Bacteria and Chemicals in My Bottled Water?!

As sale of bottled water has grown worldwide, the reuse of plastic bottles has also increased. Reusing plastic bottles is necessary to reduce plastic pollution. However, there are chemicals in the plastic that may end up in the bottled water. It is also possible to find bacteria in bottled water! These are only two of the problems plastic bottles can cause! They are also dangerous for the environment. If you want to better understand the issues with plastic water bottles and how to help prevent them, keep reading!

and happy! However, water does much more than just quench your thirst. In addition to keeping you hydrated, water is responsible for regulating your body temperature and keeping your body functioning properly. Water is an essential substance for survival and health. Our bodies are made up of ∼ % water! But have you ever thought that the water you drink may be contaminated with something that can harm your health? Something invisible and tasteless, and that you might not even realize is there? So, before quenching your thirst, take a few minutes to read this article!

BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION IN BOTTLED WATER
One factor that may make bottled water unsafe for drinking is biological contamination. Biological contamination means the

BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION
Presence of microorganisms that may harm us or the environment.
presence of tiny organisms such as bacteria, which can harm people or the environment. Biological contamination may result from contaminated water sources or inadequate water treatment.
Each country has its own rules regulating water quality, and these rules vary widely. Despite water quality rules, tests have found bacteria above the allowed amounts in the bottled water of several countries! When bottled water fails quality testing, it is rejected and cannot be sold. Figure shows the results of water quality testing in several countries. In some countries, like Lebanon and Ghana, most bottled water is rejected because of biological contamination.

CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION IN BOTTLED WATER
We say that chemical contamination occurs when water contains

CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION
Chemicals that may harm us or the environment. chemicals that can harm us or the environment. Many chemical contaminants can be found in drinking water [ ]. In this article, we will focus on a specific group of contaminants called endocrine disruptors.

ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR
Substances that may disturb the endocrine system functioning.

Figure
Bottled water can be rejected because of biological contamination, which means a higher amount of bacteria than regulations allow [ -]. Some countries have very high rejection rates. Image was developed by Canva platform.
To understand why endocrine disrupters are so dangerous, you must first understand what the endocrine system is. The endocrine system

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The system responsible for producing hormones.
is important for coordinating the functioning of the entire body. The organs of the endocrine system produce various hormones, which are HORMONES The substances that are responsible for coordinating functions in the human body, such as development and survival. important substances that act as messengers, traveling through the body to activate various cells. Each hormone has a di erent function: one will make you grow, another will make you sleep, and others are responsible for reproduction, just to name a few. Every disorder of the endocrine system is called endocrine disruption. The plastic materials that water bottles are made of include some chemicals that may cause endocrine disruption. These chemicals include bisphenol A and phthalates. These chemicals can leach out of the plastic bottles BISPHENOL A A substance used in the manufacture of plastic-based products such as bottles, toys, containers, and medical/dental products.

PHTHALATE
A substance used in many plastic products that helps to make the plastic flexible.
into the water we drink! This occurs most often when bottled water is exposed to very low or high temperatures or when the water has been in the bottles for a long time [ ] (Figure ). Bisphenol A and phthalates have been found in drinking water worldwide .
If you want to know more about these chemicals, check out [ , ].

HOW DO BISPHENOL A AND PHTALATES AFFECT THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?
To the cells of the body, bisphenol A and phthalates look quite similar to the natural hormones of the reproductive system, so

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The system responsible for reproduction, i.e., produce new generations.
these chemicals can confuse our cells when they are present in high concentrations. For example, when the cells of the reproductive system bind to these chemicals, the chemicals generate abnormal responses in the cells and can even stimulate the growth of cancer cells ( Figure ). The e ects of some endocrine disrupters have been shown in laboratory rats, which have the system pretty similar to ours, but the e ects of these endocrine disrupters in humans remain uncertain and still being studied [ ].

Figure
Endocrine disruptors like bisphenol A and phthalates can be released from plastic bottles into the water in response to extreme temperatures ( , ). When we drink water contaminated with these chemicals ( ), they may a ect the endocrine system ( ), because they look like our natural hormones. When they bind to our cells ( ), like the cells of the reproductive system, these chemicals can cause abnormal responses. Image was developed by Canva platform.

kids.frontiersin.org
August | Volume | Article | Many chemicals in bottled water do not cause these negative e ects immediately, because they are only present in low concentrations in the water. But the problem is that some of these chemicals may stick around in our bodies for a long time. As we continue to drink bottled water with chemical contamination, endocrine disrupters may build up in our bodies and eventually a ect the endocrine system.

