Campus Food Provision as Radical Pedagogy? Following Students on the Path to Equitable Food Systems

On campuses across North America, students are actively prefiguring alternatives to the fundamental inequities and unsustainability of the capital-intensive, industrialized food system. While rarely recognized as such, these Campus Food System Alternatives (CFSA) are intensely pedagogical spaces, and often—importantly—are student led and directed. We make the case that CFSA are sites for a “pedagogy of radical hope” that (a) centre student agency, (b) through informal and prefigurative learning. So far these spaces have received scant scholarly attention, though inasmuch as they constitute pathways toward more equitable and sustainable food systems, while informing liberatory pedagogical practice, we argue that it is high time for CFSA to be taken seriously.

• UW Farm Market (University of Waterloo) is a student-run market featuring 100% local and sustainably-sourced products. • The Tea Room (Queen's University) is a student-run café that sources socially just and ecologically sound products. • Dig In! Campus Agricultural Group (University of Toronto) is a network organization meant to support and empower sustainable, small-scale food production on campus.
Provide education (focused on social and environmental justce) • Caffiends (University of Toronto) is a student-run cafe that educates on social and environmental justice. • BIPOC Growing Collective (Trent University), is a production collective informed by abolitionist and decolonizing practice, dedicated to reviving ancestral and cultural practices with respect to land and food. • The Trent Apiary (Trent University), is a student-run apiary dedicated to educating about bees and their ecology.
Foster inclusive community and student leadership • The People's Potato (Concordia University) serves free meals to students, staff and faculty and provides accessible anti-oppressive community space. • Embark Learning Garden (University of Victoria) seeks to create just and equitable growing spaces on campus rooted in food justice and climate equity. In this short perspective piece, we theorize Campus Food System Alternatives (CFSA)-that is, initiatives that exist as counter-points to conventional campus food services-as crucially important pedagogical spaces from which to wage food systems transformation. In developing this perspective further, we briefly (a) situate how we think about pedagogy, (b) provide a typological sketch of CFSA by summarizing some key themes emerging from our ongoing work, and by way of conclusion, (c) offer some recommendations related to supporting CFSA through future research and action.
The paper draws empirically on two interrelated studies. The first includes a detailed scan of Canadian postsecondary institution websites for mention of various campus farms in Canada (N = ∼80) and a Canada-wide survey of students (N = 65) engaged in campus farms across Canada, worked conducted by the first author and a research assistant (see Classens and Burton, in press). The second study includes an initial Internet scan for mention of various food initiatives, beyond farms, on campuses across Canada (N = ∼72 1 ) which led us to postsecondary institution websites from across the country, social media pages, food initiative websites 2 , and online news articles. We then conducted interviews with 24 leaders of initiatives identified in this latter scan. This work was conducted by the first, second, fourth and fifth authors. This paper also draws on our respective embodied experiences working within CFSA as students, advocates and faculty, and is inspired by the student leadership and innovation that creates such transformative potential within CFSA.

ON (CRITICAL) PEDAGOGY
When we conceptualize pedagogy, we frequently envision a space with neat rows of desks and one singular expert educator at the head of the class, conveying information on a discrete subject to an uneducated audience. The banking method of education, which Freire (1968) so fiercely critiques, whereby education is reduced to a single expert filling the empty minds of pupils, is so pervasive in contemporary postsecondary institutions that the opportunities within non-traditional, informal pedagogical spaces such as CFSA often go overlooked. Institutionally endorsed learning, such as lecturing, is often administered in temporal and geographic spaces that have been so designated (i.e., a school classroom or a university lecture hall). This dynamic can even be reproduced within CFSAs, for example when planned experiential learning activities within the context of a class (such as a class trip to a campus farm) are understood as the pedagogical limits of these spaces.
Following the work of Freire (1968), Hooks (1994), and others, we conceive of pedagogical spaces as any temporal or geographic space that functions to bring collaborators together in a shared endeavor where learning will inevitably happen. Learning can be formal and scheduled, but is also-importantly-informal and unexpected (Crouthers, 2021). This approach understands that contextual and experiential education is often the most impactful (Carrier, 2009;Chawla, 2015). Although students may initially gather through a CFSA for a singular purpose, such as the need for food access or a desire to gain practical 1 We are reporting on preliminary and ongoing work. As such, we have yet to determine if all of the identified food initiatives from our initial Internet scan are still active. We note here that there are an additional 57 initiatives for which we found some online presence, though we have yet to verify whether these projects are currently active. Given the particular disruption of COVID-19, and the more general issue of continuity with student-run organizations, it is likely very difficult to arrive at a definitive, permanent list of CFSA. Some social media pages have not been updated in several years, some social media pages or websites were no longer in service, and some of their email addresses bounced when we contacted them for interviews. Future dispatches will report on refined results and a firmer typology as we continue the process of confirming, and better understanding, active initiatives. 2 See Table 1 below for examples of initiatives. farming skills, participants experience a much wider range of learning through interactions among members, between CFSA members and host institutions, external community members and allied organizations.
A radical pedagogical approach does not begin with a set curriculum; rather, it relies on inviting and platforming the exchange of embodied funds of knowledge (Gonzalez et al., 2005;Cruz et al., 2018). Funds of knowledge is a "community-oriented pedagogy" (Moll, 2019, p. 131), grounded in the idea that community members (particularly traditionally marginalized community members) have developed a wealth of lived experience, and produced and acquired knowledge through "the living of their lives" (Moll, 2019, p. 131). These funds of knowledge represent unlimited rich and diverse potential curricula. Each community member is a co-creator of knowledge, both a teacher and a learner. It is through these pedagogical spaces that hope, empowerment and resistance may be developed. A radical embodied pedagogy allows collaborators to envision systems beyond our current realities; it is the "belief in possibilities...the unlimited potential of practical problem solving and the transmission of knowledge and values" (Battiste, 2013, p. 175).

