Mapping interdisciplinary collaboration in music education: analysis of models in higher education across North America, Europe, Oceania, and Asia

Interdisciplinary collaboration is an emerging imperative in music education, but current understanding of global practices remains limited. Prior studies have focused narrowly on specific programs within limited geographic areas. However, there is minimal quantitative mapping of initiatives across institutions and regions. Contextual insights explaining regional variations are also scarce. Hence, this study aims to address these gaps by conducting a comprehensive analysis of interdisciplinary programs, partnerships, events, and publications across leading global music institutions using a mixed methods approach. The analysis reveals significant diversity in models and determinants of productivity across regions. For instance, while Europe leads in formal integration and research output, North America prioritizes technology-enabled innovation through media and emerging tools. Partnerships are ubiquitous but focus areas and curricular integration vary. The findings reveal significant diversity in interdisciplinary education practices and formats worldwide, implying a need for contextualized implementation aligned to institutional strengths rather than a one-size-fits-all approach. Therefore, as music education evolves, tailored interdisciplinary strategies that blend local priorities with global best practices are recommended to creatively nurture multifaceted skills and maximize potential for innovation. Thus, this research contributes an invaluable knowledge base to inform evidence-based, nimble policies and frameworks for cultivating cutting-edge, socially engaged musicians and ventures worldwide.


