A Pragmatic Approach to Getting Published: 35 Tips for Early Career Researchers

It is trite to say “publish or perish,” yet many early career researchers are often at a loss on how to best get their work published. With strong competition and many manuscripts submitted, it is difficult to convince editors and reviewers to opt for acceptance. A pragmatic approach to publishing may increase one's odds of success. Here, we – a group of postdocs in the field of plant science – present specific recommendations for early career scientists on advanced levels. We cannot provide a recipe-like set of instructions with success guaranteed, but we come from a broad background in plant science, with experience publishing in a number of journals of varying topics and impact factors. We provide tips, tricks, and tools for collaboration, journal selection, and achieving acceptance.


INTRODUCTION
Publishing is essential for scientists to disseminate their research and communicate insights to as broad of an audience as possible. For early career scientists, in particular, publication record is the fundamental metric for judging their career advancement (Walker et al., 2010). However, with the overwhelming number of papers submitted to peer-reviewed journals, it is challenging to get your work noticed and stand out from the crowd. A strategic approach to publishing can maximize your chances of success.
Scientifically-robust research is a critical first step in getting any paper published. But what to do after that? General advice on getting published is available in various textbooks (Rosei and Johnston, 2006;Fraser, 2008;Albert, 2009;Davis et al., 2012;Cargill and O'Connor, 2013), articles (Bourne, 2005;Johnson and Green, 2009;Powell, 2010) and websites (Kelner, 2007;Gould, 2014). However, there is a shortage of brief, synoptic overviews and specific recommendations for early career scientists on advanced levels (e.g., postdocs).
Here, we present our pragmatic tips for advanced publication strategies. The recommendations were developed on September 28, 2015 at a workshop for PLANT FELLOWS, an international postdoc fellowship program in the field of plant sciences (www.plantfellows.ch). These suggestions are based on the experiences of the ten workshop participants, the instructor, and the literature.
We start with recommendations for collaboration, as research has become more and more of a joint effort. The number of partners and collaboration strategy has been shown to correlate strongly with a researcher's productivity, i.e., the number of published peer-reviewed journal articles (Lee, 2005). In the life sciences, collaborative papers result in more highly cited publications (Figg et al., 2006), and international collaborations appear to be especially fruitful (Adams, 2013).
We then provide advice for journal selection because submitting to an inappropriate journal will result in wasted time and effort. Unsuitable target journals could mean unnecessarily giving away impact points (Rosei and Johnston, 2006). In addition, the publishing landscape has changed in recent years and has become even more complex, with new publishing concepts (e.g., open access, electronic preprints) and an ever-increasing number of submitted and published articles (Changing Nature, 2013). This dynamic publishing landscape makes it important to target the right journals for your research.
Since acceptance is the ultimate aim of any submitted manuscript, lastly we give tips for achieving acceptance of your paper.

COLLABORATION
Collaboration is important for many reasons. From a scientific standpoint, collaborations enable us to find innovative solutions to interdisciplinary problems, such as those related to climate change, public health, or the energy sector (Adams, 2012). A good collaboration can provide fresh input, intellectual stimulation, and motivation. From a practical standpoint, collaborating with people from other fields can facilitate your movement to other disciplines, and enables access to ideas, resources, and partners' facilities (Gabrys and Langdale, 2012). In the plant sciences, access to greenhouses, fields, labs, and highperformance computing clusters may be shared. Collaborations are a way to network, establish yourself, and demonstrate your skills and work ethic (Dee, 2006). From a strategic point of view, collaboration allows for partners to publish in a synergetic way (back to back papers/companion papers) and thus avoid competition (Dee, 2006;Gabrys and Langdale, 2012).

