The Transformation of Higher Education After the COVID Disruption: Emerging Challenges in an Online Learning Scenario

Crisis requires society to renew itself, albeit in a disruptive way. The current Covid-19 pandemic is transforming ways of working, living, and relating to each other on a global level, suddenly and dramatically. This paper focuses on the field of education to show how higher education institutions are undergoing radical transformations driven by the need to digitalize education and training processes in record time with academics who lack innate technological capabilities for online teaching. The university system must strive to overcome this situation to be competitive and provide high-quality education in a scenario of digital transformation, disruptive technological innovations, and accelerated change. To achieve these goals, this paper explains some barriers and challenges that universities encounter, as well as technological resources and methodologies they have used in the current scenario to transform higher education to face Covid-19 disruption. The discussion and conclusion synthesize significant insights that can be applied to the digitalization of education in the foreseeable future.


INTRODUCTION
The disruption caused by the current Covid-19 pandemic is unprecedented, and the resulting economic and social measures have brought massive change (Krishnamurthy, 2020). To mitigate the spread of the virus, governments around the world have imposed social distancing measures, lockdowns, and cessation of personal contact outside immediate households. The pandemic is thus having a massive impact on educational activity. In a matter of weeks, entire education systems from elementary to higher education had to completely transform activity to evolve to an online teaching-learning scenario (Mishra et al., 2020). According to UNESCO, higher education institutions (HEIs) were closed completely in 185 countries in April 2020, affecting more than 1,000 million learners around the globe (Marinoni et al., 2020).
The reality of the new normal, disrupted by COVID effects, has involved a radical transformation of education and training, and one of the sectors undergoing dramatic digital transformation is global higher education (Dwivedi et al., 2020). The sudden forced closure of face-to-face teaching has led academics and students into "unfamiliar terrain" due to the need to adapt swiftly to total e-learning settings (Carolan et al., 2020). This sudden change has required universities to evolve toward online teaching in record time, implementing and adapting the technological resources available and involving professors and researchers who lack innate technological capacities for online teaching. The university system must be able to provide quality education in a scenario of digital transformation, disruptive technological innovation, and accelerated change in the educational framework. The emergence of disruptive innovation is a time of risk and uncertainty, but it is also a time of opportunities, bringing talent and innovation to the education system.
By definition, a disruption implies a sudden break or interruption. When applied to education, disruption involves a break from traditional, established educational models of knowledge transmission (Carolan et al., 2020;Mishra et al., 2020). Innovations that change the direction of education replace or displace existing models. They interrupt the functioning of established educational models in unexpected ways, first improving the model and then affording new ways of understanding its ongoing development. Disruptive educational innovation replaces existing methodologies and modes of knowledge transmission by opening new alternatives for learning. It also introduces new advances in education systems through information and communication technologies. This educational disruption considers both the student and the professor as engines of learning to promote an open curriculum enabled by new digital education. It also involves innovation in teaching methods; such as the development of new learning materials, mechanisms, and spaces; and the transformation of the role of students and the way they absorb and use educational knowledge. Disruptive innovations meet the needs of existing customers as well as the needs of currently available services (Christensen et al., 2006). Successful educational innovation and transformation must, however, be based on sustainability, scope, and scale (Carolan et al., 2020). The successful transformation of universities from old learning systems should foster a participatory culture, engage participants, and promote evidence-based decision making and transparent assessment of outcomes.
The new normal created by Covid disruption has accelerated the move toward online teaching. The current scenario has involved a rapid pedagogical shift from traditional to online class sessions, personal to virtual instruction, and seminars to webinars (Mishra et al., 2020). The impact of the pandemic will bring an era of radical technological transformation, with accelerated digitalization to the worldwide higher education system (Krishnamurthy, 2020). As universities must seriously rethink and redesign their educational offerings to face this new situation, Covid-19's disruptive effects have created not only fertile opportunities for transforming HEIs but also difficulties and challenges in this process (Carolan et al., 2020).