Introduction
Interdisciplinary education is an approach that aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of complex topics by integrating information or methods from two or more academic disciplines (Spelt et al., 2009;Corbacho et al., 2021).Through interdisciplinary courses and projects, learners integrate relevant theories, methods, and findings from two or more fields which makes it not only complex but also challenging because it seeks to produce new knowledge by understanding complex problems (Golding, 2009;Spelt et al., 2009).This allows them to examine issues, solve problems or explore new questions in ways not possible through just one subject alone, enabling integrated understanding and transfer of learning across fields.Moreover, this helps to cultivate innovative, adaptive thinking skills needed to operate at the intersections of ideas from different domains (Corbacho et al., 2021).Thus, these attributes make interdisciplinarity unique and distinct from multidisciplinary in education, which refers to an approach that brings together knowledge and methods from multiple disciplines but does not necessarily integrate them (Lombardo, 2010).For instance, a music education program that combines music theory, history, and performance techniques to provide a comprehensive understanding of music is multidisciplinary whereas a research project or program that explores the intersection of music education and technology, incorporating elements of computer science, engineering, and musicology to develop innovative music teaching tools can be termed interdisciplinary (Hodges, 2003;Barneva et al., 2021;Zhang, 2022).Interdisciplinary education is mostly offered at advanced undergraduate or postgraduate levels as it remains crucial for undergraduate students to experience integrative learning environments that support an open perspective toward other disciplinary fields (Lyall et al., 2015).
What is more, interdisciplinarity has become an increasingly popular approach in various fields of study, including music education.The interdisciplinarity of music education considers the interconnections between musical and non-musical modes of thinking through various academic and creative works beyond just educational methods.An example of interdisciplinary music studies the incorporation of music technology and computer science to develop innovative tools for music composition and production.Others include the integration of music therapy and psychology to explore the therapeutic effects of music on mental health and the combination of musicology and cultural studies to examine the sociocultural influences on music production and consumption (Schei et al., 2013).This approach of interdisciplinarity is increasingly being embraced to foster multifaceted skills and drive innovation (Baroni, 2021).The growing emphasis on interdisciplinarity can be attributed to several factors; recognition of the significance of collaboration across disciplines, a pressing need for innovative solutions to complex problems and the desire to provide students with a more holistic and integrated learning experience (Chrysostomou, 2004).Hence, interdisciplinary collaboration in music education can be explained as the collaboration and integration of different disciplines or fields of study within the context of music education.It involves the interaction and cooperation between music educators, musicians, and professionals, from other disciplines, such as psychology, sociology, neuroscience, business, technology, and dance, among others.
In music education, interdisciplinarity has been acknowledged as a means to enhance student engagement, stimulate creativity, and develop critical thinking skills (Overland, 2013).By connecting music to other fields of study, educators aim to develop diverse talents and promote imaginative solutions in students (Peretz et al., 2021).One of the key drivers of this trend toward interdisciplinarity in music education is the changing landscape of the modern classroom.With the integration of technology and digital media into every aspect of our lives, students today are more likely than ever before to approach learning from multiple angles and perspectives (Gouzouasis and Bakan, 2011;Bennett, 2016;O'Leary, 2020).
However, despite the growing presence of interdisciplinarity in music education, there are still significant gaps in our understanding of the current landscape of collaboration formats.Previous studies have primarily focused on specific programs or partnerships within limited geographic areas, resulting in a lack of cross-regional comparative data on interdisciplinary activities and research productivity (Carfoot et al., 2017).Besides, quantitative mapping of collaborative initiatives across institutions has been minimal, and there is a scarcity of multidimensional measures to assess interdisciplinary engagement.Additionally, there is a lack of contextual qualitative insights that can help explain regional variations.
Therefore, this research aims to explore three study objectives: (a) To analyze the current landscape of interdisciplinary activities related to music education at the top ranked universities in the world.(b) Identify variations in interdisciplinary models of music students' education, focus areas, and integration approaches through qualitative synthesis of institutional data.This provides an understanding on regional and institutional distinctions in the different interdisciplinary collaboration models, focus areas, and implementation approaches.(c) Identify relationships between interdisciplinary initiatives and published research article and observe trends if any exists using the mixed methods data.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows.Section "2 Literature overview" provides a brief overview on prior and related studies on interdisciplinary music education.Section "3 Research methodology" explores the mixed method approach, analytical techniques and observed relationships.Section "4 Findings" provides the findings, followed by implications in sections "5 Implications of the study, " limitations and lastly conclusion.
2 Literature overview 2.1 Some prior studies on interdisciplinary music education models Interdisciplinary models in music education have become an expanding area of scholarship as traditional boundaries get redefined for the 21st century.Various studies have examined collaborative formats spanning diverse domains to enrich teaching and learning (Luce, 2001;Gaunt and Westerlund, 2016).For instance, one study explored the interplay between the changing music industries, the needs of interdisciplinary music students, and the educational policies surrounding them (Ski-Berg, 2017).Another study focused on collaborative learning in higher music education, examining theoretical perspectives and research studies on expertise, collective creativity, shared knowledge practices, and power dynamics within collaborative learning (Gaunt and Westerlund, 2016).Additionally, the concept of student 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1284193engagement in music education has gained attention, with a focus on preparing students for life beyond their education and exploring the merits and determinants of student engagement (Wang, 2021).The integration of interdisciplinary fields, such as music technology, into academic structures has also been examined, highlighting the challenges and opportunities in research, teaching, and administration (Boehm, 2005).Also, an interview-based approach discussed the importance of interdisciplinary dialog in music therapy and special music education, providing insights into the development of collaborative work between different music practices (Darrow and Tsiris, 2013).
One of the most widely studied interdisciplinary music education models is integrated arts education, which combines music with other art forms such as visual arts, dance, and drama.This model aims to develop students' creativity, imagination, manual skills, and motor sensitivity (Budiwati, 2019;Avci, 2020).It emphasizes learning through experience and encourages students to actively participate in the learning process.By integrating music with other art forms, students are able to make connections between different disciplines and develop transversal and interdisciplinary integrated competencies.Studies have shown that technology-enhanced learning can improve students' technical skills, creativity, and engagement [e.g., (Maba, 2020;Barneva et al., 2021)].
The studies referenced provide insights into interdisciplinary music education models and how they can promote deep learning outcomes while improving student engagement and motivation.However, limitations and challenges from these studies opens a gap for additional work.This includes exploring interdisciplinary music education programs across different global regions in more to understand distinguishing trends across these regions and how it relates to previous studies.Alongside standalone research projects and success stories, these publications could shed light on how incorporating interdisciplinarity affects the work of both students, instructors, and researchers.

