@ARTICLE{10.3389/fphys.2021.714104, AUTHOR={Zhang, Nan and Yan, Zili and Liu, Hailan and Yu, Meng and He, Yang and Liu, Hesong and Liang, Chen and Tu, Longlong and Wang, Lina and Yin, Na and Han, Junying and Scarcelli, Nikolas and Yang, Yongjie and Wang, Chunmei and Zeng, Tianshu and Chen, Lu-Lu and Xu, Yong}, TITLE={Hypothalamic Perineuronal Nets Are Regulated by Sex and Dietary Interventions}, JOURNAL={Frontiers in Physiology}, VOLUME={12}, YEAR={2021}, URL={https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.714104}, DOI={10.3389/fphys.2021.714104}, ISSN={1664-042X}, ABSTRACT={Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are widely present in the hypothalamus, and are thought to provide physical protection and ion buffering for neurons and regulate their synaptic plasticity and intracellular signaling. Recent evidence indicates that PNNs in the mediobasal hypothalamus play an important role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. However, whether and how hypothalamic PNNs are regulated are not fully understood. In the present study, we examined whether PNNs in various hypothalamic regions in mice can be regulated by sex, gonadal hormones, dietary interventions, or their interactions. We demonstrated that gonadal hormones are required to maintain normal PNNs in the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus in both male and female mice. In addition, PNNs in the terete hypothalamic nucleus display a sexual dimorphism with females higher than males, and high-fat diet feeding increases terete PNNs only in female mice but not in male mice. On the other hand, PNNs in other hypothalamic regions are not influenced by sex, gonadal hormones or dietary interventions. In summary, we demonstrated that hypothalamic PNNs are regulated in a region-specific manner and these results provide a framework to further investigate the potential functions of PNNs in regulating energy/glucose homeostasis at the interplay of sex, gonadal hormones and diets.} }