Front. Psychiatry Frontiers in Psychiatry Front. Psychiatry 1664-0640 Frontiers Media S.A. 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.936009 Psychiatry Review Top 100 Cited Papers on Premenstrual Syndrome/Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: A Bibliometric Study Gao Mingzhou 1 † Zhang Hao 2 † Wang Changlin 3 Mou Xiangyu 3 Zhu Qingjun 1 Wang Jieqiong 4 Gao Dongmei 3 * 1Team of Research and Innovation Focusing on Emotional Diseases and Syndromes, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China 2Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China 3College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China 4School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China

Edited by: Karen Tabb, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States

Reviewed by: Jian Huang, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China; Huanxin Yang, Qilu University of Technology, China

 *Correspondence: Dongmei Gao gcy_112@163.com

This article was submitted to Mood Disorders, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychiatry

†These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship

 14 07 2022 2022 13 936009 04 05 2022 14 06 2022 Copyright © 2022 Gao, Zhang, Wang, Mou, Zhu, Wang and Gao. 2022 Gao, Zhang, Wang, Mou, Zhu, Wang and Gao

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 Background

Premenstrual syndrome/premenstrual dysphoric disorder is a serious condition affecting women worldwide, causing clinically significant distress or interference. Therefore, solving these diseases has become the utmost concern worldwide, culminating in numerous studies. In this study, we performed bibliometric analysis on the 100 most cited papers with the aim of identifying research hot spots and trends in this field.

 Methods

We screened the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) of Web of Science (WOS) to identify the top 100 cited studies on PMS/PMDD. Next, we analyzed relevant literature from various journals, countries/regions, institutions, authors, and keywords. Finally, we used VOSviewer and Citespace software to generate knowledge maps and identify hot spots and trends.

 Results

The top 100 highly cited studies were published in 55 journals, between 1999 and 2017, across 24 countries/regions around the world. Most articles were published in Obstetrics and Gynecology, whereas Psych neuroendocrinology had the largest average number of citations per paper. The United States had the highest number of publications, followed by England, Canada, and Sweden. The top three institutions that published the highly cited literature were the University of Pennsylvania, Yale University, and National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Obstetrics, Gynecology, Psychiatry, and Reproductive Biology were the main research directions, whereas the top 10 Co-occurrence of Keywords included double-blind, fluoxetine, efficacy, prevalence, epidemiology, phase sertraline treatment, depression, progesterone, placebo, and placebo-controlled trial. Results from cluster analysis indicated that more comprehensive epidemiology and steroid pathogenesis have gradually become the hot spots and trends.

 Conclusion

These findings demonstrated that bibliometric analysis can intuitively and rapidly reveal the frontiers and hot spots of research in PMS/PMDD. Notably, epidemiology, steroid pathogenesis, GABAA receptor delta subunits, and double-blind placebo-controlled trials are potential areas of focus for future research.

 bibliometric analysis citations premenstrual syndrome trends PMDD Introduction

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), a severe form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), refers to a condition in which women of childbearing age exhibit periodic symptoms of discomfort, emotion, and physical disorders in the luteal phase, which deeply affect the patients' ability to study, and work as well as quality of life (1–5). Clinically, PMS/PMDD not only brings a substantial burden on both physical and mental aspects of life (6, 7) but also predisposes affected individuals to depression and bipolar disorders (8–10). Recent studies have demonstrated that some PMDD patients are suicidal, as evidenced by the fact that nearly 40% of PMDD women reported suicidal ideation (11, 12).

Published articles on PMS/PMDD date back to 1950 (13). In the past 60 years, researchers have made significant progress on PMS/PMDD, a phenomenon that is still ongoing (14). However, It is difficult to grasp the development overview and trend of PMS/PMDD research field, and scientific analysis of bibliometrics is urgently needed.

Knowledge on the top 100 cited papers may generate an understanding into the current focus of researchers. Bibliometric analysis, an effective method for analyzing literature, enhances researchers' understanding of a particular research area (15). In this study, we adopted bibliometric analysis to identify the top 100 cited papers on PMS/PMDD, and determined the trends in research on this topic from a perspective different from the previous research (14), which will promote the development of this research field and promote the basic research to gain new discoveries.