Impacts of interdisciplinary collaborations
Interdisciplinary collaborations in music education have demonstrated significant positive outcomes and impacts on students, faculty, institutions, and the music landscape in general.
Research findings indicate that these collaborations have a range of benefits.For example, students engaging in interdisciplinary collaborations have shown an increased level of reflexivity, enabling them to fostering a deeper understanding of their role in constructing perspectives on Otherness (Karlsen, 2021).
Interdisciplinary interactions between music education and history have also yielded positive effects.These interactions have influenced various aspects of music education, such as shaping musical preferences in classical music of the 20th century (Žnidaršič, 2021).Furthermore, interdisciplinary communication in pianists' education has been found to contribute to the formation of vocational and pedagogical skills, as well as enhancing pianist skills (Lysenko et al., 2021).Collaborations between music and art education have facilitated hands-on activities for students, leading to the development of creativity skills (Martyniv et al., 2021).These interdisciplinary collaborations have been instrumental in the advancement of reflective, ethically engaged, and diversity-aware music education practices (Timonen, 2021).These interdisciplinary interactions in music education, involving history, pianists' education, and art education, have contributed to interdisciplinarity by fostering the integration of diverse fields, multiculturalism by incorporating various cultural perspectives, and collaboration by promoting cooperation and shared expertise among different disciplines.
The concepts of interdisciplinarity, multiculturalism, and collaboration are closely linked and mutually reinforcing.Multiculturalism involves recognizing and appreciating diverse cultural perspectives, which is essential in interdisciplinary contexts where different disciplines offer unique viewpoints.Collaboration, on the other hand, involves working together across disciplines, including cultural perspectives, to address complex issues and achieve innovative solutions.Multiculturalism is a consequence of interdisciplinarity as it promotes the integration of diverse cultural perspectives in interdisciplinary collaborations, while collaboration is a consequence of multiculturalism as it requires active engagement and cooperation among individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds to achieve interdisciplinary goals (Reich and Reich, 2006).
What is more, interdisciplinary collaborations in music education have also extended to the fields of technology and business, yielding significant positive outcomes and impacts.These collaborations have opened up new avenues for innovation and entrepreneurship in the music industry.
Moreover, integration of technology in music education has transformed the learning experience for students.By incorporating digital tools, software, and emerging technologies, students have gained opportunities to explore music production, composition, and performance in innovative ways.This interdisciplinary approach has nurtured their creativity, refined their musical skills, and equipped them with critical thinking and problem-solving abilities necessary for success in the digital age (Waddell and Williamon, 2019;Zhang, 2022).
Overall, these collaborations have paved the way to explore understand what common themes of collaboration exist across the board in higher education institutions that embrace interdisciplinarity.

Initiatives by some global institutions
Reviewing models adopted by prominent universities provides useful benchmarking insights, as such institutions are often pioneers in designing innovative curricula, adopting emerging technologies, and forming high-impact partnerships due to greater resources and capacities.Prominent conservatories like Juilliard have spearheaded new directions in performing arts education (Gupta, 2019).Besides, many universities and colleges have started to incorporate interdisciplinary approaches into their music education programs, recognizing the value of collaboration across different disciplines and the potential for innovation that it offers.Universities now offer courses that combine music with other disciplines such as technology, engineering, and business to promote interdisciplinary collaboration.Some of these include:

