Toward the Impact of English as a Foreign Language Teachers’ Grit and Self-Efficacy on Their Burnout

Due to the adverse effects of teachers’ burnout on their professional performance, remarkable attention has been devoted to this mental state and its negative predictors. In this regard, multiple empirical research has been carried out to assess the effects of grit and self-efficacy as negative predictors of teacher burnout. Yet, no empirical or review study has delved into the impact of these variables at the same time. The current study attempts to fill this gap by delineating the impact of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers’ grit and self-efficacy on their burnout. The significant role of grit and self-efficacy in curbing EFL teachers’ burnout was illustrated using theoretical and empirical evidence. The pedagogical implications are also offered.


INTRODUCTION
Feelings of tension, stress, and anxiety are inherent challenges of demanding professions (Dewe et al., 2012), and teaching as a difficult vocation is not an exception by any means. These unpleasant feelings may lead to undesirable and negative consequences in the workplace. In classroom contexts, for instance, teachers who commonly experience prolonged, excessive stress and apprehension are prone to a negative state of mind called "burnout" . Burnout as a psychological construct generally refers to "the state of physical and emotional depletion resulting from conditions of work" (Freudenberger, 1974, p. 161). Applied to the educational context, teacher burnout refers to a sense of "emotional exhaustion, " "depersonalization, " and "reduced personal accomplishment" that teachers may experience at a given point throughout their professional life (Maslach et al., 2001). As Maslach and Leiter (2016) noted, emotional exhaustion occurs when work overload and job-related stressors make teachers feel empty. Depersonalization also happens when teachers hold unfavorable and negative attitudes toward their vocation, their pupils, their colleagues, and the educational setting . Finally, reduced personal accomplishment pertains to a mental state that teachers perceive their teaching competence and abilities to be inadequate (Zhaleh et al., 2018). Put simply, this emotional state emerges when an individual teacher underestimates his/her own productivity (Seifalian and Derakhshan, 2018).
As put forward by Sabagh et al. (2018), teachers who feel emotionally and physically exhausted, hold negative viewpoints about their job, and underestimate their job-related capabilities are unable to effectively do the tasks they are responsible for. Put simply, an individual teacher who perceives himself/herself to be in a state of "burnout" cannot be a successful instructor anymore (Brasfield et al., 2019). This is due to the fact that the way teachers perform in classroom contexts is subjected to their mental and emotional state (Malmir and Mohammadi, 2008;Burić and Macuka, 2018;Greenier et al., 2021;Xie, 2021). Because of the adverse effects of burnout on teachers' professional performance, factors preventing this mental state need to be discovered. To answer this necessity, numerous researchers have assessed the impact of emotional and psychological factors on teacher burnout (e.g., Vaezi and Fallah, 2011;Wang et al., 2015b;Lou and Chen, 2016;Tsang, 2018;Lu et al., 2019;Xu, 2019;Guan, 2020, to cite a few). Among different emotional and psychological factors, many scholars have focused on grit and self-efficacy, which are the focus of this study as well.
Grit generally refers to "one's passion and perseverance for long term goals" (Duckworth et al., 2007(Duckworth et al., , p. 1089. Extending this definition to the context of education, Robertson-Kraft and Duckworth (2014) described teacher grit as an individual teacher's determination and persistence to lead his/her pupils to academic success. In the domain of second/foreign language education, teacher grit pertains to teachers' perseverance and strong desire to guide their learners toward L2 success (MacIntyre and Khajavy, 2021). As Duckworth et al. (2009) mentioned, grit enables teachers to handle the challenges and difficulties of their profession, on the one hand, and to accomplish their profession-related responsibilities, on the other hand. That is, grittier teachers are more likely to succeed in their careers.
Another emotional factor that may negatively predict teacher burnout is self-efficacy, which generally pertains to "beliefs in one's capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given attainments" (Bandura, 1997, p. 4). In light of this conceptualization, Tschannen-Moran and Hoy (2001) defined teacher self-efficacy as "teachers' judgment of their own capability to bring about desired outcomes of student learning, even among those students who may be difficult or unmotivated" (p. 783). Put simply, teachers' sense of efficacy pertains to the degree to which a teacher thinks he/she has the potential to positively influence students' learning outcomes (Fathi and Derakhshan, 2019). As Safari (2021) noted, a firm belief in professional capabilities empowers teachers to cope with the challenges of their vocation. Similarly, Shoji et al. (2016) submitted that self-efficacious teachers commonly show more perseverance against job-related stressors, pressures, and challenges.
Given the significant role of grit and self-efficacy in mitigating the causes of teacher burnout (Duckworth et al., 2009;Shoji et al., 2016), several researchers have empirically examined the effects of these two emotional and psychological factors on EFL teachers' burnout (e.g., Federici and Skaalvik, 2012;Khezerlou, 2013;Wang et al., 2015a;Zhu et al., 2018;Fabelico and Afalla, 2020;Fathi and Saeedian, 2020;Salehizadeh et al., 2020, to cite a few). However, compared to teacher self-efficacy, less attention has been devoted to the impact of teacher grit. Furthermore, no empirical or review study has simultaneously focused on the impact of grit and self-efficacy on EFL teachers' burnout. The current review study is an endeavor to fill this gap by focusing on the effects of EFL teachers' grit and selfefficacy on their burnout.

