Editorial: Supporting Wellbeing During and After COVID-19 in Cities

This special section of Frontiers In Sustainable Cities, “Supporting Well-being During and After COVID-19 in Cities,” represents a collection of articles which answer a key question: how cities can support well-being during and after the COVID-19 pandemic and achieve resilience building and recovery? The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic not only threatens public health worldwide but also poses new challenges to urban planning and governance. Therefore, it is indispensable and urgent to call for attention to such an issue and bring together the wisdom of the academic world to respond to it. This special section provides an exploration of a novel lens through which to understand how cities can shape individuals’ health outcomes during COVID-19 in different countries. We aim to address theoretical, methodological, and empirical issues in urban health-related studies during the COVID-19 pandemic.


INTRODUCTION
This special section of Frontiers In Sustainable Cities, "Supporting Well-being During and After COVID-19 in Cities, " represents a collection of articles which answer a key question: how cities can support well-being during and after the COVID-19 pandemic and achieve resilience building and recovery? The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic not only threatens public health worldwide but also poses new challenges to urban planning and governance.
Therefore, it is indispensable and urgent to call for attention to such an issue and bring together the wisdom of the academic world to respond to it. This special section provides an exploration of a novel lens through which to understand how cities can shape individuals' health outcomes during COVID-19 in different countries. We aim to address theoretical, methodological, and empirical issues in urban health-related studies during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND
Throughout human history, pandemics have again and again reshaped the city environment and people's behaviors (Esparza, 2020). For example, the cholera outbreaks in London revealed the link between the built environment and infectious diseases, which later prompted the government to change its urban planning scheme (Johnson, 2006). Therefore, it is essential to address public health issues through urban planning and governance. Existing literature has highlighted five major topics (health inequalities, social environment, natural environment, built environment, and health-related technologies) regarding the city environment and people's well-being during the pandemic (Ahmed et al., 2020;Drefahl et al., 2020;Jaiswal et al., 2020;Lai et al., 2020;Van Dorn et al., 2020;Frumkin, 2021). First, due to the lack of health-related resources, socioeconomically disadvantaged groups are more vulnerable during the pandemic, so whether the pandemic has exacerbated health inequalities and how to prevent the rising of the inequalities have become important issues (Ahmed et al., 2020;Van Dorn et al., 2020). Second, the social environment, such as social capital, has long been recognized as a protective factor for well-being, so how the social environment has changed during the pandemic and how such changes affect well-being are also important issues (Drefahl et al., 2020). Third, the natural environment, such as green space, can help people reduce stress and benefit their health (Wang et al., 2021). Therefore, how people's use of the natural environment, attitudes toward the natural environment have changed during the pandemic, and how these changes influence well-being also attract great attention (Lai et al., 2020).
Fourth, the built environment, such as design and density, plays an important role in people's daily life (Yang et al., 2021), so it is vital to identify built environment features that affect the risk of COVID-19 (Frumkin, 2021). Last, health-related technologies such as wearable devices can help researchers better understand human behaviors, so the application of new city technologies in COVID-19 prevention has become another major Research Topic (Jaiswal et al., 2020).
In addition, there are significant differences in the ways and capabilities of different countries to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic. However, most of the findings are still from developed countries, while much less attention has been paid to developing countries where people are even more vulnerable during the pandemic. Also, the majority of existing knowledge for COVID-19 is mainly from clinical research, while scant attention has been paid to urban studies. Therefore, not only do we need a thorough and scientific understanding of the association between city environment and people's well-being during the pandemic, but this knowledge should also serve as a foundation for the practical/policy implication of alternative futures. In this special session, we want to systematically discuss how cities can better support well-being during and after COVID-19.

SNAPSHOT OF THIS SPECIAL SECTION
This special section contains four related papers, with two from high income countries (USA and Sweden), and the other two from middle income country (China) as well as low income country (Nigeria) respectively. Specifically, Wortzel et al. investigated the association between green space exposure and mental health in a large sample during the pandemic in the United States. Mean tree canopy density was taken as the green space metric, while mental health was assessed based on COVID-19-related worries, anxiety symptoms, depression symptoms, and a composite mental health score of all the above parameters.
The results indicated that green space exposure is beneficial for mental health during the pandemic. Zetterberg et al. used a telephone survey in Sweden during the pandemic to examine the changes in social interactions, emotional support, and instrumental support during the pandemic, as well as how these changes affect self-rated health during the pandemic. The results showed that people living in a neighborhood with higher social capital report more increase in social interaction, instrumental support, and better self-rated health during the pandemic. Song et al. applied semi-structured interviews in Changchun, China, to explore the implications of COVID-19 on spatial planning, wellbeing, and behavioral change. The results suggested that working from home during the pandemic has changed people's way of life and subjective well-being, which poses new challenges for the current spatial planning system in China (e.g., more demand for open public spaces and supportive infrastructure). Otu et al. introduced the early experience of developing and deploying the training application (App) for COVID-19 health workers in Nigeria. The App provides front-line health workers with information about COVID-19 and teaches them how to identify, screen, and manage COVID-19 suspects. App users report a high level of satisfaction with the App, and their knowledge of COVID-19 significantly improves after being trained by the App.
The four included papers can be regarded as an early exploration of how pandemic affects people's life within the city. Generally, pre-pandemic knowledge regarding the association between city environment and people's well-being is still valid during the pandemic. However, we expect more extensive and indepth studies on this topic in the near future to further validate or refute our findings from this collection.