Commentary: The Hidden Effects of Dairy Farming on Public and Environmental Health in the Netherlands, India, Ethiopia, and Uganda, Considering the Use of Antibiotics and Other Agrochemicals

Citation: Didanna HL (2017) Commentary: The Hidden Effects of Dairy Farming on Public and Environmental Health in the Netherlands, India, Ethiopia, and Uganda, Considering the Use of Antibiotics and Other Agrochemicals. Front. Public Health 4:288. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00288 Commentary: the Hidden effects of Dairy Farming on Public and environmental Health in the netherlands, India, ethiopia, and Uganda, Considering the Use of antibiotics and other agrochemicals


SmallHolDer DaIryInG
Smallholder dairying is a cost-effective and key source of nutrition and income to 300 million farm families globally (1,2), plays an important social role in developing countries including Ethiopia, and is considered an important means of alleviating poverty (3,4). A number of market-oriented/ moderately intensive smallholder dairy farming has appeared mainly in the urban and peri-urban areas of the Addis Ababa and most regional towns and districts, which is a major milk supplier to urban setting.

mIlK SaFety
In the formal milk market, producers supply milk to dairy cooperatives and/or private processing plants, which often implement quality control measures through two different quality tests: a lactometer reading and an alcohol test. They also pasteurize milk collected from smallholder dairy producers. However, there is lack of capacity of smallholder dairy producers in maintaining milk safety that can be managed through supporting the producers. According to Steen and Maijersb (5), the case study of Hiruth milk production and processing enterprise in Ethiopia indicated how milk processor's effort tackles some of the problems in improving milk quality. Hiruth provides input such as feed to her suppliers on credit basis, and she also educates producers. Hiruth managed to build her supply base loyalty by assuring purchase and quality-based price premium (bacterial count and fat). This progressive incentive mechanism motivates milk producers to focus on quality and carry out investments such as the purchase of better quality feed, lower adulteration, and better storage conditions for the milk. Similarly, other stakeholders in the dairy value chain need to discharge their potential roles and responsibility to bring about sustainable smallholder dairying.
The challenge facing policy makers is to balance the objectives of consumer protection and dairy producers' livelihood security. Addressing and managing food safety risks in milk and dairy products should involve all stakeholders across public and private sectors. Bringing about change and adoption of better practices for food safety should take into account a range of socioeconomic factors, the structure, size, and organization of the milk production and processing sector, and the scientific knowledge of producing a safe product. In this regard, a comprehensive riskbased preventive approach is required, from farm level through to processing, marketing, and consumption; up-to-date information systems are needed to provide relevant data on national dairy industries and information on available technology and training (6). FAO has a unique global perspective on this and needs to enhance its leadership and expand its capacity in providing both relevant technical information and strategic/policy advice to government and the private sector on sustainable dairy industry development (7).
In Ethiopia, therefore, all dairy stakeholders need to work in carefully planned and integrated manner to prevent and control milk quality/safety problems. The Ethiopian Meat and Dairy Industry Institute in collaboration with Livestock State Ministry is the most appropriate body to coordinate/organize those stakeholders. The regulatory issue can be handled by Veterinary and Feed Administration and Control Authority and Food, Medicine, Health Care and Administration Authority. Before putting enforcement of the quality standards, there is a need to provide land security/dairy parks, input supply, and support services (feeding, breeding, health care, marketing, barn conditions, and manure management) for peri/urban smallholder dairy producers (youth, women, elderly people, etc.) in the pilot period in which the roles of the stakeholders are also tested before the actual implementation of the quality control measures.

etHIoPIan Cattle BreeDInG StrateGy
One of the strategies to meet the increasing milk demand is through production of genetically improved breeding stock plus management/feeding and health care/practices. In this regard, the potential option in Ethiopia is crossbreeding indigenous cows with exotic dairy breeds. This is evidenced by Norman and Defilcho (8) who stressed that indigenous cattle in the tropics (Bos indicus) are well adapted to the local conditions, but their milk production potential is less than the Bos taurus in temperate regions. Therefore, in the tropics, dairying on the basis of indigenous cattle alone would not be a suitable option to meet the increasing demand for milk and milk products. The most favored alternative so far has been crossbreeding, to incorporate the hardiness of B. indicus types with the productive capacity of B. taurus animals.
Any cattle breeding strategies in the mixed crop-livestock system of Ethiopia should re-orient itself toward solving problems prevailing in the system on the one hand and market-oriented production on the other hand (9). Depending on the production system (mixed or peri/urban), exotic genes level could be at 50 or 62.5% (10). In addition, indigenous cattle breeds in the mixed, agropastoral, and pastoral areas need genetically characterized and conserved/used as they are valuable genetic resources in a changing climate (11). According to Central Statistical Agency (12), 98.59% of the total cattle in the country are local/indigenous breeds.

ConClUDInG remarKS
Farmers in resource-constrained countries traditionally use few external inputs, such as allopathic medicines and antibiotics, and follow grazing-based extensive or semi-intensive production systems. In many ways, they are thus closer to organic farming systems, though largely by default. However, these farmers convert into ecological intensification (i.e., sustainable farming) due to various reasons (13). Residue from most of smallholder dairy producers is very little; instead, chemical/pesticide use in crop and vegetable farming needs investigation for remedial action, probably through integrated pest management. If any, overuse and misuse of antibiotics by dairy farms can be reduced through effective veterinary services and withdrawal period. The problem mentioned in the original article (antibiotic use and loss of hardy breed at the expense of high yielding) is severe in more intensified/industrial dairy farming like the case in Europe, including The Netherlands.
Smallholder dairying is considered an important source of food/livelihood and nutrition security in Ethiopia. However, the challenges faced by smallholder dairy producers can be managed (14) through support services that enhance their contribution in sustainable ways. Hence, various stakeholders in the dairy value chain need to work closely. Dairy projects/interventions should also consider integrated use of both ethno-veterinary/ herbal and veterinary medicine and capacity building, technical and material support on maintaining milk safety, controlled crossbreeding/AI and/or bull services, maintaining indigenous breeds, manure management, health management/diseases of intensification, simple milk record keeping, etc. In this regard, the experiences of successful smallholder dairy programs can be taken into consideration.

aUtHor ContrIBUtIonS
The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and approved it for publication.