 Materials and Methods Data Sources and Search Strategies

Data were obtained from the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-E) database in the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) (1). The literature search was framed as follows: [TI = (Premenstrual Syndrome) OR TI = (Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder) OR TI = (late luteal phase dysphoric disorder) referring to related retrieval strategy (16). The range of article publication dates range was set from inception of the database to April 8th, 2022. No limitations were applied with regards to either the year of publication or language.

 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Papers were displayed in descending order, based on the number of citations. Where necessary, two independent researchers identified the 100 most-cited papers after reading the titles, abstracts, and full texts. Conference papers and studies in which PMS/PMDD was not the central topic were excluded. Any disagreement, between the researchers, was resolved through discussion and consensus with a third researcher.

 Data Collection and Analysis

The top 100 articles were selected, then imported into Endnote X9, where several study characteristics, including title, keywords, document type, citation number, publication date, country, institutions, journals, and the 2020 impact factor of journals, were extracted. Next, we combined the online platform https://bibliometric.com, with VOSviewer 1.6.17, and Citespace R 5.8 to determine potential research hot spots and trends in this field by visualizing the aforementioned characteristics in the top 100 articles.

 Results Citation Characteristics of the Included Articles

A total of 1,135 documents were initially retrieved from WoSCC. The list was arranged in descending order of citations, and the top 100 cited papers selected as listed in Table 1. The total number of citations for these 100 papers was 9,675 (median = 96.75) and frequency distribution of citations by year could been seen in Figure 1. The top 100 papers had 3821 references, with an h-index of 68. The most frequently cited articles included “The prevalence, impairment, impact, and burden of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMS/PMDD)” (17) by Halbreich, U (431 citations), followed by “Prevalence, incidence, and stability of premenstrual dysphoric disorder in the community” (355 citations) (18), “Cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid levels across the menstrual cycle in healthy women and those with premenstrual dysphoric disorder—A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study” (257 citations) (19), “Efficacy of a new low-dose oral contraceptive with drospirenone in premenstrual dysphoric disorder” (226 citations) (20) and “Efficacy of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in premenstrual syndrome: a systematic review” (218 citations) (21). The abovementioned articles have been cited more than 200 times.

The 100 most cited papers in PMS/PMDD until 2022.