Research methodology
This section explores how music education intersects with other disciplines across QS highly ranked universities in different regions of the world (see Table 1).To normalize the selection of universities, the QS ranking was selected as a benchmark to help categorize the institutions according to regions (Top Universities, 2023).The mixed methods approach uses both qualitative and quantitative data analysis to provide a holistic view.The qualitative content analysis offers explicit information on trends, including whether institutions offer interdisciplinary programs, case studies, and partnerships and identify themes across them.The quantitative analysis used in the analysis are mainly descriptive statistics.These are percentages, frequencies, means and standard deviations.The quantitative analysis provides complementary insights.It reveals what fraction or proportions of institutions offer these initiatives and how that percentage varies across regions.Quantifying publication tallies also allows for exploring variations between regions.Together, qualitative findings on structures and quantitative data on frequencies and outputs help identify patterns.This aids in drawing meaningful inferences about opportunities and challenges in cross-disciplinary collaboration involving music education globally.The mixed approach thus creates a more comprehensive understanding of real-world interdisciplinary landscapes and activities.Overview of the information collected are as follows: This period of 4-5 years provides ample time to assess any publication where available.(e) Keyword and filtering: Published articles were filtered based on the keyword "music, " the Boolean operator "OR, " "music education, " followed by the Boolean operator "AND, " then "affiliation"-name of institution.The keyword "interdisciplinary" was not considered because it limited the scope and returned very limited data for some institutions.This is because some research works were interdisciplinary yet did not use the keyword "interdisciplinary.with a broader understanding of music's role in society and its connections to various fields.(g) Case studies: Case studies, success stories, or exemplary projects involving interdisciplinary collaboration in music education which are explicitly indicated by the institutions.This indicates the prominence of successful collaborations.
Based on the listed categories, the data on the case studies was collected from the websites of the mentioned institutions.The study focused on gathering information from the institutions' websites where they explicitly highlighted and showcased cases as interdisciplinary case studies, success stories, and projects centered around interdisciplinary collaboration in music education.(h) Collaborative events: Collaborative events like seminars, conferences, performances, or exhibitions that feature music programs and other disciplines.
Partnerships/Affiliations: Partnerships or affiliations with other departments or institutions promoting interdisciplinary education.This indicates the department's external collaborations.
Next, data collected based on these defined fields are shown in Tables 3-6.Besides the research goals associated with these data are also clearly indicated in Table 2.

Descriptive overview of interdisciplinary activities at the selected institutions
This section examines the university or institution's website to gather data on interdisciplinary initiatives as indicated by the institutions.Research sections are reviewed for examples of interdisciplinary project if indicated.Program listings are also analyzed to identify any interdisciplinary majors or courses offered.Success stories, or exemplary projects involving interdisciplinary collaboration in music education are also noted.Interdisciplinary partnerships and events involving industry or academia are recorded.Those clearly described as interdisciplinary in nature based on surface-level website details are documented.
A. The Case of North American Institutions: The Juilliard School:

Number of institutions
To identify highly ranked institutions per region in the performing arts category as a measure of interrelated output in interdisciplinary music education models.

Number of published articles related to interdisciplinary music education between 2018 and 2023
To analyze the scholarly output and identify trends in research information sharing relationship to interdisciplinary collaborations in music education.
Data source: Scopus To gather a wide range of scholarly literature and access a diverse collection of peer-reviewed journals and conference papers.

Duration for publications: 2018-2023
To assess the publications within a specific time frame for thorough analysis.
Keyword and filtering: "Music" and "Music Education" with institution affiliation To filter and search for relevant articles based on keywords and institution affiliation.

Interdisciplinary programs, courses, or majors
To examine the combination of music with other disciplines in educational programs.

Case studies: successful interdisciplinary collaboration projects indicated by institutions
To highlight and analyze prominent case studies showcasing successful interdisciplinary collaborations in music education.

Collaborative events and partnerships/affiliations
To identify collaborative events and partnerships that promote interdisciplinary education and external collaborations within the department.

Example of interdisciplinary program/majors
To showcase specific examples of interdisciplinary programs and majors that combine the study of music with other disciplines, providing a broader understanding of music's role in society and its connections to various fields.
(iii) Case study: Notably, acclaimed flutist, composer, and performer Nathalie Joachim attributes her diverse musical career to the interdisciplinary foundation she acquired at Juilliard (The Juilliard School, n.d.).

Curtis Institute of Music:
(i) Collaborative events and partnerships: The institute collaborates with external organizations such as 92Y to establish cooperative initiatives like "Curtis at 92Y, " promoting cross-institutional and interdisciplinary engagement and artistic exploration (Curtis Institute of Music, n.d.).
New York University (NYU):    General overview of the above listed information on whether or not these interdisciplinary activities are present are summarized in Table 6.

