Genome-Wide Identification of the MIKC-Type MADS-Box Gene Family in Gossypium hirsutum L. Unravels Their Roles in Flowering

Cotton is one of the major world oil crops. Cottonseed oil meets the increasing demand of fried food, ruminant feed, and renewable bio-fuels. MADS intervening keratin-like and C-terminal (MIKC)-type MADS-box genes encode transcription factors that have crucial roles in various plant developmental processes. Nevertheless, this gene family has not been characterized, nor its functions investigated, in cotton. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of MIKC-type MADS genes in the tetraploid Gossypium hirsutum L., which is the most widely cultivated cotton species. In total, 110 GhMIKC genes were identified and phylogenetically classified into 13 subfamilies. The Flowering locus C (FLC) subfamily was absent in the Gossypium hirsutum L. genome but is found in Arabidopsis and Vitis vinifera L. Among the genes, 108 were distributed across the 13 A and 12 of the D genome's chromosomes, while two were located in scaffolds. GhMIKCs within subfamilies displayed similar exon/intron characteristics and conserved motif compositions. According to RNA-sequencing, most MIKC genes exhibited high flowering-associated expression profiles. A quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that some crucial MIKC genes determined the identities of the five flower organs. Furthermore, the overexpression of GhAGL17.9 in Arabidopsis caused an early flowering phenotype. Meanwhile, the expression levels of the flowering-related genes CONSTANS (CO), LEAFY (LFY) and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (SOC1) were significantly increased in these lines. These results provide useful information for future studies of GhMIKCs' regulation of cotton flowering.


INTRODUCTION
Transcription factors play an indispensable role in growth and development, and MADS transcription factor family members have been detected in the genomes of plants, animals, and fungi (Becker et al., 2000;Becker and Theissen, 2003;Messenguy and Dubois, 2003). In monophyletic evolution, they are divided into two classes: type I and type II (Alvarez-Buylla et al., 2000). The type I MADS-box genes are serum response factor-like genes in animals and fungi, while they are M-type genes in plants. They are characterized by a highly conserved MADS domain of the 58-60 amino acids, located in the N-terminal region of the proteins, which are involved in DNA binding and dimerization. Functional investigations have been mainly restricted to Arabidopsis (Parenicová et al., 2003). The type II family plays a significant role in regulating flowering during plant development (Mondragon-Palomino, 2013). Type II genes are closely related to the myocyte enhancer factor-2-like genes of animals and yeast. However, MADS intervening keratin-like and C-terminal (MIKC)-type MADS-box genes are found only in plants.
The MIKC-type plant genes contain three additional domains other than the MADS (M): Intervening (I), Keratin (K), and the C-terminal (C) domains (Theißen et al., 1996;Kaufmann et al., 2005). The I domain forms DNA-binding dimers, which is less conserved (Riechmann et al., 1996). The K domain, which consists of ∼70 amino acids, is mainly responsible for dimerization by a coiled-coil structure (Ma et al., 1991;Fan et al., 1997). The C domain exhibits transactivation and mediates protein-protein interactions (Kramer and Irish, 1999;Honma and Goto, 2001). Based on structure divergence at the I domain, the MIKC-type genes are classified into two subgroups, MIKC C and MIKC * . Earlier investigations found 39 and 37 MIKC C genes in Arabidopsis and O. sativa, respectively (Parenicová et al., 2003;Arora et al., 2007). The MIKC C type plays a crucial role in the flowering time, floral organ identity determination and fruit ripening in plant growth and development (Theissen, 2001;Becker and Theissen, 2003;Theissen and Melzer, 2007;Li et al., 2016).
Cotton is not only the most important source of natural fiber for textile industry (Pang et al., 2010), but also a major contributor in world oilseed economy. The extracted cottonseed oil has long been considered to be a good vegetable oil (Michaelk et al., 2010;Sawan, 2014;Zhang et al., 2014). Simultaneously, as an alternative and sustainable oil source, cottonseed oil has been developed into biodiesel and used as substitutes for petroleum (Carlsson, 2009;Alhassan et al., 2014). As the top five oil crops in the world , cottonseed oil occupies about 21% of the cottonseed production (Malik and Ahsan, 2016;Wang et al., 2016;Yang and Zheng, 2016). The formation of cotton seed originates from ovule which is an important part of floral organs. G. hirsutum's MIKC functions are highly significant in plant developmental processes. Especially, a number of genes could involve in the development of flower morphology (Honma and Goto, 2001;Messenguy and Dubois, 2003). For example, GhMADS3, a homolog of Arabidopsis AG and putative C function gene, overexpression can improve sepal-to-carpel and petal-to-stamen transformations in transgenic tobacco (Guo et al., 2007). GhMADS13, a high homolog of Arabidopsis AGL6, overexpression significantly promotes flower buds in cotton (Wu et al., 2009), and GhMADS14 is enhanced gradually during the early stages of fiber elongation (Zhou et al., 2014). In previous study, 53 members of the G. hirsutum MIKC C gene family were identified based on the G. raimondii genome (Jiang et al., 2014). However, owing to the lack of G. hirsutum genome sequences, a comprehensive analysis of MIKC-type MADS genes in G. hirsutum has not yet been reported.
Recently, the G. hirsutum genome was sequenced. To systematically analyze the MIKC-Type MADS family genes in G. hirsutum, 92 MIKC C , and 18 MIKC * members of the MIKC family were identified from the whole G. hirsutum genome. Phylogeny, structures, locations and expression patterns were comprehensively analyzed. AGL17 is the biggest subgroup, and the involvement of GhAGL17 subfamily gene in regulating flowering was confirmed by ectopic expression in Arabidopsis. Our findings provide a foundation for the genetic improvement of cotton flowering.