Rank Title First author Journal Year Total citation Average citation by year
1 The prevalence, impairment, impact, and burden of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMS/PMDD) Halbreich, U PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2003 431 21.55
2 Prevalence, incidence and stability of premenstrual dysphoric disorder in the community Wittchen, HU PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE 2002 354 16.86
3 Premenstrual syndrome Yonkers LANCET 2008 257 17.13
4 Cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid levels across the menstrual cycle in healthy women and those with premenstrual dysphoric disorder—a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study Epperson, CN ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY 2002 257 12.24
5 Efficacy of a new low-dose oral contraceptive with drospirenone in premenstrual dysphoric disorder Yonkers, KA OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2005 226 12.56
6 Efficacy of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in premenstrual syndrome: a systematic review Dimmock, PW LANCET 2000 218 9.48
7 Allopregnanolone levels and reactivity to mental stress in premenstrual dysphoric disorder Girdler, SS BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY 2001 190 8.64
8 The etiology, biology, and evolving pathology of premenstrual syndromes Halbreich, U PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2003 180 9
9 Treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder with a new drospirenone-containing oral contraceptive formulation Pearlstein, TB CONTRACEPTION 2005 177 9.83
10 Efficacy of vitamin B-6 in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: systematic review Wyatt, KM BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1999 167 6.96
11 Treatment for the premenstrual syndrome with agnus castus fruit extract: prospective, randomized, placebo controlled study Schellenberg, R BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 2001 163 7.41
12 Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: evidence for a new category for DSM-5 Epperson, C AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2012 161 14.64
13 Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: definitions and diagnosis Freeman, EW PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2003 157 7.85
14 Allopregnanolone concentrations and premenstrual syndrome Monteleone, P EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY 2000 153 6.65
15 Biological, social, and behavioral factors associated with premenstrual syndrome Deuster, PA ARCHIVES OF FAMILY MEDICINE 1999 152 6.33
16 Premenstrual syndrome Dickerson, LM AMERICAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN 2003 143 7.15
17 Differential response to antidepressants in women with premenstrual syndrome/premenstrual dysphoric disorder–A randomized controlled trial Freeman, EW ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY 1999 130 5.42
18 A review of treatment of premenstrual syndrome & premenstrual dysphoric disorder Rapkin, A PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2003 129 6.45
19 Prevalence and predictors of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) in older premenopausal women—the harvard study of moods and cycles Cohen, LS JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS 2002 126 6
20 Is premenstrual dysphoric disorder a distinct clinical entity? Endicott, J JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH & GENDER-BASED MEDICINE 1999 119 4.96
21 Differential menstrual cycle regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in women with premenstrual syndrome and controls Roca, CA JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM 2003 118 5.9
22 Evaluation of a unique oral contraceptive in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder Freeman, EW JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH & GENDER-BASED MEDICINE 2001 118 5.36
23 Clinical diagnostic criteria for premenstrual syndrome and guidelines for their quantification for research studies Halbreich, Uriel GYNECOLOGICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY 2007 116 7.25
24 The role of hormones and hormonal treatments in premenstrual syndrome Backstrom, T CNS DRUGS 2003 112 5.6
25 Calcium and vitamin D intake and risk of incident premenstrual syndrome Bertone-Johnson, ER ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2005 106 5.89
26 Changes in mood, cognitive performance and appetite in the late luteal and follicular phases of the menstrual cycle in women with and without PMDD (premenstrual dysphoric disorder) Reed, Stephanie Collins HORMONES AND BEHAVIOR 2008 104 6.93
27 Premenstrual daily fluoxetine for premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a placebo-controlled, clinical trial using computerized diaries Cohen, LS OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2002 104 4.95
28 Crocus sativus L. (saffron) in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial Agha-Hosseini, M BJOG-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 2008 102 6.8
29 Psychosocial functioning in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder before and after treatment with sertraline or placebo Pearlstein, TB JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHIATRY 2000 101 4.39
30 Risk factors for premenstrual dysphoric disorder in a community sample of young women: the role of traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder Perkonigg, A JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHIATRY 2004 100 5.26
31 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for premenstrual syndrome Marjoribanks, Jane COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2013 99 9.9
32 Health and economic impact of the premenstrual syndrome Borenstein, JE JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE 2003 99 4.95
33 Premenstrual syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and beyond: a clinical primer for practitioners Johnson, SR OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2004 97 5.11
