From Mice to Humans: The Study of Obesity

Do you love eating as much as we do? Why do delicious, sweet, and fatty foods make us overweight? And what makes being overweight so unhealthy? Many scientists ask themselves these questions every day. In order to find out what happens in the cells of the body and what makes us obese and sick, animal experiments on mice are necessary.


WHY IS OBESITY SUCH A PROBLEM?
Obesity is a growing health problem all over the world. Obesity OBESITY Excessive fat accumulation in the body that presents a risk to health. Body mass index (BMI) is used to determine obesity. BMI is defined as a person's weight (in kg) divided by the square of his height (in meters). A person with a BMI of kg/m or more is generally considered obese, while a BMI between is more severe than just being overweight. Obesity is defined as a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to an extent causing adverse e ects on health. Importantly, more and more children are becoming overweight and the prevalence of obesity in children has increased dramatically [ ]. Worldwide, an estimated million kids under the age of are overweight or obese [ ]. Obesity leads to a greater chance of dying young. Returning to a normal weight from obesity is di cult, and children with excess weight are more likely to become obese as they get older [ ]. When people become obese at an older age they might not see as many ill e ects, because it takes up to -years until an obese person gets really sick or su ers from obesity-related diseases, such as diabetes [ ]. However, if children are obese, they will get these complications when they are young adults. The main reasons that people gain weight are because they eat too much, they eat unhealthy foods, and they do not get enough physical activity. Fast food and sweets containing too much fat, sugar, and salt are the main "bad guys" that lead to obesity and the diseases that it causes.

WHAT HAPPENS IN THE BODY WHEN A PERSON BECOMES OBESE?
Kids need di erent amounts of energy, depending on their age, size, sex, and level of physical activity. Energy is measured in a unit called the kilocalorie (kcal). Typically, a kid between -and -years old needs  Figure ). To get rid of kcal, you have to ride a bike for about min.
Diseases arising from obesity include type diabetes, stroke,

TYPE DIABETES
A medical condition in which your body is not able to e ectively use insulin to bring glucose into your cells.
depression, or heart disease [ ]. Diabetes is a disease that results from high levels sugar in the blood. After we eat sugar, our bodies release a hormone called insulin , which helps muscle and fat cells to take

INSULIN
Small molecule that regulates the use of sugars, fats, and proteins in the body by promoting the absorption of sugars from the blood into liver, fat, and muscle cells.
up and store sugar. This is important because our cells and organs can convert sugar into the energy needed to grow and keep the body active and fit. As long as the fat tissue can store extra energy, everything is fine. However, if we eat too much, the insulin machinery is overstrained and the extra sugar circulates in the bloodstream, leading to disease. If blood sugar levels are not controlled, you could set yourself up for a host of complications including damage of nearly Figure   Figure Calories in everyday foods. The calorie content per g (∼ . oz) or ml of each food is shown. It is important to consider the portion sizes of the food when calculating the total kcal intake. For example, a whole pizza typically has a weight of g (∼ . oz), which corresponds to kcal. every organ. Also, heart attacks, liver diseases, and many other health problems can result from diabetes. The cells of the body can also become insensitive toward insulin and no longer absorb the sugar. That is the start type diabetes. This is a serious disease that severely impacts the quality of life, because diabetics must carefully consider what they eat and must regularly inject insulin to control their blood sugar levels. In , in people in the world had diabetes and the frequency of diabetes keeps increasing steadily each year.
Similarly, eating too much fat can also be a health threat. Under normal conditions, fat is transported from the blood into the liver and used as fuel to produce energy for the body. However, if too much fat is eaten, a person can become overweight, particularly in the stomach area, and develop high blood pressure, insulin resistance, and heart disease. Since these dangerous medical conditions often occur together in obese people, the conditions as a group are called metabolic syndrome.

METABOLIC SYNDROME
A cluster of at least of the following conditions: obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high triglycerides and high cholesterol.