There Are Multiple Ways to Establish Collaborations
(1) Make contact with potential collaborators at conferences. Participation in coffee breaks and dinners are just as important as the scientific sessions. However, the "big shots" are often surrounded by people and may not remember you. Thus: (2) Contact potential partners via email. This may be preferable for some potential collaborators as it does not demand immediate reaction. Use an eye-catching subject line and well thought-out message to make sure your email gets noticed (Dee, 2006). (3) Put yourself out there. Do publicity for your previous publications to make you and your research visible to the scientific community (npg, 2015). Presenting your work at a conference may inspire potential collaborators to contact you. There are special grants for setting up initial meetings/workshops for collaborators, for example European Cooperation in Science and Technology (www.cost.eu). Look into your local grant opportunities that promote collaborative efforts. (4) Collaborations between industry (biotechnology companies for example) and academia can come with numerous benefits for both parties including networking, recruitment possibilities, financial support, and access to "novel techniques and concepts" (Pronk et al., 2015). Although there will likely be some degree of restriction on publication while working with a company due to confidentiality issues, there are possibilities to publish research resulting from the collaboration. For example, review papers or research papers using public rather than private data are publishing options.

Successful Collaborations Need Nurture
(5) Be open minded to accept partners' ideas and views (Adams, 2012). Treat all collaborators as equals and with respect. (6) Good communication between all parties at all stages is crucial. Today, there are many collaboration tools to facilitate communication-everything from video conferences, instant messaging, file sharing, online meeting notes, assigning tasks, etc. (Wikipedia, 2015). We give our favorites in Table 1. (7) However, keep in mind that international collaborations can lead to issues or misunderstandings due to language barriers, especially in electronic format. We find that engaging in face to face meetings-at least periodically-can be beneficial for overall communication. Video conferences or Skype sessions might also be helpful. If some confusion arises due to language, don't hesitate to ask for clarification. (8) Set the rules of the game in the beginning. Designate a project coordinator and decide who will do what. Meet before the research to agree on ethical standards, plan of action, outcomes, journals for publication, data ownership, and authorship. It may be wise to choose the first author at the beginning and to decide on an author evaluation approach to implement downstream (Tscharntke et al., 2007). Make sure there are clear expectations at the outset (Gabrys and Langdale, 2012); see Smalheiser et al. (2005)

Be Careful
(9) Commitment and enthusiasm are needed from everyone. Collaborations can all too often devolve into groupthink (when the desire of conformity in a group of people leads to irrational decision-making, Janis, 1972) or the Ringelmann effect (when individuals in a group put in less and less effort as the size of the group increases, Simms and Nichols, 2014). Be aware of interpersonal, societal, and political factors that could inhibit good collaborations (Stokols et al., 2008). (10) Do not spread yourself too thin, especially by having too many projects in which you are a middle-author. Try to use the collaboration to gain experience and next time become a leader. (11) Collaborating with "big names" can be good, as long as it is within ethical guidelines-They must significantly contribute to the project to justify authorship. See Clement (2014) for an authorship framework and Wager and Kleinert (2011) for the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) standards for authors. Try to learn from their experience and use their network. Finally, make sure that big names do not get all the credit: Publish some papers without them to show your independence as a researcher.

JOURNAL SELECTION
In your PhD and postdoc years, time is a precious resource, and it is important to choose the most appropriate journal to submit to. Although impact factor arguably should not be the be all and end all (Verma, 2015), many research institutions/funding agencies consider publication in high impact factor journals when hiring or giving out grants (Casadevall and Fang, 2014). The "right" journal will increase your research's visibility and build your reputation, whereas submitting to the "wrong" journal could decrease your chances of obtaining an academic job.  (14) Be realistic with the quality of your research. Unfortunately, many traditional journals judge the "quality" of the research by the expected citation rate and impact (Aarssen et al., 2010). Everyone wants to publish in high impact factor journals, however due to the sheer number of submissions, the majority are rejected. For example, Nature received 10,952 manuscripts in 2013, but only published 7.8% of them (Getting published in Nature : the editorial process 2 ). Hence try to select a journal corresponding to the impact level of your work; see Aarssen et al. (2010) for a guide to evaluating the quality of your research.

