Edited and reviewed by: Claudia Kuntner, Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT), Austria
This article was submitted to Biomedical Physics, a section of the journal Frontiers in Physics
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In the original article, there was a mistake in Table
PET, SPECT, CT, and MR specifications of selected dual and triple modality clinical systems commercially available.
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PET specifications | Scintillator | – | – | – | LSO | LYSO | LYSO | LYSO | BGO | LYSO | LYSO | LYSO | LYSO | LYSO | LSO | LYSO | LBS |
Crystal size (mm3) | – | – | - | 4 × 4 × 20 | 4 × 4 × 22 | 4 × 4 × 19 | 4.2 × 6.3 × 25 | 6.3 × 6.3 × 30 | 4 × 4 × 12 | 3.63 × 3.63 × 20 | 2.35 × 2.35 × 15 | 2.76 × 2.59 × 18 | 3.9 × 3.9 × 20 | 4 × 4 × 20 | 4 × 4 × 22 | 4.2 × 5.3 × 25 | |
Total detector elements | – | – | – | 32 448 | 28 336 | 23 040 | 13 824 | 11 520 | 30 720 | 37 632 | 110 592 | 101 920 | 39 672 | 28 672 | 28 336 | 20 160 | |
Photo-detector | – | – | – | PMT | PMT | dSiPM | PMT | PMT | PMT | PMT | PMT | SiPM | PMT | APD | PMT | SiPM | |
ToF capability | – | – | – | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | |
Patient bore (cm) | – | – | – | 78.0 | 71.7 | 70.0 | 70.0 | 74.0 | 88.0 | N.A. | 70.0 | 70.0 | 70.0 | 60.0 | 70.7 | 60.0 | |
Transaxial FOV (cm) | – | – | – | 81.5 | 67.6 | N.A. | 70.0 | 70.0 | 70.0 | N.A. | 70.0 | 70.0 | 55.0 | 59.4 | N.A. | 60.0 | |
Axial FOV (cm) | – | – | – | 21.8 | 18.0 | 16.4 | 15.7 | 26.0 | 19.6 | N.A. | 23.6 | 30.0 | 23.0 | 25.8 | 18.0 | 25.0 | |
Energy window (keV) | – | – | – | 435–650 | 440–665 | N.A. | 425–650 | 425–650 | 425–650 | 425–650 | N.A. | LLD, 430 | N.A. | 430–610 | 460–665 | 425–650 | |
Energy resolution (%) | – | – | – | 11.5 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 12.4 | N.A. | 12.4 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | 14.5 | 11.6 | 11.0 | |
Time coincidence window (ns) | – | – | – | 4.1 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 4.9 | 9.5 | 1.6–3.2 | 4.1 | N.A. | N.A. | 5.0 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 4.6 | |
Time resolution (ns) | – | – | – | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.5 | N.A. | 0.4 | 0.43 | 0.485 | N.A. | N.A. | 2.9 | 0.5 | 0.4 | |
Transaxial Resolution 1 cm/10 cm (mm) | – | – | – | 4.4/4.9 | 4.8/5.1 | 4.1/4.5 | 4.7/5.0 | 4.5/5.4 | 5.1/5.1 | 3.76/4.56 | 2.85/3.07 | Max resol. 2.9 | 4.1/4.9 | 4.3/5.0 | 4.7/5.1 | 4.2/5.2 | |
Axial Resolution 1 cm/10 cm (mm) | – | – | – | 4.4/5.9 | 4.7/5.2 | 4.0/4.3 | 4.7/5.6 | 4.8/4.8 | 5.0 /5.4 | 3.64/5.29 | 3.01/2.97 | 4.2/5.1 | 4.3/6.6 | 4.6/5.0 | 5.8/7.1 | ||
Sensitivity (kcps/MBq) | – | – | – | 9.7 | 7.3 | 5.7 | 7.4 | 22.8 | 3.8 | 10.9 | 8.3 | 16 | 8.1 | 15.0 | 7.0 | 21.0 | |
Scatter Fraction (%) | – | – | – | 33.2 | 36.7 | 30.0 | 37.0 | 36.2 | 37.3 | N.A. | 38.4 | 40.0 | N.A. | 37.9 at peak NECR | 26.0 | 43.6 at peak NECR | |
Peak NEC (kcps @ kBq/mL) | – | – | – | 180 @ 28 | 124 @ 20.3 | 171 @ 50 | 139 @ 29 | 124 @ 9.1 | 70 @ 29.6 | 224.6 @ 29.0 | 109 @ 21.5 | 170 @ 16.0 | 150 @ N.A. | 184 @ 23.1 | 89 @ 13.7 | 210 @ 17.5 | |
SPECT specifications | Detector type | 3.8 in. NaI | 3.8 in. NaI | 3.8 in. NaI | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | NaI | – | – | – |
Photo-detector | PMT | PMT | PMT | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 60(48) PMT | – | – | – | |
Detector size (cm) | 38.7 × 53.3 | 40.6 × 54.0 | 40.0 × 54.0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 58.5(55.8) × 47.0(41.8) | – | – | – | |
CT specifications | Max CT slices | 2,6,16 | 16 | Cone beam | 128 | 128 | 128 | 64 | 16 | 16 | 64 | 16 | 128 | 16 | – | – | – |
CT tube max voltage (kVp) | 130 | 140 | 120 | 140 | 140 | 140 | 140 | 140 | 135 | 140 | 140 | 140 | 140 | – | – | – | |
CT tube max current (mA) | 345 | 440 | 80 | 800 | 665 | 665 | 800 | 440 | 600 | 667 | 420 | 833 | 500 | – | – | – | |
Max CT rotation (s) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 12 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.35 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.39 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.4 | – | – | – | |
MR specifications | PET/MR integration | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Fully integrated | Sequential | Fully integrated |
Magnet | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Superconductor | Superconductor | Superconductor | |
Magnetic field | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3T | 3T | 3T | |
Magnet length (cm) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 163 | 157 | N.A. | |
Magnet bore (cm) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 60 | 60 | 60 | |
Maximum FOV (cm3) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 60 | 50 × 50 × 45 | 50 × 50 × 50 |
The original article has been updated.
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.