Quantitative analysis on regional performance
The Table 3 provides a proportion-based analysis for the information collected, In North America, 80% of the institutions offer "Interdisciplinary Programs/Majors/courses, " indicating a majority of the institutions in North America embrace interdisciplinary education.A total of 80% of the institutions indicate some "Case Studies."All institutions in North America organize "Collaborative Events, " representing 100% occurrence.Additionally, 100% of the institutions establish "Partnerships" highlighting the significance of collaborative relationships in promoting interdisciplinary initiatives (see Table 3).
In Europe, "Interdisciplinary Programs/Majors" are available in all five institutions analyzed, representing 100% of the institutions."Case Studies are identified in two out of the five institutions analyzed, " representing 40% of the institutions.All five institutions in Europe organize "Collaborative Events, " indicating a 100% occurrence.Similarly, "Partnerships" are established in all five institutions, representing a 100% occurrence (see Table 4).
In Oceania, all five institutions offer "Interdisciplinary Programs/Majors."Furthermore, 80% of the institutions indicate "Case Studies."Additionally, four out of the five institutions organize "Collaborative Events" representing 80% occurrence.Moreover, all five institutions establish "Partnerships, " reflecting a 100% occurrence (refer to Table 5).
In Asia, all five institutions analyzed offer "Interdisciplinary Programs/Majors."However, the prevalence of "Case Studies" is relatively low, with only two out of the five institutions indicating case studies, representing a 40% occurrence.On the other hand, "Collaborative Events" are widespread, present in all five institutions.Additionally, all institutions in Asia establish "Partnerships, " emphasizing a focus on fostering collaborative relationships (see Table 6).
The data reveals substantial differences in interdisciplinary music education research across regions.Europe significantly outpaced others in total publications from 2018 to 2023 with 337 articles.Oceania followed with 77, while North America and Asia published far fewer at 29 and 19, respectively.This dominance is also reflected in Europe's highest average articles per institution of 67.4 among the five universities observed.North America and Oceania averaged 5.8 and 15.4, respectively, while Asia had the lowest at 3.8 articles.Notably, the standard deviations offer insight into output variability within each region.Europe's sizable standard deviation of 77.1 indicates high variations between institutional productivities relative to its mean.Smaller standard deviations between 4.4 and 23 for other regions imply their university outputs were more uniform on average (see Table 7).

Qualitative content analysis
The qualitative review reveals several common interdisciplinary approaches across regions, along with some notable distinctions.Formal interdisciplinary degrees are widely offered combining music with fields like business, technology, therapy and more.A prominent theme across North American institutions is their technology-driven approaches to fostering interdisciplinarity in music.Juilliard, NYU and University of Rochester showcase centers, projects and partnerships leveraging technologies like music production software, audio engineering and artificial intelligence.Case studies from these schools highlight career applications of such technology-integrated training.
Meanwhile, other regions emphasize interdisciplinarity through diverse means.European programs blend music with related domains in fields such as material culture and science.Collaborations span placements, research and academic-industry initiatives.Royal College of Music exemplifies partnerships enriching music studies.Oceania strengths include interinstitutional collaborations and community involvement through performance projects.Griffith University's conference highlights experience design innovations.
While technology does not dominate, some Asian schools integrate it strategically.Korea National University hosts techfocused events.NUS facilitates international courses expanding technical fluency.UCSI's performance program nurtures research skills transferable to technology.Across all regions, common themes include extensive collaborative events, diverse external partnerships and interdisciplinary curricula merging music with other arts or non-art subjects.