Find the Balance between Impact Factor and Rejection Rate
(15) In some disciplines, high impact factor journals have high rejection rates. For example, Aarssen et al. (2008) found that the impact factor of ecology journals was directly correlated with rejection rate. However, for lower impact factor ecology journals the relationship is less obvious: some low impact factor journals have high rejection rates. Another analysis, based on 570 randomly selected journals, found little to no correlation between impact factor and rejection rate (Rocha da Silva, 2015), even when looking at only life science journals (Rocha da Silva, 2016). Thus, be cautious that some journals provide relatively less "bang for your buck" in terms of impact vs. rejection rate (Aarssen et al., 2008). (16) Be aware that studies published in journals with too low an impact factor may not be considered "good" research and could lead to lower evaluations by job search committees or funding agencies. However, this varies from field to field.

Consider Time from Submission to Publication
(17) Consider the decision time of target journals, especially if you are under time pressure (e.g., strong competition, obligations to funders, or approaching the end of your project). Refer to www.journalguide.com for decision and publication speeds. (18) Take information provided by journals about their decision and publication speed with a grain of salt. Many papers are "soft" rejected and require resubmission, making the decision time appear to be short. Consult your peers to get a more realistic estimate of start to finish (see also www.scirev.sc). (19) For individual and unpredictable reasons (e.g., difficulties to find reviewers), the review process can be unusually long. If the decision is taking longer than promised at the time of submission, do not hesitate to send a friendly inquiry email to the managing editor.

Think About Open Access in Addition to Traditional Publication Routes
(20) Open access (OA) journals have been on the rise in the past decade (Björk and Solomon, 2012). These open access journals are establishing themselves as high-quality research outlets (Björk and Solomon, 2012) and their reputations have significantly improved in recent years (Changing Nature, 2013;Bourke-Waite, 2015). If you've dismissed OA journals before as being low-quality, it may be time to reconsider them. (21) Several peer-reviewed OA publishers or megajournals such as PLOS ONE, BioMed Central (BMC series) and the Frontiers in series cover a broad range of topics and publish high quality research, including plant science. Frontiers in Plant Science or BMC Plant Biology are examples of plantspecific journals from these publishers. In addition to being OA, these journals focus on the scientific soundness of the article, rather than the potential impact. Thus, their acceptance rate is generally higher than that of traditional journals and it may be easier to get your paper accepted (Björk, 2015;Walker and Rocha da Silva, 2015). (22) There is not yet a clear indication if publishing in OA journals is beneficial for career advancement (Antelman, 2004;Craig et al., 2007;Haug, 2013). Nevertheless, OA journals potentially accrue more citations due to their wider availability (Antelman, 2004;Pontika, 2015), which will ultimately increase your H-index. For example, a study of OA articles in the agricultural sciences showed double the citation rate compared to non-OA papers (Kousha and Abdoli, 2010). (23) With the rise of OA journals in recent years, the line between OA and traditional journals has become blurred. Many traditional subscription-based journals offer OA options for individual articles (e.g., Current Opinion in Plant Biology, The Plant Journal, and The Plant Cell). Thus, it's possible to take advantage of OA benefits while at the same time publishing in a highly-regarded journal. (24) Be aware of OA publishing outlets that have no adequate peer review system for quality control. There are a few warning signs which can help recognize a predatory publisher. For example, unsolicited spam emails to request submissions, an extremely fast decision to publish, and not receiving the final peer reviewer comments are big red flags (see Butler, 2013, and Beal's list of potential predatory publishers: http://scholarlyoa.com/publishers/). (25) Preprints are scientific articles that are not yet peerreviewed, but published on an online database such as ArXiv (http://arxiv.org), bioRxiv (http://biorxiv.org), and PeerJ Preprints (https://peerj.com) (Desjardins-Proulx et al., 2013). Preprints may be a good idea to get your work out to the scientific community as soon as possible. Furthermore, you can often first preprint, then publish in a traditional journal. Although some traditional journals do not accept already-published material, many others like Current Plant Biology, The Plant Cell, Nature, and Science allow for submission of prepublished papers. See Sherpa/Romeo (http://sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/index.php) for a searchable database of preprint policies by journal.