34 Oral contraceptives containing drospirenone for premenstrual syndrome Lopez, Laureen M COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2012 96 8.73
35 Risk for premenstrual dysphoric disorder is associated with genetic variation in ESR1, the estrogen receptor alpha gene Huo, Liang BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY 2007 93 5.81
36 Physiological changes during carbon dioxide inhalation in patients with panic disorder, major depression, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder—evidence for a central fear mechanism Gorman, JM ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY 2001 92 4.18
37 Toward a functional neuroanatomy of premenstrual dysphoric disorder Protopopescu, Xenia JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS 2008 90 6
38 Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder Braverman, Paula K. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC AND ADOLESCENT GYNECOLOGY 2007 90 5.63
39 The effectiveness of GnRHa with and without 'add-back' therapy in treating premenstrual syndrome: a meta analysis Wyatt, KM BJOG-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 2004 90 4.74
40 Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: burden of illness and treatment update Pearlstein, Teri JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY & NEUROSCIENCE 2008 89 5.93
41 Efficacy of intermittent, luteal phase sertraline treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder Halbreich, U OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2002 89 4.24
42 Gonadal steroid regulation of mood: the lessons of premenstrual syndrome Rubinow, David R. FRONTIERS IN NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2006 87 5.12
43 Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder in Japanese women Takeda, T. ARCHIVES OF WOMENS MENTAL HEALTH 2006 87 5.12
44 Efficacy of progesterone and progestogens in management of premenstrual syndrome: systematic review Wyatt, K BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 2001 81 3.68
45 Pretreatment pattern of symptom expression in premenstrual dysphoric disorder Pearlstein, T JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS 2005 80 4.44
46 How does premenstrual dysphoric disorder relate to depression and anxiety disorders? Landen, M DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY 2003 80 4
47 Prevalence of menstrual cycle symptom cyclicity and premenstrual dysphoric disorder in a random sample of women using and not using oral contraceptives Sveindottir, H ACTA OBSTETRICIA ET GYNECOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 2000 80 3.48
48 Luteal phase sertraline treatment for premenstrual dysphoric disorder—results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study Jermain, DM ARCHIVES OF FAMILY MEDICINE 1999 80 3.33
49 Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: epidemiology and treatment Hantsoo, Liisa CURRENT PSYCHIATRY REPORTS 2015 79 9.88
50 Steroid withdrawal in the mouse results in anxiogenic effects of 3 alpha, 5 beta-THP: a possible model of premenstrual dysphoric disorder Smith, Sheryl S PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2006 79 4.65
51 Premenstrual syndrome as a predictor of menopausal symptoms Freeman, EW OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2004 79 4.16
52 The diagnosis of premenstrual syndromes and premenstrual dysphoric disorder—clinical procedures and research perspectives Halbreich, U GYNECOLOGICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY 2004 77 4.05
53 Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder Biggs, Wendy S AMERICAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN 2011 76 6.33
54 Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder Shechter, Ari INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY 2010 76 5.85
55 Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: guidelines for management Steiner, M JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY & NEUROSCIENCE 2000 76 3.3
56 Treatment of premenstrual syndrome with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in a low dose regimen Sundstrom, I ACTA OBSTETRICIA ET GYNECOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1999 76 3.17
57 Premenstrual syndrome: a mini review Ryu, Aeli MATURITAS 2015 75 9.38
58 Premenstrual syndrome and associated symptoms in adolescent girls Derman, O EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY AND REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY 2004 75 3.95
59 Fluoxetine vs. Vitex agnus castus extract in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder Atmaca, M HUMAN PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL 2003 75 3.75
60 Prevalence of sexual abuse history in a sample of women seeking treatment for premenstrual syndrome Golding, JM JOURNAL OF PSYCHOSOMATIC OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2000 75 3.26
61 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder—a meta-analyslis Shah, Nirav R OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2008 74 4.93
62 Venlafaxine in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder Freeman, EW OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2001 74 3.36
63 Menstrual cycle effects on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimulation in premenstrual dysphoric disorder Gingnell, Malin HORMONES AND BEHAVIOR 2012 73 6.64
64 Randomized controlled trial of the management of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual mastalgia using luteal phase-only danazol O'Brien, PMS AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 1999 73 3.04
65 Prevalence and predictors of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder in a population-based sample Tschudin, Sibil ARCHIVES OF WOMENS MENTAL HEALTH 2010 72 5.54
66 Sleep quality and the sleep electroencephalogram in women with severe premenstrual syndrome Baker, Fiona C SLEEP 2007 70 4.38
67 Estimating direct and indirect costs of premenstrual syndrome Borenstein, J JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE 2005 70 3.89