Interrelationships between interdisciplinary initiatives and publications
In North America, The Juilliard School had initiatives in all 4 categories (Interdisciplinary programs/majors/courses, case studies, collaborative events, and partnerships) and published 6 interdisciplinary articles, similar to NYU which also had all initiatives but published 9. Curtis had 2 initiatives and 2 publications.Though University of Rochester had initiatives in all categories like Juilliard and NYU, it did not publish any articles.Harvard, with initiatives in all categories, published the most at 12 articles.Thus, the number of initiatives does not seem to definitively correlate with higher publications in this region.
In Europe, Royal College of Music had initiatives in all categories and published the most at 186 articles.Royal Academy of Music had 3 out 4 initiatives and published 133.Despite initiatives in all categories except case studies, CNSMDP only published 1 article.Similarly, Universität für Musik published just 4 despite initiatives in most categories.Royal Conservatoire of Scotland's balanced initiatives corresponded with 13 publications.More initiatives did not necessarily translate to more publications.
Across the region, Oceania, The University of Melbourne stood out with initiatives in all categories and publishing 61 articles, the highest output.Monash had 3 initiatives and published 6 papers.Edith Cowan had 3 of 4 initiatives and published 9 articles.Despite initiatives present, Griffith and The University of Auckland published the least or none.A higher percentage of initiatives did not necessarily correlate with more peer-reviewed publications on interdisciplinarity.
Across Asian institutions, National University of Singapore had full initiatives and published most at 14 articles.Despite Korea National University of Arts also having initiatives in all areas, it published just one article.Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts, UCSI University-Institute of Music and The Central Academy of Drama, China each had initiatives in 3 of 4 categories but published one, two and one articles, respectively.More initiatives did not correlate with greater publications, as initiatives alone did not determine higher research outputs.

Findings
Qualitative findings show shared priorities on application and collaboration through industry partnerships, community In summary, the analysis reveals that North American institutions prioritize technology-driven interdisciplinary approaches.For instance, the University of Rochester partners with multiple departments to create an AI-powered music production project, exemplifying North America's technology focus.The Juilliard School showcases interdisciplinary performance projects and industry partnerships.Curtis Institute of Music collaborates with external organizations on initiatives like "Curtis at 92Y." New York University organizes interdisciplinary workshops and summer programs and partnerships with the music industry.Harvard University hosts interdisciplinary conferences and partnerships with Berklee College of Music.In Europe, the institutions emphasize research-based interdisciplinarity.For example, the Royal College of Music engages in migration-focused projects like "Music, Migration and Mobility" which explores the significance of migration for music.The Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique et de Danse de Paris engages in a wide range of global collaborations on interdisciplinarity.The Royal Academy of Music organizes interdisciplinary seminars, workshops, and courses.The Universität für Musik und Darstellende Kunst Wien develops community music services on a variety of interdisciplinary subjects.The Royal Conservatoire of Scotland facilitates concerts and interdisciplinary research collaborations.In Oceania, the data reveals Australian universities balance industry and community partnerships.For instance, the University of Melbourne created the cross-sector Music, Mind and Wellbeing initiative combining music, neuroscience, and social wellbeing.This demonstrates Oceania's focus on impact-driven partnerships.Other institutions like Edith Cowan University organize interdisciplinary events with community partners.Griffith University hosts conferences on human-computer music interactions.Monash University provides opportunities to collaborate with professional musicians on varying cases.The University of Auckland partners internationally for performance collaborations.While some technology integration was observed, partnerships and events were more pervasive in Asia.Korea National University of the Arts hosts workshops and music tech concerts.The National University of Singapore promotes global partnerships and collaborations while also leveraging the efficacy of music for health and wellbeing.The Central Academy of Drama, China promotes partnerships with musical theater companies.UCSI University organizes guest lectures and talks on the subject of interdisciplinarity in music education.The Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts hosts masterclasses and music forums in partnership with invited guests.Hence, these pioneering findings expose the significant diversity and complexity inherent in global interdisciplinary music education.

