengdeng" and their applications, this review contributes to the existing knowledge in the field and serves as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners alike.

TABLE 1
The herbal textual research of "Shengdeng".

TABLE 2
The resource distribution of "Shengdeng".

TABLE 3
The traditional uses of "Shengdeng".

TABLE 3 (
Continued) The traditional uses of "Shengdeng".Prescription preparation and functional indications of Tibetan medicine "Shengdeng".