68 Diagnosis and treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder: an update Steiner, M INTERNATIONAL CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2000 70 3.04
69 Weekly luteal-phase dosing with enteric-coated fluoxetine 90 mg in premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial Miner, C CLINICAL THERAPEUTICS 2002 68 3.24
70 Micronutrients and the premenstrual syndrome: the case for calcium Thys-Jacobs, S JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION 2000 66 2.87
71 The prevalence of premenstrual dysphoric disorder in a randomly selected group of urban and rural women Gehlert, S PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE 2009 65 4.64
72 Allopregnanolone levels and symptom improvement in severe premenstrual syndrome Freeman, EW JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2002 64 3.05
73 Abnormal luteal phase excitability of the motor cortex in women with premenstrual syndrome Smith, MJ BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY 2003 62 3.1
74 Premenstrual dysphoric disorder Grady-Weliky, TA NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2003 62 3.1
75 Premenstrual dysphoric disorder symptoms following ovarian suppression: triggered by change in ovarian steroid levels but not continuous stable levels Schmidt, Peter J AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2017 61 10.17
76 Association of inflammation markers with menstrual symptom severity and premenstrual syndrome in young women Bertone-Johnson, E. R HUMAN REPRODUCTION 2014 61 6.78
77 Obesity as a risk factor for premenstrual syndrome Masho, SW JOURNAL OF PSYCHOSOMATIC OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY 2005 61 3.39
78 Continuous or intermittent dosing with sertraline for patients with severe premenstrual syndrome or premenstrual dysphoric disorder Freeman, EW AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2004 61 3.21
79 A randomized comparison of psychological (cognitive behavior therapy), medical (fluoxetine) and combined treatment for women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder Hunter, MS JOURNAL OF PSYCHOSOMATIC OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY 2002 61 2.9
80 Premenstrual dysphoric disorder—is there an economic burden of illness? Chawla, A MEDICAL CARE 2002 60 2.86
81 Abnormalities of dorsolateral prefrontal function in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a multimodal neuroimaging study Baller, Erica B AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2013 59 5.9
82 Biological correlates of abuse in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder and healthy controls Girdler, SS PSYCHOSOMATIC MEDICINE 2003 59 2.95
83 Premenstrual syndrome prevalence and fluctuation over time: results from a french population-based survey Potter, Julia JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH 2009 58 4.14
84 A controlled study of light therapy in women with late luteal phase dysphoric disorder Lam, RW PSYCHIATRY RESEARCH 1999 56 2.42
85 Brain-derived neurotrophic factor plasma variation during the different phases of the menstrual cycle in women with premenstrual syndrome Cubeddu, Alessandra PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2011 56 4.67
86 Placebo-controlled trial comparing intermittent and continuous paroxetine in premenstrual dysphoric disorder Landen, Mikael NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2007 56 3.5
87 Are there differential symptom profiles that improve in response to different pharmacological treatments of premenstrual syndrome/premenstrual dysphoric disorder? Halbreich, Uriel CNS DRUGS 2006 56 3.29
88 Specificity of panic response to CO2 inhalation in panic disorder: a comparison with major depression and premenstrual dysphoric disorder Kent, JM AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2001 56 2.55
89 Characteristics of placebo responses in medical treatment of premenstrual syndrome Freeman, EW AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 1999 56 2.33
90 Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder Hofmeister, Sabrina AMERICAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN 2016 55 7.86
91 Cognitive-behavioral therapy for premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a systematic review Lustyk, M. Kathleen B ARCHIVES OF WOMENS MENTAL HEALTH 2009 54 3.86
92 Luteal-phase accentuation of acoustic startle response in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder Epperson, Cynthia Neill NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2007 54 3.38
93 Hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy for severe premenstrual syndrome Cronje, WH HUMAN REPRODUCTION 2004 54 2.84
94 5 alpha-reductase inhibition prevents the luteal phase increase in plasma allopregnanolone levels and mitigates symptoms in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder Martinez, Pedro E NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2016 53 7.57
95 Premenstrual syndrome—advances in diagnosis and treatment Kessel, B OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA 2000 53 2.3
96 Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurement of brain glutamate levels in premenstrual dysphoric disorder Batra, Neha Arun BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY 2008 52 3.47
97 The treatment of severe premenstrual syndrome with goserelin with and without 'add-back' estrogen therapy: a placebo-controlled study Leather, AT GYNECOLOGICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY 1999 51 2.13
98 Prevalence, impacts and medical managements of premenstrual syndrome among female students: cross-sectional study in college of health sciences, mekelle university, mekelle, northern ethiopia Tolossa, Fikru Wakjira BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2014 50 5.56
99 Full- or half-cycle treatment of severe premenstrual syndrome with a serotonergic antidepressant Freeman, EW JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 1999 50 2.08
100 Factors associated with premenstrual syndrome-A survey of new female university students Cheng, Shu-Hu KAOHSIUNG JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2013 49 4.9