Implications of the study
Interdisciplinary collaboration has become an imperative in 21st century music education to cultivate multifaceted skills and spur innovation.Thence, this research study reveals significant complexity and regional variations in current interdisciplinary practices.The analysis of top global institutions exposes contrasting models, focus areas and outcomes.
In Europe, a long tradition of conservatories and music academies drives a strong research orientation and formal interdisciplinary degrees.Yet North America emphasizes technology-led innovation through partnerships with media, AI and emerging sectors.Australia balances industry collaboration with community enrichment.Hence, interdisciplinary engagement must align with institutional strengths and local contexts.Uniform models cannot address diverse priorities.
Significantly, industry and community partnerships emerge as a consistent priority across regions.Real-world application with social impact is a shared goal of interdisciplinary music education.Experiential learning, performances, competitions and live events provide vibrant platforms to apply interdisciplinary knowledge.Hence, music institutions should actively coordinate with companies, NGOs, public venues and community organizations to provide exposure and networking opportunities.Such immersive experiences can catalyze students to develop meaningful ventures.
At the policy level, assessments and incentives should move beyond activity frequencies to gauge competencies developed through interdisciplinary learning.Partnerships should also be nurtured strategically to enrich curriculum, teaching practices and research.Moreover, funding schemes that connect academia with external stakeholders can stimulate innovation.
Critically, technology, business, therapy, and other complementary domains are now inextricable from music education.Customized interdisciplinary degrees, modules and certificates can equip graduates with integrated skill sets aligned to evolving market needs.However, forced uniformity may undermine successful region-specific models.Institutions must retain flexibility to play to their unique strengths while embracing interdisciplinarity's immense potential to create multifaceted musicians, vibrant communities, and cutting-edge ventures.
Therefore, this research highlights the significant diversity in current interdisciplinary practices globally.While industry and community collaboration emerge as a shared priority, regional variations suggest localized approaches bear more fruit than onesize-fits-all policies.As music education evolves for the 21st century, interdisciplinarity is instrumental but must be nurtured as a creative, socially conscious process, not an end in itself.While this study offers valuable insights, it has some limitations that provide avenues for future work.Due to lack of standardized category for music institution ranking, the study limited data sorting to QS ranking: Performing Arts category.This may be biased since some schools are more inclined to full music majors while others are integrated with other arts majors like drama.Translation for some universities may also limit the true nature of the variables under study.Also, some institutions probably do not use department affiliations but rather the university's affiliations which makes it harder to filter.Besides, the analysis relies on a small sample of top institutions and draws exclusively from publicly available secondary data on university websites and databases.Besides, relying solely on Scopus database also offers some bias.To mitigate this potential bias, it would be advisable to complement the analysis with data from other reputable academic sources or databases that provide a broader coverage of scholarly literature in future research works.

Conclusion
This study sheds light on the complex landscape of interdisciplinary collaboration in global music education through an integrated mixed-methods approach.Our quantitative analysis of leading institutions across regions provides valuable empirical data highlighting Europe's leadership in publications and adoption.It also shows variations like North America's stronger focus on technology integration.Qualitative insights provide crucial context, such as Europe's research orientation vs. Oceania's industry ties.Examining relationships reveals multifaceted drivers of productivity, underlining that initiatives alone do not dictate outcomes.These evidence-based findings uncover significant diversity in interdisciplinary models and influences.This implies customized local approaches aligned with institutional contexts are paramount to nurturing diverse skills and sparking innovation.While industry and community partnerships offer common ground, successful implementation depends on capitalizing on strengths.As music education evolves for the 21st century, interdisciplinarity must be embraced creatively rather than as an end goal.This study thus provides a sound empirical foundation to guide policies and strategies that avoid one-size-fits-all thinking.Institutions globally need flexibility to blend local priorities with best practices worldwide.No single approach holds all the answers, but hybrid models leveraging technology, research, experiential learning and strategic partnerships demonstrate great potential.
We hope these pioneering insights energize and empower music educators globally to creatively embrace interdisciplinarity's possibilities for their contexts.Further exploration is still needed on this vitally important frontier.
(a) Number of institutions: The top five highly ranked institutions per region was considered based on the QS World University Rankings by Subject 2023: Performing Arts category.This is due to the absence of an independent music discipline only category.However, due to limited data on Latin America and Africa, these regions were excluded.(b) Number of published articles: Count of published articles related to interdisciplinary music education, reflects the school/department's contribution to interdisciplinary initiatives in the most current circumstance, between the years January 1, 2018 and July 31, 2023.Only published articles are considered for this study since they undergo more rigorous peer review process, has broader reach and readership and are more thorough in content.The consideration of published papers in this research serves as a measure of interrelated output based on interdisciplinary music education models.By analyzing the published research articles, the research aims to identify relationships between interdisciplinary initiatives and the scholarly output in the field.This analysis allows for the observation of any trends or patterns in research information sharing related to interdisciplinary collaborations in music education.Moreover, this serves as a foundation for further research on trends and patterns, as well as research and knowledge gaps in interdisciplinary music education models.However, in this research only the abstracts for the articles were reviewed based on the definition of interdisciplinary collaboration in music education as explained in section "1 Introduction."This is because abstracts are summaries of research works which contain the research background, aims and objectives and significance, methodology and findings.(c) Data source for collecting published articles-Scopus: Data on publications were collected from Scopus.Scopus is a widely recognized and reputable academic database that provides access to a diverse range of scholarly literature.It encompasses one of the largest abstracts, citation databases, indexing a vast collection of peer-reviewed journals, conference papers, and other scholarly documents from various disciplines (Scopus, 2023).(d) Duration for publications-The duration for the publications considered is between 2018 and 2023 (July to be precise).
Interdisciplinary programs, courses, or majors combine the study of music with other disciplines to provide students 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1284193TABLE 1 QS top five ranking universities per region (Top Universities, 2023).
" Other details are as follows: (i) Scope-documents category; (ii) Search within-Article title, Abstract, Keywords, Authors: this is for searching keywords like music or music education; and (iii) Affiliation.(-meansnot disclosed or identified data).