After presenting the gaps, we will attempt to fill them by shedding light on how HEIs are radically transforming education and training, evolving to digitalization in an extremely short time. To achieve successful transformation, universities should be aware of potential barriers and recognize new tools and systems, integrating this technology into the teaching-learning process. This paper will examine some significant technological resources and methodologies that universities are using, while also discussing the main obstacles and barriers encountered both by academics and students and at an institutional level. This article's novel contribution lies in its gathering of most articles on the topic of Covid-19 in HEIs to review the most common difficulties they identify and the solutions proposed to them by different countries globally.

TRANSFORMATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION TO FACE COVID-19 DISRUPTION Technological Resources and Methodologies Used
As a direct consequence of the social distancing efforts imposed by Covid and to maintain service during times of emergency, universities have experienced a large-scale transition to online learning (Krishnamurthy, 2020). In a short period of time, academics around the world have had to convert materials and methods rapidly to a format that is suitable for online delivery (Dwivedi et al., 2020). This transformation was hasty and compelled by circumstances. The pandemic forced a period of global experimentation with remote teaching (Govindarajan and Srivastava, 2020). Some studies refer to this new system as "emergency online education" (Marinoni et al., 2020). The system posed unprecedented challenges for students, who needed technical assistance, but also for staff and university leaders, who had to reinvent themselves in record time to keep campus operations running.
Although the process of digital transformation in higher education began years ago, the pandemic has accelerated it, leading to fundamental changes in a question of weeks. This technological transformation of education involves profound changes in teaching methodologies, essential competencies, and assessment methods, as most HEIs recognize (Jensen, 2019). In a virtual scenario, universities must evolve from a mostly "lecture-based learning" system toward "problem-based learning" methodologies, that engage students more actively (Marinoni et al., 2020). This transition from "in-person" to virtual education will have significant implications for the entire learning process, not only extensively modifying methods for assessing learning outcomes but also requiring reconsideration of the skills and competencies required of students in this new setting (Jensen, 2019).
As current social distancing measures will last for some time, education institutions must thoroughly redesign their service to face the new environment. To construct a well-designed online learning experience, universities should develop digital learning methodologies and provide digital learning contexts, tools, and support systems (Krishnamurthy, 2020).
Digital education requires appropriate infrastructure and technological platforms (e.g., Blackboard, Moodle, Microsoft teams), solid servers that can sustain the virtual workload, and methodological training of professors and students for online delivery using all the technical and educational resources available. Numerous webinars and guides are available for professors, and most universities have signed contracts with companies such as Microsoft that provide Office or Teams resources or technological platforms to strengthen virtual communication. At a global level, a wide variety of online communication platforms and solutions are available to help digitalize the entire teaching-learning process in the Covid-19 scenario (Mishra et al., 2020). In a recent empirical study conducted in a university context, these authors observed that the technologies most used to support teaching during the lockdown period were the university web platform; instant messaging tools (WhatsApp, Telegram); video-conferencing tools (Zoom, Skype, Google Hangouts, Google Meet); and educational apps (Google Classroom); combined with email and telephone conversations to maintain individualized contact with students. Other technologies were also generally useful (Cisco WebEx, GoToMeeting, Microsoft Teams, Monosnap, Loom, OBS).
The technological resources available provide multiple options for teaching, such as giving lectures by videoconference, sharing material (e.g., slides, videos, presentations), interacting through chats, creating debate forums or workgroups, supervising practical activities, evaluating and tutoring students, recording explanations and making them available to students, etc. Furthermore, these tools can be used synchronously or asynchronously and integrated. All of these resources must be supported, however, by an educational methodology to maintain students' attention and keep them involved in the course. To ensure clarity of the educational objective of each activity, instructors must design the audiovisual material, plan students' work time, and use the right tools for each activity-for example, for tutoring, videoconferencing activities, or student assessment. It is important to make sessions dynamic by introducing collaborative and formative tools. It thus also seems essential to introduce active methodologies for the interaction of students and professors, and that engage students in peer collaboration.