Identification of MIKC Genes in Gossypium hirsutum L
To identify members of the MIKC gene family in G. hirsutum, Arabidopsis MIKC sequences were obtained from the TAIR database (http://www.arabidopsis.org) and used as queries for a BLASTP algorithm-based against the G. hirsutum genome database (https://www.cottongen.org/species/ Gossypium_hirsutum/nbi-AD1_genome_v1.1) (Zhang et al., 2015). The MIKC protein domain was analyzed using the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) from the Pfam database (http://pfam.xfam.org/). The SRF-TF and K-box domains were confirmed by Pfam accessions (PF00319 and PF01486, respectively). All of the candidate proteins were manually FIGURE 1 | (A,B). Classification and percentage of GhMIKC genes. (C). Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree using MIKC proteins of Gossypium hirsutum L., Arabidopsis, Oryza sativa L. and Vitis vinifera L. Full-length protein sequences were aligned using the MEGA 6.06 program with 1,000 bootstrap replicates. The numbers of the MIKC proteins are listed in Supplementary S1. Frontiers in Plant Science | www.frontiersin.org checked using the above described methods to remove the redundant sequences.

Phylogenetic Tree Construction
To construct a MIKC-protein phylogenetic tree using MEGA 6.06, MIKC proteins from four plant species, Arabidopsis, O. sativa, V. vinifera, and G. hirsutum, were employed. The neighbor-joining method with amino acid p-distance was applied to construct the tree (Tamura et al., 2011), and the reliability was obtained by bootstrapping with 1,000 replicates.

Exon/Intron Structure, Motif and Chromosomal Location Analyses
The exon/intron structures of MIKC genes were retrieved by the alignment of predicted coding sequences with corresponding genomic sequences using the gene structure display server (GSDS) program (http://gsds.cbi.pku.edu.cn/).
The online program MEME (http://meme-suite.org/) was employed to determine the conserved motifs in GhMIKCs with the following optimum parameters: a motif width of 8-200 amino acids and a maximum of 13 motifs. The identified motifs were annotated using the program InterProScan (Quevillon et al., 2005).
The chromosomal distributions of MIKC genes were obtained based on genome annotation data. The MapInspect software was applied to draw images of their physical locations in G. hirsutum.

Gene Expression Analysis
The expression of MIKC family genes were measured using RNA-sequencing method. The raw RNA-sequencing data of G. hirsutum TM-1 seven different tissues (root, stem, leaf, flower, ovule, seed, and fiber) was downloaded from the NCBI Gene Expression repository under the accession number PRJNA248163 (Table S4) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ bioproject/PRJNA248163/). The relative data were normalized to calculate the expression levels. Hierarchical clustering was performed using Genesis 1.7.7 (Sturn et al., 2002).