TABLE 2
Categories of data collected and associated research goals.

TABLE 3
Interdisciplinary Music and Performing Arts Professions Summer Programs offer diverse opportunities such as Music Business and Screen Scoring, Instrumental and Vocal Performance, Music Technology, and Dance Education.The university also organizes workshops and various projects to enhance interdisciplinary learning experiences.NYU's partnership with Nashville in the field of Production and Performance of music interdisciplinarity in North American Institutions.

TABLE 4
Performance of music interdisciplinarity in European Institutions.
Yes = a minimum of one does exist or available and is clearly indicated.(-) = not clearly indicated or cannot be confirmed to exist.

TABLE 5
Performance of music interdisciplinarity in Oceania's Institutions.Case study: The Music and Audio Research Lab (MARL) serves as a community for collaborative research and projects within NYU's Music Education Program with an objective to promote learning from different disciplines.

TABLE 7
Statistics on published articles per region.Example of interdisciplinary program/majors: Some of the interdisciplinary programs offered include Music and Media, Music and Theater, and Music and Psychology.Case study: The university's staff and postgraduate students at the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts (WAAPA) are actively involved in interdisciplinary projects across various disciplines merging music and theatre.These projects aim to explore artistic practices, past and present, and address questions related to why, what, how, who, when, and where (Edith Cowan University, n.d.).iii) Case study: The university's staff and postgraduate students actively engage in interdisciplinary research projects, collaborating with external experts and professionals.Example of interdisciplinary program/majors: The University of Melbourne offers interdisciplinary courses like the Master of Music Therapy, specifically designed for those pursuing careers as music therapists.The program covers theoretical approaches to practice, performance teaching, ethnomusicology, and more, preparing students for diverse settings such as hospitals, special schools, aged care facilities, and community health programs.(iii) Case study: Music, Mind and Wellbeing initiative combined neuroscience with music and social wellbeing.Collaborative events and partnerships: The department has established close relationships with several renowned musical theater companies and teaching institutions, serving as a base for musical theater actor training, research, and practice in China (Central Academy of Drama, n.d.).(ii) Example of interdisciplinary program/majors: The Department of Musical Theatre at the Central Academy of Drama offers courses that merge elements from both theater and music.Case study: The Computer Music Center undertakes research on music and sounds using computers, including projects related to virtual reality, video music, and sound work.Case study: Music and health research center at NUS, is the first dedicated research center in Southeast Asia focused on leveraging the efficacy of music for health and wellbeing.
Royal Academy of Music:(i) Collaborative events and partnerships: The academy organize seminars, workshops, and courses to develop core artist skills, self-knowledge, and professional awareness.Students benefit (ii) Example of interdisciplinary program/majors: There conjoint degrees like Bachelor of Advanced Science (Honors)/Bachelor of Music, Bachelor of Commerce/Bachelor of Music, Bachelor of Design/Bachelor of Music, Bachelor of Engineering (Honors)/Bachelor of Music and many others that offer interdisciplinarity programs.(