Frequency distribution of citations by year.

 Year and Types of Publication

The distribution of publications by year is illustrated using a histogram in Figure 2. The top 100 cited papers on PMS/PMDD were published between 1999 and 2017, although articles published between 2018 and 2022 were not included in the list. Additionally, 13 papers published in 2007 had the most significant impact on research in this field. Among the selected papers, 67 and 33 were original research articles and reviews, respectively. Furthermore, the 23 papers published in 2003 had the most significant impact on research in this field (Figure 2).

Distribution of articles by year of publication.

 Distribution Per Journal

We generated a citation network of journals, based on the average published year, to depict interaction among the top 100 cited articles published in 55 journals (Figure 3). Notably, Obstetrics and Gynecology published the largest number of papers (7 papers), followed by the American journal of psychiatry (6 papers). On the other hand, Psych neuroendocrinology had the largest average number of citations per paper (1 paper, 917 citations).

Network-based visualization of journals that published the 100 most cited articles according to average publication year. The size of the circles represents the number of articles in the 100 most cited list, whereas the width of the curved line denotes link strength. The distance between 2 journals indicates the approximate relatedness of the nodes.

 Contributing Authors

A total of 360 authors contributed to the top 100 cited papers, although some of the 386 items in the network were not connected. The largest set of connected items comprised 83 items. Notably, Freeman EW was at the core of this network, although Halbreich U and Yonkers KA emerged as new authors in recent years. Freeman EW had the highest number of papers (11, with 956 citations), followed by Halbreich U and Yonkers KA who had 645 and 894 citations, respectively (Figure 4).

Networks showing interconnectivity among co-authors across the 100 most cited articles according to the average published year. Size of the circles indicate the number of articles in the 100 most cited list, while the width of the curved line represents the link strength. The distance between two authors indicates approximate relatedness among the nodes.

 Contributing Countries/Regions and Institutions

The selected top 100 cited papers were published across 24 countries or regions (Figure 5). Among them, the United States had the highest contribution (68 articles), followed by England (13 papers). Among the 24 countries, the United States formed the largest national cooperation network, covering 17 countries. In terms of research institutions, the 100 most cited papers were published by 153 institutions, with the largest set of connected items comprising 107 institutions. Specifically, the University of Pennsylvania contributed the most papers (15 papers), followed by Yale University and NiMH which accounted for 13 and 10 papers, respectively (Figure 6).

Networks showing the collaboration among countries/regions in the top 100 cited papers. Circle size represents the number of papers in the top 100 cited articles.

Network visualization of the institutions that contributed to the top 100 cited articles. The size of the circle represents the number of papers in the top 100 list.

 Research Direction

The top 100 cited papers on PMS/PMDD were stratified into various study directions based on WOS categories as shown in Table 2. Among them, “Obstetrics Gynecology” (98 papers) was the topmost research direction, followed by “Psychiatry” (63 papers), and “Reproductive Biology” (61 papers), among others (Table 2).

Top 10 research directions identified in the 100 most cited papers on PMS/PMDD.

Rank Research direction No. of papers
1 Obstetrics gynecology 98
2 Psychiatry 63
3 Reproductive biology 61
4 Behavioral sciences 60
5 Pharmacology pharmacy 60
6 Psychology 49
7 Neurosciences neurology 46
8 Endocrinology metabolism 40
9 Health care sciences services 29
10 Biochemistry molecular biology 26
Co-occurrence of Keywords

A total of 477 keywords were identified across the top 100 cited papers. We excluded 10 keywords, such as women, menstrual cycle, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and premenstrual syndrome, among others. Further analysis revealed cooccurring keywords, with the following forming the top 10; double-blind, fluoxetine, efficacy, prevalence, epidemiology, phase sertraline treatment, depression, progesterone, placebo, and placebo-controlled trial (Table 3). These keywords were further classified into 11 clusters as follows: cluster 1 (epidemiology), cluster 2 (placebo-controlled trial), cluster 3 (steroid), cluster 4 (late luteal phase), cluster 5(premenstrual syndrome), cluster 6 (emotional perception), cluster 7 (dysmenorrhea), cluster 8 (therapeutic use), cluster 9 (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), cluster 10 (delta) and cluster 11 (Japanese women) (Figure 7, Table 4).

Top 10 Co-occurring Keywords in the Top 100 cited papers on PMS/PMDD.

Rank Keyword Occurrences
1 Double-blind 29
2 Fluoxetine 15
3 Efficacy 14
4 Prevalence 14
5 Epidemiology 13
6 Phase sertraline treatment 13
7 Depression 12
8 Progesterone 12
9 Placebo 11
10 Placebo-controlled trial 11

Network showing interaction among cooccurring keywords in the top 100 cited papers.

Clusters of keywords cooccurring in the top 100 cited papers on PMS/PMDD.