Various methodologies for online teaching and evaluation have emerged and proven useful in the current pandemic (the authors used some of these in remote teaching). The assessment process is very important, as it represents the culmination of the entire learning process. Table 1 provides a summary description of some of the main online assessment strategies and supporting digital technologies available. In addition to learning assessment, this article addresses other issues that should be borne in mind. Table 2 includes the main difficulties and breakthroughs different countries have encountered in the teaching-learning process during lockdowns, as they have made the massive migration or shift from traditional in-class face-to-face education to online education.

Emerging Barriers and Challenges in the Current Scenario
Covid-19's disruptive impact led to a rapid transformation of educational activity. As explained above, the rapid suspension of face-to-face teaching forced both students and professors to adapt to a wholesale shift in the teaching-learning process (Carolan et al., 2020). This adaptation was not obstacle-free, and some barriers and challenges emerged in this process (Marinoni et al., 2020;Mishra et al., 2020). To enable safe transition and achieve a successful transformation, universities must be aware of these potential obstacles and establish appropriate mechanisms to overcome them. Drawing on specific studies, we describe these barriers from the perspective of the main agents involved in the learning process: students, professors, and institutions (universities).
Students report that the major challenge in adapting to online learning was technical problems (Mishra et al., 2020). Some authors highlight the ways online education can amplify the digital divide (Govindarajan and Srivastava, 2020). To mitigate this barrier, institutions should mobilize resources to ensure that all students have access to a proper IT infrastructure and bandwidth connection, as well as specific support to solve technical problems (Carolan et al., 2020). To ensure an equitable student experience in this new scenario, universities must guarantee that students from less privileged socioeconomic backgrounds are not disadvantaged. Students also found it difficult to maintain attention in a purely online context, reporting the following significant barriers (among others) (Liang et al., 2020;Mishra et al., 2020): boredom, sense of isolation, lack of time to follow the different subjects, and lack of self-organizing capabilities. Professors also noted that isolation was a significant problem in designing the courses, indicating the need to find the optimum balance of individual studentcentered learning and collaborative learning, fostering virtual communities of practice to enhance student peer engagement and collaboration (Carolan et al., 2020).
From the professors' perspective, this forced transformation was also stressful, as professors had to adapt quickly to new online techniques, with little or no training in some cases and in record time (Dwivedi et al., 2020). The sudden transition from face-to-face to distance teaching also required a teaching staff with diverse levels of readiness to use different pedagogies with specific competencies (Marinoni et al., 2020). The digital divide can also be applied to academics. Not all faculty members are comfortable in an online setting, and a generational divide may separate those who have relied on classical methods and never used technology tools from the younger faculty who may be more adept with newer technologies (Govindarajan and Srivastava, 2020). The main difficulties professors highlighted were the high demand for specific skills such as proficient computer knowledge, specific communication abilities for an online setting, proper handling of various teaching-learning tools, and the need to solve specific problems quickly during learning sessions. After an initial period of adaptation-experimentation to convert rapidly to remote teaching, however, academics highlighted some interesting lessons for overcoming barriers (Dwivedi et al., 2020). First, instructors should create an appropriate physical setting for online teaching, including lighting and sound. The specific content of class sessions should be thoroughly redesigned to adjust timing to online delivery and introduce group activities to motivate and engage students and encourage collaborative learning. As most universities will opt for a hybrid system in the near future that combines small face-to-face groups with online sessions, the challenge for academics will be to ensure that students in both situations experience high-quality learning (Dwivedi et al., 2020).