Teacher Grit
The concept of "grit" refers to "stamina one has for sticking with long-term, life goals despite difficulties, failures, or adversities" (Duckworth and Gross, 2014, p. 320). Put simply, it pertains to a person's desire and tenacity in attaining longterm objectives (Duckworth, 2016). Accordingly, teacher grit refers to teachers' perseverance and tenacity in carrying out their job-related duties (Dobbins, 2016). According to Argon and Kaya (2018), teacher grit relates to the degree to which teachers persevere through adversities, challenges, and difficulties of their profession. As Dale et al. (2018) mentioned, instructors with high levels of grit are more likely to pursue and thrive in their vocation.

Teacher Self-Efficacy
The term "self-efficacy" pertains to a person's positive evaluation of his or her own personal capabilities (Bandura, 1997). Put simply, self-efficacy relates to the degree to which an individual believes in his/her ability to successfully perform a particular action (Bong and Skaalvik, 2003). Taking this definition into account, Tschannen-Moran and Johnson (2011) described teacher self-efficacy as "the teacher's belief in his or her capability to organize and execute courses of action required to successfully accomplish a particular teaching task in a given context" (p. 752). As a multidimensional construct, teacher self-efficacy include three main dimensions (Brouwers and Tomic, 2000): "magnitude, " "generality, " and "strength. " Magnitude, as the first dimension, pertains to the degree of performance an individual teacher feels he or she is capable of achieving. The second dimension, generality, refers to how far improvements in selfefficacy beliefs may be extended to other behaviors and contexts. Strength, as the last dimension, refers to the firmness of an individual teacher's belief that he or she is able to perform a particular activity (Dellinger et al., 2008;Wang and Guan, 2020;Han and Wang, 2021).

Teacher Burnout
Burnout has been broadly defined as "a psychological syndrome that develops in response to chronic emotional and interpersonal job stressors" (Maslach, 2015, p. 931). Relying on this definition, Skaalvik and Skaalvik (2017) defined teacher burnout as a negative state of mind that teachers experience due to job-related stressors, pressures, and challenges. According to Bakker et al. (2014), teachers who are suffering from this mental state are unwilling to devote adequate time and energy to their profession. Similarly, Ansari et al. (2022) stated that burnout negatively affects the way teachers perform in classroom contexts. That is, teachers who are in a state of burnout are unable to do their educational tasks effectively.
The Impact of Grit and Self-Efficacy on EFL Teachers' Burnout To elucidate the role of self-efficacy beliefs in curbing burnout among EFL teachers, Kim and Burić (2020) stated that those EFL teachers who firmly believe their own abilities will not experience feeling of "reduced personal accomplishment, " which is one of the main aspects of burnout Wang, 2017;Wang and Guan, 2020). In this regard, Safari (2021) also declared that EFL teachers with a high level of self-efficacy are capable of controlling stress, pressures, and challenges, all of which are the main causes of burnout (Jacobson, 2016). Besides, regarding the impact of grit on EFL teachers' burnout, Robertson-Kraft and Duckworth (2014) maintained that EFL teachers' perseverance and determination push them to pursue their job to attain their professional goals. To them, grittier teachers can effectively cope with the job-related stressors that make them feel empty .

EMPIRICAL STUDIES
To date, a plethora of research has been done on the impact of EFL teachers' self-efficacy on their burnout (e.g., Federici and Skaalvik, 2012;Khezerlou, 2013;Yazdi et al., 2014;Zhu et al., 2018;Fathi and Saeedian, 2020;Fathi et al., 2021;Han and Wang, 2021, to cite a few). For instance, Zhu et al. (2018) examined the effect of self-efficacy on Chinese teachers' burnout. To this end, 1892 Chinese teachers were asked to fill two self-reported questionnaires. Assessing the correlations of the questionnaires, they found a negative association between Chinese teachers' self-efficacy and burnout. The results of structural equation modeling also indicated that Chinese teachers' self-efficacy can drastically influence their burnout. In another study, Fathi and Saeedian (2020) delved into the impact of self-efficacy beliefs on Iranian EFL teachers' burnout. To do so, 213 EFL teachers were opted from different universities and institutes in Iran. They were invited to respond to two valid scales. Using structural equation modeling, the researchers found that teachers' sense of efficacy can significantly predict their burnout in a negative way. Besides, some studies have also been performed on the effects of EFL teachers' grit on their burnout (e.g., Fabelico and Afalla, 2020;Heruela, 2021).
For instance, Fabelico and Afalla (2020) explored the influence of grit on Philippines teachers' burnout. To this aim, 128 university teachers were asked to answer two reliable inventories. The results demonstrated that grit can negatively predict their Philippines teachers' burnout.

CONCLUSION
So far, the concepts of teacher grit, teacher self-efficacy, and teacher burnout were clearly described. Moreover, the dimensions and components of these variables were outlined. Furthermore, the role of grit and self-efficacy in reducing EFL teachers' burnout was elucidated using theoretical and empirical evidence. Relying on the available evidence, one can logically conclude that both grit and self-efficacy can negatively predict EFL teachers' burnout. Put simply, grittier and self-efficacious teachers are less likely to experience burnout during their professional life. This outcome seems insightful and instructive for all English language teachers in any EFL context. Given the importance of self-efficacy beliefs in curbing teacher burnout, EFL teachers should have faith in their professional abilities in order to energetically pursue their vocation. The finding of this review appears to be enlightening for teacher educators as well. As the outcomes of this review study revealed, teachers with strong desire and perseverance can handle the job-related stressors, which is the main cause of burnout. Accordingly, teacher educators need to teach their trainees how to persevere against the pressures, challenges, and problems of teaching profession.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and has approved it for publication.