CAMPUS FOOD SYSTEM ALTERNATIVES
On-campus learning environments, outside the classroom, have been the subject of pedagogical inquiry for quite some time. In particular, wellness centres (Mirwaldt, 2010) and residences (Vetere, 2010) have been demonstrated as formative sites of learning through informal pedagogical experiences (see also Keeling, 2006;Buddel, 2015). Food systems scholars have also demonstrated the value of discrete spaces on-campus, beyond the classroom, that promote critical food systems learning. Roberts-Stahlbrand (2020), for example, makes a compelling case that informal food systems learning is an inherent-and crucialelement of the dining hall experience. Campus food growing spaces 3 have also been identified by scholars as important sites of food systems education. In the United States, campus food growing spaces ballooned from just 23 in 1992 to an estimated 300 by 2016 (LaCharite, 2016, p. 521). In Canada, meanwhile, research suggests that there are upwards of 80 postsecondary campuses with some kind of campus food growing space (Classens and Burton, in press).
By and large, these campus food growing spaces stand as a counterpoint to the conventional agricultural system and associated education paradigm (Barlett, 2011;Sayre and Clark, 2011). These spaces provide opportunities for experiential and informal learning through social organizing and agroecological experimentation-they serve as "insulated spaces for the growth of new nodes, actors and institutions in the food chain" (Barlett,3 We use "campus food growing space" here to denote a variety of configurations, from small box planters (seen on many campuses) to farms of several dozen acres (such as at the University of British Columbia, or Trent University). There is, as yet, no exhaustive typology of these kinds of spaces in Canada (see LaCharite, 2016 for the American context). Our phrase here is meant to convey that the spaces exist on campus and are used to grow food. 2011, p. 103). Farms and gardens on post-secondary campuses "provide an alternative to the traditional model by focusing attention to sustainability initiatives and student leadership, as well as social dynamics such as food justice and community access to fresh produce" (Morris, 2017, p. 22). Classens and Burton (in press) demonstrate how campus food growing spaces constitute a paradigmatic pedagogical break from conventional agricultural education, while enabling students with the time and space to prefigure more equitable and ecologically rational food systems.
The notion of CFSA is informed by and builds on this work through a food systems lens. While work by Barlett (2011), Meek and Tarlau (2016), and Roberts-Stahlbrand (2020), and others demonstrate the learning opportunities of discrete spaces on campus-dining halls or campus farms-the CFSA analytic seeks to enable a broader focus in order to highlight the prefigurative and informal pedagogical value throughout the (alternative) campus food chain. In other words, we seek to theorize the moments all along the campus food system, from production through to disposal, as fundamentally pedagogical. Furthermore, by emphasizing the informal character of the learning opportunities afforded within CFSA, we seek to reveal how students are learning through the prefiguration and enactment of non-conventional food systems. Students have long been at the forefront of calls for socio-ecological change-from anti-apartheid politics, and the civil rights movement, through to fair trade and fossil fuel divestment policies (see Morgan and Davis, 2019). We see reflected within the context of CFSA glimmers of past and current student movements, as we seek to highlight and interrogate the pedagogy of these configurations.
An exhaustive qualitative and quantitative accounting of CFSA is beyond the scope of this short perspective piece, however we offer here a categorization schema that captures some of the diversity of these initiatives. It is worth noting that there is overlap between these categories, and the exemplars we feature here may express multiple dimensions within our schema.
To be sure, campus farm projects are the most common intervention, however our preliminary research reveals a rich diversity of allied initiatives that provide critical food systems learning opportunities along the food chain. As an example, the Seasoned Spoon Café at Trent University in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada is a co-operative café on campus that is run independent of the Chartwell's managed food system. The Seasoned Spoon provides paid and volunteer opportunities for students, they host a variety of food justice workshops and events, and importantly, they source over 50% of the food they sell in the café from a sister organization on campus -the Trent Vegetable Gardens. The remaining half of the food is sourced from local farmers or other co-ops in the area, demonstrating the contributions to sustainable local food systems CFSA make beyond the campus.