ACHIEVING ACCEPTANCE
Generating quality research is, of course, crucial for the success of any project, but the concise presentation of that work is critical for its impact, longevity and citability. However, it is a common misconception among early career researchers that the presentation of the work in a manuscript is the last stage of a project. There is a long and complicated process associated with submission, review, and revision that must be taken into account.

Initial Contact with the Editor Is Important
(26) Make sure your article is well-written. Editors will usually read the manuscript before sending it out for peer review to make sure it is within the scope of the journal and has good language and structure (Cargill and O'Connor, 2013). Therefore, spelling and grammar mistakes must be kept to a minimum. Get a native English speaker to proofread your manuscript. Additionally, writing with clarity, good argumentation, and a logical flow of ideas are key factors for the editor to understand your paper and be persuaded to send it out for review (Powell, 2010;Davis et al., 2012;Benson and Silver, 2013). (27) As the first contact between you and the editor, a thoughtout cover letter is crucial. Some journals, such as the New Phytologist, require certain questions to be answered in the cover letter. Always read the journal's website for specific requirements. As a bare minimum, include a brief description of what your paper is about and why it is important in the context of your field. See Hafner (2010) and Doerr (2013) for some Dos and Don'ts for writing a cover letter. (28) As an author, you will always have a bias toward the importance of your work (Johnson and Green, 2009). In general, it is good practice to lean toward modesty in scientific writing. On the other hand, it is critical to highlight the novelty and importance in the article and cover letter in order to be published. You must balance out these two competing forces and present a body of work which is factual and well-supported. (29) A good practice is to put yourself in the place of the editor or reviewer, re-read your work again and try to be as objective as possible. This is true not just for the manuscript, but for all communications with the editor and/or reviewers.

Understand the Process and Fight for Your Work
(30) Once you submit a paper, one editor (or a few editors) check it before sending it off for expert review. Between two to four experts review the paper and send back comments which are compiled by the editor(s) and used to make a decision on whether to publish, send back for revision, or reject. Be prepared for discrepancies between reviewers opinions and for diverging suggestions for manuscript improvement. (31) Generally, an effective strategy is to go point by point through the reviewer comments and either make the suggested changes or politely explain and clarify the misunderstandings. If there is a legitimate disagreement between you and the reviewer, back up your point of view with other research from the literature. Typical ways to address the reviewer concerns include: • "You are right, here's how we addressed the criticism..." • "This is a misunderstanding because things were unclearly formulated. We have clarified..." • "This is a legitimate/pertinent concern in general, but in this specific case..." (32) It is important to realize that the decision lies ultimately with the editor. If you feel like the reviewers (or the editor) were unjust or misunderstood your work, make your case to the editor.
Remove Your Personal Feelings from the Peer Review Process (33) When you have spent years creating something it is extremely difficult not to take peer criticism personally (Annesley, 2011). It is important to keep in mind that the function of peer review is not only to correct mistakes but to improve the quality of your work. Reviewers help authors. (34) Suggestions and questions by reviewers represent those that may be asked by your general audience and, once addressed, should increase the value of your work. Systematically address each of the reviewer concerns in a polite manner. (35) Do not forget the random component. Due to unforeseen/subjective factors, you still might need a bit of luck to get accepted.

CONCLUSIONS
The foundation for getting your work published is by first conducting high-quality research. But even after this, getting published is a complex issue. The publishing landscape is constantly changing, so be willing to adapt your strategy. Even though many factors are out of the control of authors, various approaches are possible and it makes sense to make conscious and well-informed moves. Collaborating with researchers within as well as outside your field, sending your research article to an appropriate journal, and adequately highlighting the novelty and impact of your research can help pave the way to scientific recognition. The demanding task of implementing these recommendations in your own publishing strategy is left to you. Good luck.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
NG, IA, GG, LG, RG, KK, PL, KR, KS, WY, and PM all contributed to the brainstorming, writing, and critical review of this manuscript. NG and PM edited the manuscript.