RNA Isolation and the qRT-PCR Analysis
Gossypium hirsutum L. (cv CCRI24) was cultivated in the field in Zhengzhou, China. Five different tissue parts of flower: sepal, petal, stamen, carpel, and ovule were sampled, respectively at full bloom stage. Arabidopsis (Columbia-0) was used as wild type; the leaves of wild type and transgenic lines grown for 25 days were harvested. All samples were frozen immediately in liquid nitrogen and kept at −80 • C for total RNA extraction. Total RNA was extracted from each sample using the TRIzol reagent (TIANGEN, Beijing, China) and treated with RNase-free DNase I. Gel electrophoresis and a Nanodrop2000 nucleic acid analyzer were employed to detect the quality of RNA. The first cDNA strand was synthesized from 1 µg total RNA using the Transcriptor First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit version DRR047A (TaKaRa, Dalian, China). The cDNA was diluted five times for the next experiments.
The gene-specific primers used for qRT-PCR were listed in Supplementary Table S2 and S3. The G. hirsutum His3 gene and Arabidopsis Actin2 gene were used as an internal control respectively. The qRT-PCR was performed using SYBR Green (Roche) on a LightCycler480 system (Roche). Each reaction was conducted in a 96-well plate with a volume of 20 µl. The PCR cycling parameters were as follows: 95 • C for 5 min, 40 cycles of 95 • C for 10 s, 60 • C for 10 s, and 72 • C for 10 s, followed by an increase from 60 to 95 • C. The relative expression levels were analyzed using the LightCycler R 480 gene scanning software. Three biological replicates were measured and each biological replicate was run three times.

Isolation of GhAGL17.9 and Transformation of Arabidopsis
We amplified GhAGL17.9 using cDNA templates from the mix of CCRI24 root, stem, leaf and flower. The amplified product was cloned into vector pCambia2301 (CAMBIA) containing the CAULIFLOWER MOSAIC VIRUS (CaMV) 35S constitutive promoter, and then, the constructed vector was introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101 (Clough and Bent, 1998). Floral dip method was used for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis. Positive transgenic lines were selected on MS medium containing kanamycin. To grow the transgenic lines, seedlings were sown in plastic pots filled with a nutrient soil and vermiculite mix. Then, they were grown in a culturing room at 22 • C under a 16-h light/8-h dark cycle for 1 month.

Identification of MIKC Genes in Gossypium hirsutum L
HMMER and BLASTP algorithm-based searches were used to identify MIKC protein HMM profiles based on the highly conserved MADS and K-box domains. To identify the maximum number of MIKC genes in G. hirsutum, HMMs of SRF-TF, and Kbox domains (PF00319 and PF01486, respectively) were extracted from Pfam database to use as queries against protein sequences from the G. hirsutum genome (https://www.cottongen.org/ species/Gossypium_hirsutum/nbi-AD1_genome_v1.1). A total of 145 putative MIKC proteins were identified. To verify the results, we conducted a multiple sequence alignment and removed 35 redundant sequences. Finally, 110 MIKC protein sequences were identified by confirming their conserved domains using the Pfam web server ( Figure S3). From the sequences, 92 MIKC C genes and 18 MIKC * genes were identified. Thus, 84% of the MIKC genes were MIKC C in G. hirsutum ( Figure 1A). The identified MIKC genes were listed with their corresponding locus tag (Table 1). We named the MIKC C genes on the basis of their assignment to the 13 previously classified Arabidopsis, O. sativa and P. tremula subfamilies (Parenicová et al., 2003;Leseberg et al., 2006;Arora et al., 2007). Subgroup AGL17 had the greatest (13%) number of GhMIKC C genes; however, subgroups TM8 and AGL12 had the lowest (2%) number of GhMIKC C genes ( Figure 1B). The GhMIKCs' encoding amino acids were relatively conserved, and MIKC C proteins were highly conserved, ranging from 200 to 300 amino acids in most cases. MIKC * proteins generally possessed more than 300 amino acids. The   chromosomal locations of the 108 GhMIKCs were distributed in different subgroups of the A and D genomes, while GhAGL17.12 and GhAP3.10 were located on scaffolds.

