%A Keshtkar,Eshagh %A Mathiassen,Solvejg K. %A Kudsk,Per %D 2017 %J Frontiers in Plant Science %C %F %G English %K ACCase,biomass,Black-grass,fitness penalty,NTSR,potential seed production %Q %R 10.3389/fpls.2017.02011 %W %L %M %P %7 %8 2017-November-28 %9 Original Research %+ Eshagh Keshtkar,Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University,Denmark,keshtkar@modares.ac.ir %+ Eshagh Keshtkar,Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University,Iran,keshtkar@modares.ac.ir %# %! No vegetative and fecundity fitness cost associated with NTSR %* %< %T No Vegetative and Fecundity Fitness Cost Associated with Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase Non-target-site Resistance in a Black-Grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds) Population %U https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2017.02011 %V 8 %0 JOURNAL ARTICLE %@ 1664-462X %X Attention should be devoted to weeds evolving herbicide resistance with non-target-site resistance (NTSR) mechanism due to their unpredictable resistance patterns. Quantification of fitness cost can be used in NTSR management strategies to determine the long-term fate of resistant plants in weed populations. To our knowledge, this is the first report evaluating potential fecundity and vegetative fitness of a NTSR black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds), the most important herbicide resistant weed in Europe, with controlled genetic background. The susceptible (S) and NTSR sub-populations were identified and isolated from a fenoxaprop-P-ethyl resistant population by a plant cloning technique. Using a target-neighborhood design, competitive responses of S and NTSR black-grass sub-populations to increasing density of winter wheat were quantified for 2 years in greenhouse and 1 year in field. Fitness traits including potential seed production, vegetative biomass and tiller number of both sub-populations significantly decreased with increasing density of winter wheat. More importantly, no statistically significant differences were found in fitness traits between S and NTSR sub-populations either grown alone (no competition) or in competition with winter wheat. According to the results, the NTSR black-grass is probably to persist in field even in the cessation of fenoxaprop-P-ethyl. So, effective herbicide resistant management strategies are strongly suggested to prevent and stop the spread of the NTSR black-grass, otherwise NTSR loci conferring resistance to a range of herbicides in black-grass will persist in the gene pool even in the absence of herbicide application. Consequently, herbicide as an effective tool for control of black-grass will gradually be lost in fields infested by NTSR black-grass.