Cluster-ID Size Mean (Year) Label (LLR)
0 56 2004 Epidemiology (11.78, 0.001); prevalence (7.41, 0.01); menstruation (6.66, 0.01); productivity (6.66, 0.01); depression (5.93, 0.05)
1 50 2004 Placebo controlled trial (17.74, 1.0E-4); crossover (10.59, 0.005); luteal phase (10.09, 0.005); randomized controlled trial (9.52, 0.005); fluoxetine treatment (7.04, 0.01)
2 31 2005 Add back (12.08, 0.001); depot leuprolide (8.03, 0.005); double blind crossover (8.03, 0.005); management (8.03, 0.005); estrogen (8.03, 0.005)
3 30 2004 Steroid (10.79, 0.005); glutamate (10.04, 0.005); progesterone (7.29, 0.01); allopregnanolone (6.39, 0.05); 5 alpha pregnane 3,20 dione (5, 0.05)
4 28 2006 Late luteal phase (6.31, 0.05); estrogen receptor alpha gene (6.31, 0.05); gonadal steroids (6.31, 0.05); esr1 (6.31, 0.05); core temperature (6.31, 0.05)
5 24 2000 Premenstrual syndrome (6.77, 0.01); luteal administration (4.15, 0.05); phototherapy (4.15, 0.05); seasonal affective disorder (4.15, 0.05); research (4.15, 0.05)
6 19 2006 Emotional perception (7.49, 0.01); challenge test (7.49, 0.01); attack (7.49, 0.01); lactate infusion (7.49, 0.01); fmri (7.49, 0.01)
7 17 2011 Dysmenorrhea (4.12, 0.05); adolescence (4.12, 0.05); combined (4.12, 0.05); modulator (4.12, 0.05); vitex agnus castus (4.12, 0.05)
8 16 2008 Therapeutic use (11.9, 0.001); cycle control (5.91, 0.05); randomized controlled trials as topic (5.91, 0.05); contraceptives oral combined [adverse effects (5.91, 0.05); sleep spindles (5.91, 0.05)
9 10 2009 Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (10.04, 0.005); sex hormones (10.04, 0.005); menstrual cycle (2, 0.5); premenstrual syndrome (1.93, 0.5); women (0.31, 1.0)
10 10 2006 Delta (7.84, 0.01); alpha-4 (7.84, 0.01); mouse (7.84, 0.01); thip (7.84, 0.01); elevated plus maze (7.84, 0.01)
11 8 2000 Japanese women (8.8, 0.005); womens health (8.8, 0.005); sexual abuse (8.8, 0.005); post-traumatic stress disorder (8.8, 0.005); pms (2.71, 0.1)
Discussion

Women's menstrual cycle-related disorders, such as premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea, predispose many women to various diseases which subsequently adversely affect their health (22).

General Information From the Top 100 Most-Cited Papers on Top 100 Most-Cited Papers

The top 100 cited papers were selected from papers titled “Premenstrual Syndrome,” “Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder,” or “late luteal phase dysphoric disorder” referring to its citations, which represent the concerns of researchers. Analysis of the selected top 100 cited articles resulted in a total of 9,676 citations, with an average of 96.76 citations per article. Among them, the earliest paper entitled “Randomized controlled trial of the management of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual mastalgia using luteal phase-only danazol,” was published in 1999 (23), whereas the most recent one was “Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Symptoms Following Ovarian Suppression: Triggered by Change in Ovarian Steroid Levels but Not Continuous Stable Levels” published in 2017 (24). Moreover, “The prevalence, impairment, impact, and burden of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMS/PMDD)” (17) by Halbreich was the most cited article.

 Influential Authors and Cooperative Network

Analysis of the 100 most cited papers revealed contribution by 386 authors. Among them, Freeman EW, Halbreich U, and Yonkers KA were the highest contributors to the most influential articles, suggesting that their researches are a potential hotspot in this field. Particularly, Freeman EW's s newest paper, entitled “Are there differential symptom profiles that improve in response to different pharmacological treatments of premenstrual syndrome/premenstrual dysphoric disorder?” revealed possible well-defined subgroups of PMDD. It is evident that overall treatment response rates may improve if treatments are targeted at subtypes (25). On the other hand, Yonkers KA's paper, entitled “Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Evidence for a New Category for DSM-5,” discussed DSM-5 for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (26), whereas Halbreich U's article “Clinical diagnostic criteria for premenstrual syndrome and guidelines for their quantification for research studies,” revealed updated diagnostic criteria for PMS/PMDD and guidelines for clinical and research applications (27). A total of 83 items showed an interaction, of which Freeman EW was at the core of this network, although new scholars, such as Halbreich U and Yonkers KA have emerged in recent years. These authors are distributed across 24 countries or regions and 153 institutions. Among them, the University of Pennsylvania and the United States contributed the highest number of publications. This indicated that American institutions and authors play a leading role in research on PMDD, this may guide future research activities.