Phylogenetic Analysis of the MIKC Gene Family
To examine the phylogenetic relationships among G. hirsutum MIKC proteins and to categorize them within the established subfamilies from other plants, we performed a multiple alignment analysis using the neighbor-joining method of 110 full-length MIKC proteins from G. hirsutum, 44 MIKC proteins from V. vinifera, 46 MIKC proteins from Arabidopsis, and 41 MIKC proteins from O. sativa (Table S1). The MIKC C proteins were divided into 13 subfamilies (SVP, BS, AGL17, AGL15, AP3-PI, AGL12, SOC1, AG/SHP/STK, AP1/FUL, AGL6, SEP, TM8, and FLC; Figure 1C). The AGL17 subgroup was the largest, and the FLC subgroup was absent in the G. hirsutum genome. Additionally, no TM8 family members were found in Arabidopsis. TM8 constituted the smallest clade, having only four members, including two GhMIKCs, GhTM8.1, and GhTM8.2. The MIKC * proteins were divided into two subfamilies.

Gene Structure and Protein Motif Analysis
A phylogenetic analysis revealed that our tree corresponded to those reported recently in V. vinifera and C. sativus (Díaz-Riquelme et al., 2009;Hu and Liu, 2012). The structures of the MIKC genes also helped to determine phylogenetic relationships (Figure 2). Most members had significant sequence identities in the same subfamily and similar exon-intron structures, indicating close evolutionary relationships. The most important differences were in the exon-intron lengths ( Figure 2B). In general, most members contained eight exons in the SEP, AGL6, and AP1 gene families (except GhAGL6.1, GhAGL6.4, GhAP1.2, GhAP1.6, and GhAPI.8). The SVP (other than SVP1) and AGL12 subgroups had seven exons, whereas GhAGL15.1 and GhAGL15.4 of the AGL15 subgroup had four exons, which was consistent with GhSVP1 of the SVP subgroup. The AGL17 genes displayed relatively longer lengths compared with other subgroup genes. Additionally, GhBS4 had 11 introns and the first exon was meaningfully shorter, while in GhSOC1.5, the second of seven introns was longer than the others. The MIKC * had much shorter gene lengths and more introns than the MIKC C . GhMIKC * 12 had the fourth longest intron, which distinguished it from other members of the MIKC * family. We used MEME to analyze MIKC proteins, and 13 conserved motifs were identified ( Figure 3B). Most of the closely related MIKC proteins had similar motif type distributions in the same subfamily ( Figure 3A). The most striking divergence among the subgroups was in the composition of the C-terminal domains. Motif 1 contained the MADS domain in all of the MIKC families, except GhSEP8. The highly conserved sequence logs were showed in Figure S2. The differences between I regions and K-box domains were distinctly shown in the MIKC C and MIKC * proteins ( Figure 3B). The K-box domain contained three motifs, 2, 4, and 9, in GhMIKC C . However, motif 4, 5, 8, and 9 were present in the GhMIKC * K-box domain, depending on the lengths. The I region in the MIKC C subfamily contained Motifs 3 and 6, while members of the MIKC * contained motifs 6 and 11, which resulted in a longer I region.