THE GLOBAL BOTTLED WATER PROBLEM: WHAT SHOULD WE DO?
Who does not want to drink a good bottle of water? Most people believe that bottled water is some of the safest water to drink. It is also very practical! However, more and more research is showing that bottled water might cause problems both for humans, as you have just learned, and for the environment (Figure ). So, what can we do to keep ourselves and the environment safe?
First, protect your own health! Try to use glass or metal bottles instead of plastic, when possible. This will help to reduce plastic pollution, too! If you are using plastic water bottles, try to find some that are bisphenol free. When reusing plastic water bottles, make sure they do not have cracks that may give bacteria places to grow. Last, make sure your bottled water is not exposed to extreme temperature changes.

Figure
Ways to protect ourselves from the chemical and biological hazards of bottled water. Image was developed by Canva platform.
Freezing the bottles or leaving them in a hot car or exposed to sunlight can cause the chemicals in the plastic to leach into the water.
In terms of the environment, use of bottled water may cause pollution from plastics and microplastics (tiny pieces of plastic that come o bottles as they break down). Plastic bottles are recyclable, but recycling requires a lot of e ort and energy, and unfortunately the process is not very fast or e cient. Plastic pollution is a global issue that a ects both wildlife and human health [ , ]. Bisphenol A and phthalates are also found in other plastic-based products, such as toys, baby bottles, paints, and food packaging. Because these chemicals may be harmful, some countries ban them from plastic products [ ].
Changing our manufacturing processes and making better choices about what we use, eat, and drink will help to protect humans and the environment from endocrine disrupters and the hundreds of other potentially dangerous chemicals that we currently use. The European Green Deal, for example, aims to reduce carbon emissions and chemical use. Maybe someday this treaty will be extended across the whole world! It is a good choice to reevaluate our habits-both those involving our use of bottled water and our overall ways of manufacturing many plastic-containing products. Sharing this knowledge with our family and friends is essential. Together, by small steps, we may improve human and environmental health.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was supported by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Brasil (CAPES) -finance Code -and Departamento de Inovação da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (inovUERJ). We are thankful for the suggestions and support of the young reviewer Fin. . Microbiological quality of packaged water sold in Accra, Ghana. Food Control :

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
COPYRIGHT © Souza, Quadra, Costa, Brovini, Vilas-Boas and Fernandez. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

FIN, AGE:
In my free time I like reading books (actually I try to read books whenever there is some spare time). But I also I like skiing with friends from school or going for swimming.

RAFAELA DOS SANTOS COSTA
I am a biologist and currently a Ph.D. student in development and environment at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte. I have always been interested in understanding the e ects of chemicals on di erent organisms, so I worked with environmental pollution and ecotoxicology. In recent years, I have devoted myself to studying the e ects of medicines on the environment and the impact on human health.

EMÍLIA MARQUES BROVINI
I am an environmental and sanitary engineer, master of biodiversity and nature conservation at the Federal University of Juiz de Fora and current Ph.D. student of environmental engineering at the Federal University of Ouro Preto, in Brazil. I study contaminants in water, mainly pesticides. I believe that one of the purposes of science is to bring knowledge to many people, including all ages and social levels.

JÉSSICA ANDRADE VILAS-BOAS
I am a biologist, with a Ph.D. degree in Biodiversity and Nature Conservation by the Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil. I am motivated to understand the e ects of chemical pollutants on aquatic ecosystems, especially planktonic organisms. I have been working in the field of ecotoxicology, studying the e ects of emerging contaminants in the aquatic environment and their impacts on the food web and its process and services.

MARCOS ANTONIO FERNANDEZ
I am oceanographer, with a master's in geosciences and Ph.D. in inorganic analytical chemistry. Currently, I am an associate professor of oceanography at the State University of Rio de Janeiro. My research interests are chemical oceanography and marine ecotoxicology and geochemistry. My research interests are chemical oceanography and marine ecotoxicology and geochemistry. I have been working