Editorial: Veterinary Bacterial Zoonoses, volume II

© 2023 Li, Ding, Xin, Yu and Banai. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Editorial: Veterinary Bacterial Zoonoses, volume II

Bacterial zoonoses caused by Brucella, Coxiella, and Mycobacterium are widespread contagious bacterial diseases that are naturally transmissible between animals and people. The epidemic of these zoonotic diseases is becoming more and more serious and complex, resulting in many animals and people around the world being affected every year, posing a risk to the close relationship between animals and people. As a result, it is important to be aware of the common approach to preventing and controlling these bacterial zoonoses. One Health is a collaborative, multisectoral, and transdisciplinary approach taken by the community, and it is gaining recognition globally as an effective way to fight bacterial zoonoses at the human-animal-environment interface.
This Research Topic aims to collect the latest discoveries on brucellosis, coxiellosis, and tuberculosis, including the prevalence situation in the livestock population, available prevention and control measures, detailed characteristics of the causative pathogens, and host immune responses induced by the vaccines of these bacterial zoonoses, which will facilitate the prevention and control of these bacterial zoonoses via the One Health approach. A total of 15 manuscripts were received, 5 of which were published in our Research Topic. Two original research papers and one review paper focused on the prevalence of cattle brucellosis, the genome characteristics of Brucella vaccine strains, and the advances of different types of brucellosis vaccines as the available prevention and control measures. One original research paper focused on host immune responses induced by the Coxiella burnetii phase I vaccine, and another original research paper focused on the immune responses in granulomas of cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis.
Brucellosis, also known as "Malta Fever", caused by a Gram-negative bacterium, Brucella spp., is a common zoonosis affecting half a million people annually and all domestic animals (1). The prevalence of brucellosis in cattle at different geographical areas has been extensively investigated over the past decades, which is of great significance in terms of epidemiological dimensions (2). In our Research Topic, Ntivuguruzwa et al. studied the epidemiology of brucellosis caused by B. abortus and B. melitensis in cattle in Rwanda, indicating that brucellosis in cattle is prevalent and threatens the health of handlers of live cattle and carcasses and consumers of unpasteurized milk and milk products. To date, the most effective control strategy for preventing the spread of brucellosis in high-prevalence regions is vaccination (3). Several live-attenuated vaccines (Rev.1, S19, and RB51) have been licensed for preventing animal brucellosis, but no safe and effective vaccine has been licensed for Coxiellosis ("Q fever" in humans) caused by the agent C. burnetii is a worldwide zoonosis (8). This disease is most commonly transmitted by breathing infectious aerosols or dust contaminated with birth fluids of domestic ruminants (9). In several European countries, a formalin-inactivated whole-cell vaccine (C. burnetii phase I) is licensed for cattle and goats (10). In our Research Topic, Bauer et al. evaluated host immune responses induced by the Coxiella burnetii phase I vaccine and the influence of the C. burnetii phase I vaccine on perinatal complications in ewes and lambs, thus providing more information about the C. burnetii phase I vaccine.
Bovine tuberculosis caused by M. bovis is a chronic granulomatous caseous-necrotizing inflammatory process affecting different mammals, including humans (11). However, the immune response presented in the granulomas of animals naturally infected with M. bovis is unknown. In our Research Topic, Carrisoza-Urbina et al. characterized the immune response in granulomas from adult cattle and calves, demonstrating that granulomas from calves exhibited a greater proinflammatory response and a lack of connective tissue capsule compared to the granulomas from adult cattle, implying that the immune responses in granulomas of cattle may be age dependent. This study helps to understand the immune response of granulomas induced by M. bovis at the cellular and molecular levels.
Taken together, the prevalence of cattle brucellosis, the genome characteristics of Brucella vaccine strains, the advances of different types of brucellosis vaccines, the host immune responses induced by the Coxiella burnetii phase I vaccine, and the immune response of granulomas induced by M. bovis were addressed in our Research Topic, which is of great significance for the prevention and control of these bacterial zoonoses.

Author contributions
PL and JD drafted the manuscript. SY, TX, and MB revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. . /fvets. .