At the institutional level in universities, the move to emergency remote teaching in the Covid-19 pandemic involved Oral partial or final exams Review of learning achievement at the end of a process. Enables validation of learning achieved during the process Final or partial exams (need weighting) administered to students and graded or evaluated by the professor (hetero-evaluation) and the other students (co-evaluation) • Online presentations • Videoconference platforms • Self-recorded videos by the student • Tests, reports, etc. included in tasks, plus anti-plagiarism tool on Web platform Final evaluation Tests that students must take • Tests, reports, etc. that professors can publish on Web platform and that can be combined with the anti-plagiarism tool and resolved through Videoconference platforms a total disruption of business as usual (Krishnamurthy, 2020). To move toward a sustainable model for online learning, universities should use technology to re-invent teaching processes, transform assessment activities, change the use and roles of traditional Faculties and Schools (providing specific training), and focus on value through the reinvention and self-renewal of the service model. Promoting this digital transformation requires the cultivation of participatory culture, and students, professors, and administrators must work together to support and examine the changes implemented (Carolan et al., 2020). Universities also face additional barriers to this transformation, including financial constraints and the limits imposed by the current IT infrastructure (Krishnamurthy, 2020). Public universities will have to deal with diminishing budgets due to reduced government funds, and universities are experiencing a decrease in student enrollment due to the current uncertain economic situation. The IT-infrastructure available to universities will also limit opportunities to embrace full digital transformation, and some investments will be needed to enhance these technical capabilities. Despite all of these challenges, universities are quite positive about this transformation. In a recent survey conducted of institutions in all countries in the European Higher Education Area, most universities have confirmed that they have plans to explore new ways of teaching (92%) and enhance digital capacity (75%) beyond the crisis (European University Association, 2020).
We conclude this section by drawing on recent literature and a proactive approach to summarize some key insights for higher education's transformation toward online education. First, institutions need to improve their technological infrastructures, while at the same time ensuring that all students have equal access to the technological resources needed. This step requires a financial investment to enable a real digital transformation (Jensen, 2019). Another major obstacle to technological transformation is the human factor. There is a strong need for institutional leadership and support, involving the different stakeholders (faculty, students, technical staff) in the change process. The successful transformation of higher education requires faculty development and specific policies to improve crisis management readiness and increase institutional resilience to address new challenges in the near future (Marinoni et al., 2020). Finally, the increase in digitalization and available information leads to new ethical questions regarding online security and rights to data privacy. Universities must also address these issues by developing codes of conduct to ensure transparency and create a safe, trustworthy environment for online learning (Jensen, 2019).

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
The disruptive impact of Covid-19 and the availability of digital technologies that can support online learning present an unprecedented opportunity for the transformation of higher education at a global level. We are all involved in a digital world, and the phenomenon of online learning is here to stay. After some months of online experiences, a paradigm shift has occurred in university education. Online teaching has gained relevance and ensured its continuance even after the Covid-19 pandemic. Our examination reveals the use of a plethora of technological tools and platforms to support online learning: web-based learning platforms, video-conferencing tools, Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), streaming conferences, instant messaging tools, and educational apps, among others, to support new methodologies to enable learning processes. As this transition to online learning was hasty and forced by circumstances, however, the various actors in the learning processes (students, professors, universities) encountered several barriers in adapting to this new setting. Universities must be aware of these barriers and mobilize resources to overcome them in the short term, paying special attention to the digitalization of learning processes and offering specific technical training to professors, administrative staff, and students. We do not yet know what the shift to virtual learning will mean for the future of higher education at global level, but it is clear in the current scenario that universities should develop a sophisticated combination of face-to-face and online learning to harness the potential of the technological tools available to meet students' expectations and enhance their learning experience in the current digital environment. The main contribution of this paper is thus to observe online teaching from different perspectives, with a primary focus on connectivism (Millwood, 2011), based on Bandura's theory of constructivism, while taking into account both assessment problems and the main difficulties in online teaching and learning caused by Sars-Covid-2 outbreaks throughout the world.