In some cases campus gardens provide food to culinary classes at their respective postsecondary institutions. For example, a portion of the food grown at the Humber College Food Learning Garden goes to The Humber Room-a student-run campus restaurant at Humber College. Similar partnerships take place with the Conestoga College Gardens and Conestoga's culinary classes as well as the Loyalist College Garden and the culinary program at Loyalist College.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
These examples, and others, gesture at the abundance of informal critical food systems learning occurring on campuses across Canada, and beyond. While we find some cases where opportunities within CFSA are deliberately integrated into course curricula, significant learning opportunities exist independent of formal programs. However, the character of many (critical) food systems programs provide fertile ground for supporting and encouraging greater formal integration of CFSA into course curricula. For example, Meek and Tarlau (2016, p. 238) observe that "at the university level, food system educators distinguish themselves from other pedagogical approaches by incorporating systems-thinking, group learning, and a direct connection between theory and practice." Furthermore, food systems courses and programs at post-secondary institutions are often "disruptive of common beliefs and practices about knowledge and learning" (Valley et al., 2017, p. 477). Experiential and service-learning opportunities within CFSA can expose students to the realpolitik of alternative food systems and student organizing, within the structure and support of a class. At the same time, the goal of faculty or programs ought not to be a full formalization of the informal learning within CFSA. Some degree of autonomy and student leadership are essential to the vibrancy and creativity of these initiatives-and researchers have much to learn about pedagogy of these spaces as they exist on their own terms. Building alliances, outside the classroom, with student-led campus food systems initiatives is one way of enacting Freirean praxis-of destabilizing the staid foundation of the educational orthodoxy toward the realization of more equitable and ecologically rational food systems.
Finally, it must be said that although our outlined approach to pedagogy may be unconventional in a colonial context, this is how many Indigenous peoples have always conceptualized education (Cajete, 1993;Anderson, 2002;Bell, 2013;Bell and Brant, 2015). Further, CFSA leaders are not automatically radical pedagogues by virtue of their surroundings: the type of work, whether it is fairly paid, what is grown, methods of distributions, and leadership and decision-making are all areas for conventional pedagogy to influence. Failure to acknowledge and actively work against this leaves CFSA collaborators vulnerable to reproducing white supremacist, colonial relationships in pedagogical spaces (Dei, 1996;Friedel, 2011;Tuck and Yang, 2012;Mclean, 2013;Tuck and McKenzie, 2015;Aikens et al., 2016;Lowan-Trudeau, 2017). If CFSA collaborators occupy and use land to achieve their ends without an interrogation of historical and ongoing land theft in Canada and of the University's position as "an essential part of the colonizing process" (Smith, 1999, p. 65), they have doubly colonized the land that they operate on. This double-colonization is emblematic of the colonial state's project of ensuring settler futurity (Tuck and Gaztambide-Fernandez, 2013;Tuck et al., 2014), which also includes the repression of alternative food systems. Any form of education that does not explicitly centre the lived realities of Indigenous peoples, as well as Black and other racialized peoples, is a technology of settler colonialism and must be actively resisted.
CFSA that wish to embody radical pedagogy and resist settler colonialism must thoroughly examine their structures and processes. CFSA collaborators should center Black, Indigenous and racialized leadership and look for alternative methods of decision-making and distribution that rely on collectivity and mutuality. The lessons of Grundtvig, Carver, Du Bois and Washington echo in the work of (some) CFSA-but in order to realize the transformative potential of these spaces our radical pedagogy must be made explicit and deliberate (see for example Green, 2021).
Ultimately, in these fraught and uncertain times, we find hope and potential in CFSA. The students, staff and faculty committed to these initiatives are simultaneously forging more just and equitable food systems, while prefiguring new pedagogical paradigms. As we reckon with ongoing social inequity, global pandemics and climate chaos, Campus Food System Alternatives may serve as one crucible from which meaningful and lasting change emerges.

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

ETHICS STATEMENT
The project has been approved by the Trent University Research Ethics Board. The project follows the standards of the Canadian Tri-Council Research Ethics guidelines. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.

FUNDING
The authors would like to acknowledge Trent University for their generous financial support. Agric.