Chromosomes Distributions of GhMIKC Genes
Among the 25 G. hirsutum chromosomes, MIKC genes were physically located on all of the 13 A chromosomes and on 12 of the 13 D chromosomes (Figure 4). Among the 110 MIKC genes, two genes, GhAP3.10 and GhAGL17.12, could not be distributed on the G. hirsutum chromosomes, but were located on unmapped scaffolds (7,246 and 4,768, respectively). The greatest numbers of genes were located on Dt-chr12 (eight genes), followed by Dt-chr2, At-chr12, At-chr13, Dt-chr11, and Dt-chr13 (seven genes on each). In contrast, two genes were located on chromosomes At-chr1, At-chr8, At-chr10, Dt-chr9, and Dt-chr10. Only one gene was mapped on At-chr9 and Dt-chr8, and no genes were located on Dt-chr1.
GhAG4 of the C class displayed the highest expression level in stamen. GhAG7 and GhAG8 of the D class had higher expression levels in carpel and ovules. GhSEP1, GhSEP4, and GhSEP6 (E class) were expressed in four different floral organs. GhBS2 and GhBS3 (B sister class) were mainly expressed in carpel and ovules. SOC1 accelerates the flowering time, and thus, it is involved in the promotion of floral organ formation. Therefore, high expression levels of GhSOC1.2 and GhSOC1.8 were detected in sepals, stamens and carpel. These results were consistent with the ABCDE model.
Overexpression of the GhAGL17.9 Gene in Arabidopsis AGL17 is the biggest subgroup ( Figure 1B). To further investigate the role of the GhAGL17 subfamily in plant growth and development, we transformed GhAGL17.9 into Arabidopsis (Columbia-0) driven by the CAULIFLOWER MOSAIC VIRUS (CaMV) 35S promoter. We identified 12 T 3 generation transgentic lines that showed an early flowering phenotype. QRT-PCR results confirmed that GhAGL17.9 was overexpressed in transgenic lines L1 and L3 (Figure 7). Meanwhile, the numbers of rosette leaves were significantly decreased compared with WT ( Table 2). To explore the molecular mechanisms that impact the flowering time in transgentic lines, qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of flowering-related genes in transgentic lines. LFY is a flowering integration promoting factor, AGL17 can positively regulate the expression of LFY gene , and CO is a photoperiod pathway regulator, AGL17 acts downstream of CO . As shown in Figure 7, the expression levels of LFY gene in lines 35S-L1 and 35S-L3 were three times higher than in the wild type. CO gene expression was not significantly increased. SOC1 is a flowering promoter that regulates different signals of the flowering pathways (Lee and Lee, 2010;Ding et al., 2013). The up-regulation of SOC1 activates downstream targets, including LFY and promotes flowering in Arabidopsis (Schönrock et al., 2006;Lee et al., 2008). Approximate four-fold increases in SOC1 expression levels were observed in two transgenic lines.

DISCUSSION
Cotton, as an oil crop, plays an important role in agriculture and industry all around the world (Houhoula et al., 2003;Waheed et al., 2010;Mujeli et al., 2016). Floral organs developments affect the yield and quality of cotton seed. The MIKC family members are plant-specific transcription factors containing MADS and K-box domains, and play crucial roles in plant seed development and floral identity (Nesi et al., 2002;De Folter et al., 2006;Mondragon-Palomino and Theissen, 2011). Many MIKC homologs have been analyzed in many plants, including Arabidopsis, O. sativa, P. tremula, Z. mays, S. bicolor, B. rapa, and R. sativus (Parenicová et al., 2003;Leseberg et al., 2006;Arora et al., 2007;Zhao et al., 2010;Duan et al., 2015;Li et al., 2016). However, the characterization and functional analysis of the MIKC family has not been performed in G. hirsutum, an allotetraploid species. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of GhMIKCs, which included investigating chromosomal locations, phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, conserved motifs, and expression profiles in different tissues.
Overall Summary of the MIKC Family in Gossypium hirsutum L In total, 110 MIKC genes were identified based on G. hirsutum genome sequences. Based on phylogenetic relationships with Arabidopsis and O. sativa orthologs (Figure S1), the G. hirsutum type II MADS family (MIKC C ) was divided into 13 subfamilies ( Figure 1C). Interestingly, an FLC subfamily was not identified in the G. hirsutum genome. Similar results were found in O. sativa, C. sativus, Z. mays, and S. bicolor genomes as well (Arora et al., 2007;Zhao et al., 2010;Hu and Liu, 2012). The FLC genes are involved in controlling flowering time through the vernalization and autonomous pathways (Helliwell et al., 2006(Helliwell et al., , 2011Greb et al., 2007). Vernalization is not required for flowering in O. sativa, C. sativus, Z. mays, and S. bicolor (Arora et al., 2007;Zhao et al., 2010;Hu and Liu, 2012). Thus, vernalization might not be essential for cotton flowering as well. In addition, we found that in most subgroups, the numbers of proteins in G. hirsutum were not doubled, compared with in the diploids Arabidopsis and O. sativa. This implied that gene duplication could give rise to the amplification of MIKC subfamily genes in a variety of forms (Flagel et al., 2008;Hargreaves et al., 2014). As previously reported, multiple duplications and diversifications in the different clades of different species cause different evolutionary constraints (Lynch and Conery, 2000;Flagel and Wendel, 2009;Airoldi and Davies, 2012).
Chromosomal assignments indicated that the gene locations were equally divided among four pairs of chromosomes (At-chr6 and Dt-chr6, At-chr7 and Dt-chr7, At-chr10 and Dt-chr10, and At-chr13 and Dt-chr13) in A as well as in D genome (Figure 4). However, five D-genome chromosomes (Dt-chr2, Dt-chr4, Dt-chr9, Dt-chr11, and Dt-chr12) contained more genes compared with the corresponding A-genome chromosomes (At-chr2, At-chr4, At-chr9, At-chr11, and At-chr12). Additionally, large numbers of MIKC genes were located on the last three chromosomes (chr11, chr12, and chr13) of both genomes. This could indicate that the current phenomena were derived from differential rates of genomic evolution and inter-genomic hereditary information transfer (Paterson et al., 2000;Wendel and Cronn, 2003).