 Future Perspectives Epidemiology for Prevalence and Risk Factors

Epidemiological research is the primary and critical approach for exploring development and progression of PMS/PMDD. Notably, 11 out of the 100 most cited articles described prevalence of PMS/PMDD between 2000 and 2014 (17, 18, 28–35), while 29 focused on epidemiology. Collectively, these articles provide reliable data sources to better our understanding of PMS/PMDD, including incidence rate. In recent years, numerous studies have evaluated childhood body size and premenstrual disorders in young adulthood (36), comorbid bipolar disorder (37), prevalence, and associated factors among different groups (38). For instance, studies showed that the prevalence of PMS among Academics at a University in Midwest Brazil was 46.9% (38), and 21.1% for university students (39), which are higher than ever before. Moreover, risk factors for PMS/PMDD include childhood abuse and neglect (40), childhood maltreatment (41), and perinatal depression (42), among others.

 Steroid Pathogenesis

At present, the pathogenesis of PMDD remains unclear. However, steroid pathogenesis such as progesterone and allopregnanolone in PMS/PMDD has always been research hotspots. New findings have suggested that progesterone exerts a different effect on the metabolic profiles of women with PMDD compared to controls (43). In addition, a change in estradiol/progesterone levels from low to high, and not the steady-state level, was associated with onset of PMDD symptoms (24). Gradually, researchers have found that allopregnanolone is the provoking factor behind the negative mood symptoms in PMDD, a disease whose pathophysiology is significantly correlated with impaired GABAA-R response to dynamic ALLO fluctuations across the menstrual cycle, manifesting in affective symptoms (44–46). It is possible that GABAA-R response to allopregnanolone, alpha4 and delta subunits of GABAA-R may be playing an essential role in mood swings (47). Recent studies have also associated copy number variations in GABRB2 with PMDD (48, 49). Future studies are expected to elucidate GABAA-R's susceptibility to ALLO.

 Placebo-Controlled Trials for Treatment of PMS/PMDD

Treatment is a crucial step in management of PMS/PMDD. The clusters of co-occurrent keywords suggest that prospecting for effective treatment therapies for PMS/PMDD, such as use of fluoxetine (50), and vitex agnus castus (51), is a promising research hotspot. However, placebo-controlled trials are needed to generate more reliable data.

 Limitations

This study had several limitations. After consulting numerous literature, we used the Web of Science to identify relevant datasets. Although this is the most commonly used database for literature searches, some early publications may be missing. For an accurate econometric analysis, we referred to previous studies (16) and adopted a Title keyword rather than Topic keyword retrieval approach. Although our search results were accurate, they may not be extensive enough.

 Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first bibliometric analysis of the most frequently cited papers on PMS/PMDD. Our results indicate that most essential studies on PMS/PMDD have been published in the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. American authors and institutions have played a leading role in research on PMDD, thus represent a future research direction. Moreover, epidemiology for prevalence and risk factors, steroid pathogenesis, such as progesterone, allopregnanolone, and placebo-controlled trial for the treatment represent future trends in this field of research.

 Author Contributions

MG designed the study and wrote and revised the draft manuscript. MG, HZ, CW, and XM performed literature search, retrieval, and data collection. MG and HZ carried out data visualization and graphical interpretation. QZ, DG, and JW provided critical assistance or funding. All authors contributed to and approved the final draft of the manuscript before submission.

 Funding

This study was supported by funds from the Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (No. ZR2020ZD17), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81001484 and 81473558), Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (No. ZR202102270167), Shandong medical and health science and technology development plan project (No. 202105010467) and 20 articles for colleges and universities funded project in Jinan (No. 2020GXRC002).

 Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

 Publisher's Note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the Team of Research and Innovation Focusing on Emotional Diseases and Syndromes in Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Team of Young Scientific Research and Innovation Focusing on Pharmacology Mechanism of Emotional Diseases and Syndromes in Ganzangxiang.

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