WHAT HAVE SCIENTISTS DONE TO UNDERSTAND WHAT HAPPENS IN THE BODY DURING OBESITY?
So, now you can see why it is very important to understand what happens in the body when an excess of nutrients leads to health problems, including type diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Scientists and doctors are working hard to understand this disease process and to find ways to help obese people.
To do this, scientists investigate things like the di erences between lean and obese people, the way insulin works at the molecular level, and the harmful e ects of excess sugars and fats on health. These findings help scientists to design specific drugs that help to treat the dangerous health conditions seen in obese patients.

MOUSE MODELS OF OBESITY
For understanding complex health issues like obesity and testing new drugs to treat various health conditions, animal models are necessary. Although many experiments can be done in isolated cells, other experiments require a more complex system, like living animals. Ideally, animal models should closely mimic the human situation. Mice are the most widely used animal models in biomedical research. Mouse and human cells are similar in the ways they grow, divide, and perform specific functions like breaking down food. Mice and humans have the same organs and their bodies work in much the same way, and they are also very similar in the way they develop diseases like obesity. On top of that, mice are small, easily housed and maintained, and reproduce quickly. Overall, research on mice is a very important tool to learn about how the body works, how a human being gets sick, and whether new drugs are safe and e ective [ ].

Figure Figure
High energy intake can result in obesity. Eating too many high-fat and high-sugar foods is a major cause of obesity, especially if we take in more calories than we burn o through physical activity. Based on their impact on health and disease, food products can be classified as "good" and "bad" for us. In general, unprocessed food products are healthy and have low calories, while high-sugar foods and fast foods contain a lot of calories.
Mice are also great experimental tools because they can be genetically modified, meaning that their genes can be changed to make them

GENETICALLY MODIFIED
An organism whose genetic material (DNA) has been artificially altered by humans in order to study the e ects of specific genes on things like the development of certain diseases. more susceptible to specific diseases, such as obesity or cancer. Mice will also eat everything they are given, even if the food is unhealthy. This is especially useful when investigating why people gain weight, why obesity makes us sick, and how we can modify our diets to stay healthy. So, we can feed mice food that mimics an unbalanced diet in humans. Using this approach, many studies have shown that high intake of fat and sugar leads to weight gain in both mice and humans, increasing the risk of becoming sick ( Figure ).
Scientists have found that mice fed sugar-or fat-enriched diets for long time end up with diseases like humans: obesity, high blood sugar, high blood pressure, insulin resistance, heart failure, and liver disease [ ].
Several important discoveries about obesity have recently been made using mice. These include the unraveling of mechanisms leading to obesity, altered glucose metabolism, and failures in insulin function. Moreover, mice are used to test novel drug formulations and to identify risk factors of obesity.

CONCLUSIONS
Obesity has many negative e ects on health. Obesity is most commonly caused by excessive food intake, lack of physical activity, kids.frontiersin.org July | Volume | Article | Figure   Figure From mice to man. In biomedical research, mice are used to understand human diseases. Although mice and humans look quite di erent from each other, many features related to health and disease are the same. This is why mice are one of the most commonly used model organisms in human disease research. and genetic predisposition. Obese people often su er from diseases like heart failure and liver disease and can even die from them. Mice fed healthy or harmful diets are ideal experimental models to study the way the food we eat can a ect our weight and our health. In addition, mice can be used to study ways to prevent or treat obesity and its related diseases. Mouse studies can help scientists understand the underlying pathways contributing to obesity and to develop new drugs. There has always been debate about using animals for research. We know that animals can su er like humans and many people object to animal research for this reason [ ]. Also, even though mice and humans are similar in some ways, a mouse is definitely not a human. The results obtained in mice do not always reliably predict the reality in patients (Figure ). However, we should keep in mind that research findings obtained in mice help to save and improve the lives of millions of people. Since more and more people, including children, are becoming overweight, it is necessary to continue research on obesity, to understand the processes that happen in the body as people become obese and to develop novel medications to prevent or treat this disease.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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