Expression Profiles of MIKC Genes in
Gossypium hirsutum L Global expression patterns analyses in seven different tissues showed that the API, AP3, AG, SEP, and BS subfamilies were almost all expressed in the flower development stage (Figure 6). Floral organ identities and flower meristem are regulated by five kinds of genetic functional genes (A-B-C-D-E) during flower development, from sepals to ovules (Díaz-Riquelme et al., 2009;Na et al., 2014). A qRT-PCR analysis showed the expression patterns of the orthologous genes of the ABCDE model in flower organogenesis (Figure 6), which were consistent with previous findings in Arabidopsis (Ó'Maoiléidigh et al., 2014;Xie et al., 2015). Further, the API subgroup of A class genes were not only expressed in sepals and petals, but also exhibited carpel expression profiles. Before and after pollination, the API-like gene may aid in the carpel development in Orchidaceae, which triggered ovary development (Mondragon-Palomino and Theissen, 2011; Acri-Nunes-Miranda and Mondragón-Palomino, 2014). Thus, AP1 subgroup genes may have similar expression patterns in Orchidaceae and allotetraploid cotton. A few GhMIKC * genes were highly expressed in flowers and seeds, which was in accordance with previous results in Arabidopsis (Verelst et al., 2007) and O. sativa (Liu et al., 2013). These results indicated that the expression profiles of MIKC * genes were involved in functional redundancy and conservation in the process of G. hirsutum evolution.

Role of the GhAGL17 Gene in Flowering
In Arabidopsis, AGL17 acts as a novel flowering promoter, which is involved in the photoperiod pathway. Under longday conditions, the overexpression of AtAGL17 causes early flowering . As the largest subgroup of the GhMIKC C family, one member of the AGL17s, GhAGL17.9, was overexpressed in Arabidopsis to explore its biological functions. The transgenic lines displayed earlier flowering than wild type (Figure 7). The expression levels of the related positive marker genes, especially LFY and SOC1, which are involved in regulating the flowering process, were higher in p35S::GhAGL17.9 lines than in wild type. LFY overexpression can prematurely cause plant development and accelerate blossoming processes (Nilsson et al., 1998;Dornelas and Amaral, 2004). AGL17 targets LFY to promote flowering . SOC1 encodes a MIKC protein, a floral pathway integrator, which is regulated by a variety of flower signaling pathways (Lee et al., 2000;Wang et al., 2009;Ding et al., 2013). However, the relationship between AGL17 and SOC1 in flowering is not clear, which remains to be functionally explored further in the future.

CONCLUSIONS
In this study, 110 MIKC genes were first identified in the G. hirsutum genome. The family was divided into 13 subgroups based on a phylogenetic tree, exon/intron structures, and the distributions of conserved motifs. Chromosomal locations of MIKC gene family members were also determined. Finally, the expression patterns of GhMIKCs were explored using transcriptome sequencing and qRT-PCR, which revealed the expression levels at different developmental stages. Most MIKC C genes were highly expressed in the floral organs, which was consistent with the ABCDE model. The overexpression of GhAGL17.9 in Arabidopsis resulted in early flowering through the upregulated expression of SOC1, CO, and LFY, which suggested that GhMIKCs play vital roles in cotton flowering. Our work provides functional insights into the roles of GhMIKC genes in cotton flowering.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
ZuY and FL conceived and designed the experiments. ZR and DY performed the experiments. ZhY conducted the phylogeny analysis. CL and LL prepared the materials. HZ and QC analyzed the data. ZR and ZuY wrote the paper. GQ, YL, JL, ZL, and LW helped to revise the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.