Why Are Aquatic Worms Disappearing From Mumbai Bay in India?

Have you ever played in the mud and seen some worms in it? Do you know that there are also worms in the sand or mud of rivers and oceans? Aquatic worms keep rivers and oceans healthy. Like the worms on land, aquatic worms eat the material from dead plants and even other animals. But aquatic worms are also food for other species, like some kinds of fish. As you know, fish are very important: humans and thousands of other animals need to eat fish to survive. However, aquatic worms are disappearing in some regions of the world. I will tell you why this is happening and what I have witnessed in the Mumbai Bay in India.

All species are di erent; they vary in shape, size, color, and many other characteristics. But all species are important-even the microscopic creatures are as important as the gigantic blue whale. The health of the ocean, or of the river near where you live, depends on the presence of many di erent species [ ]. In fact, this is true for any ecosystem on ECOSYSTEM A group of di erent life forms living together and interacting with each other and with their environment.
Earth, from the oceans to the tropical forests. The higher the number of species, or biodiversity, the healthier an ecosystem is [ ]. However, BIODIVERSITY Di erent forms of life in an ecosystem, ranging from microorganisms to large animals. when a river or ocean becomes polluted, many species disappear. This is not only bad for the people who cannot swim in the water or eat the fish, but it is also bad for all the species that live in that ecosystem or that go there to find their food [ ].

AQUATIC WORMS
Did you know that there are worms living in the sand and mud of rivers and the ocean? Some of these aquatic worms can be or cm long, much like worms on land. But other types of aquatic worms are very small: some only measure . mm, which is half the size of the tip of your pencil or pen. However, these tiny aquatic worms make up the majority of the animals that live in the sand or mud. Can you imagine having , small worms under your feet when you are at the beach getting your feet wet before a swim? Now you can tell everyone that beaches may look like deserts, but life thrives under everyone's feet, literally.
I mentioned that all species are important to create healthy ecosystems [ ]. So, why are aquatic worms so important for oceans or rivers? Scientists found that aquatic worms, like worms on land, are part of a food chain. For example, crabs eat the worms (particularly

FOOD CHAIN
The order in which organisms depend on each other for food in an ecosystem. bristle worms), and both crabs and worms are consumed by fish, such as the Northern whiting ( Figure ). This fish plays an important role in the fish industry of Mumbai. Thus, a healthier ocean with lots of worms provides fish for us to eat. Various types of worms found in marine sediments are shown in Figure . Without the worms, worm-eating fish might change their diets and begin competing with other species for food, which would bring changes into the ecosystem in an unhealthy way.

WHY ARE AQUATIC WORMS DISAPEARING?
Biodiversity is decreasing in many coastal areas around the world. This means that the numbers of species or individuals of a species that live in these areas is getting smaller. If you live near the ocean, this might be happening near you, without anyone noticing it. In most cases, biodiversity is decreasing because of pollution. There are many kinds of pollution that impact aquatic ecosystems. Sometimes accidents involving oil tankers or oil platforms spill oil into the ocean. Aquatic worms are extremely sensitive to oil spills and are a ected quite Role of Worms in Ocean

Figure
An example of a simplified food chain. Arrows point away from the organism that is eaten to the organism that eats it.
rapidly. Since these organisms cannot move swiftly, they are prone to death. Death of aquatic worms was observed after the accidental oil spills that happened o the north coast of France in [ ], and o the northeast coast of Italy in [ ]. A similar oil spill also happened in the central west coast of India (Mumbai Bay) in , causing massive damage to marine biodiversity, including the worms living in the mud. Aquatic pollution can also come from the farms that are used grow our food. Water drained from farmlands gets into creeks and rivers, which carry the excess nutrients and pesticides into the oceans.
You are likely aware that pollutants are sometimes dumped into water POLLUTANTS Chemicals or solid wastes that are harmful to organisms. from city or industrial sewers. Sadly, many cities dump their sewer water into rivers and oceans without treating it first. This is the reality in the Mumbai Bay in India, which is highly swimming pools each day! Can you imagine this? I cannot. Before the heavy pollution started in the Mumbai Bay, there were many thousands of aquatic worms living there. In some places you could count , worms in an area the size of a box measuring cm by cm. Now, the number of aquatic worms has decreased to the point that, in many places, they are completely gone! This drastically a ects food chains and food webs and may be one of the reasons why there has been a drastic decline in many marine fish species that are explored commercially in this area over the last few decades [ ]. The disappearance of aquatic worms is happening in many other places around the globe, too.
As you can now imagine, humans are dumping a cocktail of toxic chemicals into the ocean, and many of these pollutants will impact marine plants and animals. Some pollutants immediately kill aquatic animals and plants, while other pollutants do not kill them but may cause deformities that will make their lives extremely di cult. Aquatic worms are extremely sensitive to aquatic pollution and are used as an indicator of the impact of aquatic pollution.

SAY NO TO POLLUTION
All over the planet, pollution is causing the disappearance of aquatic worms and many other species that we like so much, including fish, dolphins, crabs, and shrimp. To survive, these organisms need to have ecosystems with unpolluted water, where they can find food. I hope that you will share this story with your family, friends, and teachers. You yourself can help to protect the marine environment. If you live in India, do not dispose of any artificial colors in the water, especially during the celebration of Holi (Festival of color), as these chemicals might a ect the worms. Maybe you and your family or friends can reach out to politicians and ask them to protect the oceans, by keeping the water clean and free of pollutants. The health of the planet, as well as the health of humans, depends on all living species, big and small, which in turn depends on clean soil, clean air, and clean water.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am thankful to the reviewers and Editor, Dr. Pedro Morais, for comments/suggestions which improved the manuscript. . doi: . /frym. .

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:
The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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YOUNG REVIEWERS
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GOBARDHAN SAHOO I received my doctorate in October
from the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), India. Now, I am working as a researcher at the University of Haifa in Israel. I like to study the diversity of animals living in the ocean and the roles they play there. I have a few hobbies. I like to listen to music and sing. I also enjoy reading the biographies of great scientists whose discoveries and inventions radically changed the way we understand the world. Finally, I also love to write popular articles for children, like this one, and articles for scientists. *gsahoo@campus.haifa.ac.il